Natural Disasters

Nuclear Cbrn (213)

Actions During a Nuclear Attack at Home

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. If you are at home and cannot evacuate:
- Follow the instructions in this manual for "Things To Do At Home In The Event Of A Nuclear Attack".
- Ensure that all family members know where to take shelter immediately.

home,nuclear attack,shelter instructions

Assess Ramifications of Nuclear Plant Problems

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Step 1: Identify the potential effects of a nuclear plant problem.

Ramifications include:
• Reactor vessel damage could result in release of radioactive chemicals to atmosphere, posing serious health risks.
• Evacuation necessary if...

nuclear disaster,radioactive exposure,evacuation

Avoiding Eye Damage from a Nuclear Blast

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. Never look directly at the blast.
2. The blast will blind you immediately.
3. If you can feel, hear, or see the blast, you are in danger and should take immediate cover.

eye safety,nuclear blast,blindness

Decontamination After Nuclear Fallout Exposure

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Remove contaminated clothing if you were outside after fallout arrived.
2. Wipe off or wash unprotected skin to remove radioactive particles.
3. Protect and clean pets that were outside, as they may have been exposed...

decontamination, nuclear fallout, pet safety, food contamination

Disconnect Healthcare and Critical Infrastructure from the Electrical Grid Pre-Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Ensure healthcare and critical infrastructure sectors are prepared to disconnect from the electrical grid prior to a nuclear detonation.

### Steps:
1. Issue pre-detonation warnings to healthcare and other critical infrastructure...

healthcare,infrastructure,grid,detonation,nuclear,preparation

Emergency Planner’s Protocol for Nuclear Detonation Response

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. **Assess Situation and Report to Supervisor:
- Return to the watch center and provide a detailed account of what was observed.
2. **Initiate Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Warning:
- If a nuclear detonation is suspected, immediately...

shelter-in-place warning, emergency planner, public information officer, nuclear detonation response, SIP protocol

Ensure Survivable AWN Capabilities at SLTT Levels

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Ensure survivable Alert and Warning Network (AWN) capabilities are implemented at the state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) levels.

Procedure:
1. Plan for Survivable AWN Capabilities:
- Identify and implement...

survivable awn,critical considerations,nuclear detonation planning,shelter-in-place messaging,situational awareness

Evacuation Decisions During a Nuclear Disaster

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. Assess time available:
- If you have 24 hours or more, evacuate only if you have a safe place to go. Roads will be jammed, so consider this carefully.
- If you have 30 minutes to 24 hours, evacuate immediately to...

evacuation,nuclear disaster,time limitations,fallout shelter

Evaluate Radiation Exposure Risks in the MDZ

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess radiation levels:
- For near-surface detonations that generate fallout, dangerous radiation levels will exist downwind of ground zero within the MDZ.

2. Determine exposure risk:
- Initial radiation may cause...

radiation, MDZ, nuclear detonation, fallout, exposure risk

Identify and Respond to Dangerous Radiation Zone (DRZ)

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Recognize DRZ Characteristics:
- Radiation levels of 10 R/hr or higher.
- Potential for acute radiation injury.
- Located tens of miles downwind from a nuclear detonation.
- Shrinks rapidly due to radioactive decay...

DRZ, radiation zone, nuclear detonation, fallout, sheltering, radiation monitoring

Identify and Respond to Severe Damage Zone (SDZ) in a Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

### Procedure: Identify and Respond to Severe Damage Zone (SDZ)

Overview: The SDZ is the area closest to ground zero where few, if any, buildings remain standing or structurally sound. Access and movement are extremely limited due to rubble and...

nuclear detonation, SDZ, blast damage zone, radiation exposure, thermal pulse, rescue operations

Identify and Understand Nuclear Detonation Planning Zones

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

• Severe Damage Zone (SDZ): Characterized by destroyed infrastructure and high radiation levels.
• Moderate Damage Zone (MDZ): Features significant building damage, rubble, downed utility lines, some downed poles, overturned...

Severe Damage Zone, Moderate Damage Zone, Light Damage Zone, Dangerous Radiation Zone, Hot Zone, nuclear detonation zones

Implement Immediate Public Information Systems for Nuclear Detonation Response

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Implement systems to provide immediate public information during a nuclear detonation.

### Steps:
1. Develop and maintain AWN capabilities that can deliver lifesaving messages quickly.
2. Ensure survivable messaging systems...

public,information,nuclear,detonation,response,emergency,communications

Implement Immediate Public Messaging After Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Minimize loss of life by providing immediate public instructions following a nuclear detonation.

Procedure Steps:
1. Activate emergency communication systems immediately after the incident to reach the affected population.
2....

nuclear detonation, public messaging, shelter in place, emergency communication, nuclear incident response

Implement Multi-Jurisdictional Alert and Warning Network (AWN) Planning for Nuclear Detonation Response

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Understand the Response FIOP: Study the _Response FIOP_ to build an effective AWN program. This document provides federal guidance specific to AWN that must not be overlooked.

2. Ensure Local and National Coordination:...

nuclear detonation, alert and warning network, response fiop, ipaws, eoc, black sky disaster, emergency operations center, awn planning

Implement National Public Warning System (NPWS) for Nuclear Detonation Alerts

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Ensure the National Public Warning System (NPWS), also known as the Primary Entry Point (PEP) stations, is operational and capable of broadcasting emergency alerts during a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. **Ensure Compliance...

NPWS, PEP stations, nuclear detonation alert, IPAWS, EAS, FCC rules, backup communications, satellite integration

Implement Public Messaging for Nuclear/Radiological Incident Response

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Ensure immediate public messaging after a nuclear detonation to save lives.

Procedure Steps:
1. Pre-Detonation Education: Conduct public education campaigns on protective actions and response activities prior to any potential...

public messaging, nuclear incident, shelter in place, radiation protection, emergency communication

Initial Response After Nuclear Detonation for Fire Chief

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess Immediate Surroundings:
- Check for visible dangers (fire, falling debris, etc.).
- Confirm the safety of nearby individuals.
2. **Recognize Signs of a Nuclear Detonation:
- Observe unusual cloud formations...

nuclear detonation, shelter-in-place, radiation levels, fallout, fire chief, emergency response, EOC update

Issue Immediate Shelter Alert Based on Wind Direction and Yield

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Ensure the immediate issuance of a shelter alert based on wind direction and detonation yield.

Steps:
1. Issue the mandated shelter alert “Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned” immediately after detonation.
2. Determine the...

shelter alert, wind direction, yield, IMAAC product, HZ tracking

Key Factors for Protection from Nuclear Blast and Fallout

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Distance – The farther you are from the blast site, the less exposure you will have to radiation.
2. Shielding – Use thick materials such as concrete, lead, or earth to block radiation.
3. Time – Limit your time...

nuclear protection,factor,time,distance,shielding

Leverage Healthcare-Related AWN Capabilities for Pre-Detonation Warnings

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Utilize healthcare-related Alert and Warning Network (AWN) capabilities to provide pre-detonation warnings.

Procedure:
1. Utilize CDC Health Alert Network (HAN):
- Leverage the CDC HAN, a push notification system that can...

cdc han,pre-detonation warning,tracie,nuclear detonation

Measure Radiation Dose Rates Using a KFM

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Review instructions for the KFM:
- Reread Section IV: "What a KFM Is and How It Works."
- Reread Section XIII: "Two Ways to Charge a KFM."
- Immediately perform each step after reading.

2. Charge the KFM:
-...

KFM radiation meter, dose rate measurement, fallout radiation, nuclear emergency, radiation safety

Mitigate Immediately Life-Threatening Situations in the First 24 Hours

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Focus early response actions on reducing immediate life-threatening risks, including:
- Moving people from poor shelter conditions: Relocate individuals in the DRZ who are in poorly constructed or inadequately protected...

evacuation,nuclear detonation,life-threatening situations

Outdoor Safety During a Nuclear Blast

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. If you are outdoors and cannot seek shelter:
- Lie on the ground face down immediately.
- Stay low until the blast is over (approximately three seconds).
- Seek indoor shelter as soon as possible after the initial...

outdoor,nuclear blast,safety,blast waves

Protect Against Radiation Fallout by Reducing Exposure Time and Increasing Distance from Source

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Minimize exposure to radioactive fallout.

Procedure:
1. Reduce time spent in radioactive areas: Stay inside shelter as long as possible, especially during the initial hours after a nuclear detonation when radiation levels are...

radiation fallout, protection, shielding, nuclear detonation

Protect Against Thermal Effects and Fire from Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Minimize injury from thermal pulse effects (flash blindness, burns) and fires.

Procedure:
1. Understand that a nuclear detonation generates an intense thermal pulse, which can extend beyond the MDZ for higher yield air burst...

thermal effects, nuclear flash, burns, fire, radiation, prompt thermal injuries

Protect Yourself if Caught Outside During a Nuclear Blast

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

• If you are caught outside and unable to get inside immediately:
- Do not look at the flash or fireball, as it can blind you.
- Take cover behind any object that might offer protection.
- Lie flat on the ground and cover...

outdoor protection, nuclear blast, safety

Public Protective Action: Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Provide the public with immediate protective actions to reduce exposure to radioactive fallout following a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Get Inside: Immediately seek shelter in the most protected location available:
-...

get inside,stay inside,stay tuned,nuclear fallout,protective action

Reacting to a Nuclear Hazard/Attack

Critical Source: STP 21 1 Army Warrior Skills Level 1 Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks

Procedure:

Conditions:
• You are in a tactical situation or an area where nuclear weapons have been (or may have been) used.
• You are given load-bearing equipment (LBE), a piece of cloth or a protective mask, a brush or a broom, shielding...

nuclear hazard,nuclear attack,response procedures,depleted uranium,fallout,contamination marker

Recognize and Address Evolving Nuclear Threats in Planning

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Emergency planners must recognize the evolving nature of nuclear threats to ensure effective response strategies.

The 2021 update to this planning guidance reflects an expanded range of threat scenarios, including:

1. Nation-state threats:...

evolving nuclear threats, nation-state threats, low-altitude air bursts, emergency planning, threat scenarios

Reporting a Nuclear Detonation via Flash Nuclear Detonation Reports

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Identify the detonation event: Confirm that a nuclear detonation has occurred, either through direct observation or credible reports.
2. Prepare the initial flash nuclear detonation report: Include the following...

nuclear detonation,flash report,NAWAS,NORAD,FOC/FAOC,SWP

Respond to EMP Effects and Prepare for Radiation Hazards

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

### Respond to EMP Effects
• Turn off and then on again battery-operated equipment after an EMP event to restore functionality.
• Avoid using unprotected electronic devices plugged into wall outlets, as they may be damaged by power surges.
-...

EMP, radiation hazard, sheltering, evacuation, responder actions, MDZ, DRZ, PPE, fire management

Respond to a Nuclear Blast Outside Your Home

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Immediately seek shelter in the nearest sturdy building or underground structure.
2. If no shelter is available, lie flat on the ground and cover your head and neck with your hands or clothing.
3. **Stay away from windows,...

nuclear blast,safety,outdoor,response

Seek Additional Shelter and Stay Informed After a Nuclear Explosion

Critical Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Go into the basement or middle of the building for additional protection.
2. Stay inside for at least 24 hours following the explosion unless local authorities issue other instructions.
3. Use battery-operated or hand-crankable...

nuclear shelter,radiation protection,radio communication

Seek Shelter During a Nuclear Explosion

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Immediately get inside the nearest building to avoid radiation exposure.
2. Choose shelter locations that are underground or in the middle of larger buildings made of brick or concrete for maximum protection.
3. **Stay...

nuclear explosion, shelter, radiation, emergency kit, radio

Seek Shelter Immediately After a Nuclear Blast

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

• Take shelter as soon as possible after the explosion, even if you are many miles from ground zero.
• Radioactive fallout can be carried by wind for hundreds of miles.
• Remember the three protective factors:
- Distance: Stay...

sheltering, nuclear blast, protection factors

Stay Informed During a Nuclear Event

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Stay tuned to any media available for official information such as when it is safe to exit and where you should go.
2. Keep your family inside until further instructions are given by local authorities.
3. Reunite later...

radiation safety, communication, family reunification

Take Cover After Observing a Nuclear Detonation Flash

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Observe the flash: Immediately recognize the bright light of a nuclear detonation.
2. Act quickly: Begin taking cover immediately after seeing the flash, as the blast wave will arrive within seconds.
3. Seek shelter:...

nuclear detonation, blast wave, overpressure, take cover, debris protection

Take Cover During a Nuclear Blast Warning

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

• If an attack warning is issued:
- Take cover as quickly as possible.
- Seek shelter below ground if possible.
- Stay in shelter until instructed otherwise by authorities.

nuclear blast, take cover, emergency action

Take Immediate Shelter After a Nuclear Explosion

Critical Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Do not look at the flash or explosion as it can blind you.
2. Find immediate shelter in the nearest building, preferably one constructed of brick or concrete to limit radiation exposure.
3. If outside after fallout has arrived:
...

nuclear explosion,shelter,fallout,clothing removal

Take Shelter Immediately After a Nuclear Explosion

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Minimize exposure to blast effects and radiation fallout by seeking immediate shelter.

Procedure:
1. Immediately after a nuclear explosion, seek shelter in the nearest and most protective facility available.
2. Choose an...

take shelter, nuclear explosion, immediate action, radiation protection

Understand Immediate Federal Response Limitations

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

The immediate federal response to a nuclear detonation will involve:

• Modeling
• Coordination
• Mobilization
• Public communication (Chapter 6)
• Alert, warning, and notification (Chapter 7)

However, it is unlikely that significant federal...

federal response, local emergency, nuclear detonation, time frame

Understand Nuclear Detonation Yields and Their Impact

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

### Understanding Nuclear Detonation Yields
Nuclear detonation yields are measured in terms of the equivalent amount of TNT (a chemical explosive) it would take to create the same energy release. This is usually expressed in thousands of tons (kT)...

nuclear detonation,yield,tnt equivalent,radiation,fallout,thermal pulse,blast wave,emp

Understand the Impact of a Nuclear Detonation on Urban Areas

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Understanding the impact of a nuclear detonation is critical for effective emergency response planning.

A nuclear detonation in an urban area would result in catastrophic consequences, including:

1. Immediate blast effects: This includes...

nuclear detonation, urban impact, blast effects, thermal radiation, fallout hazard, emergency planning

Understanding the Hazards of Nuclear Devices

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Recognize the hazards:
- A nuclear blast is an explosion with intense light and heat, a damaging pressure wave, and widespread radioactive material that can contaminate the air, water, and ground surfaces for miles around.
...

nuclear blast, radiation hazards, nuclear device, emergency response, disaster preparedness

Utilize CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) for Pre-Detonation Warnings

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Leverage the CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) to provide pre-detonation warnings to healthcare and critical infrastructure sectors.

### Steps:
1. Access the CDC HAN, a “push” notification system designed to deliver immediate alerts...

cdc,han,warning,nuclear,detonation,healthcare

Vehicle Safety During a Nuclear Blast

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. If you are in your vehicle and cannot seek shelter:
- Stop the vehicle immediately.
- Exit the vehicle and lie on the ground face down, preferably in a ditch, culvert, or behind some form of protection.

vehicle,nuclear blast,safety

Apply Federal Interagency Guidance for Pre- and Post-Nuclear Detonation Scenarios

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Subsections in the planning guidance address AWN (Alert Warning Network) in relation to pre- and post-nuclear detonation scenarios.

Purpose of these subsections:

1. To familiarize planners with **important federal interagency...

AWN pathways,nuclear detonation scenarios,low-altitude weapon effects,federal interagency guidance

Assess Backup Resources Outside Hazard Zones

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:
1. Examine assets located outside of expected hazard zones (HZs) to identify backup resources and redundancies.
2. Evaluate the availability of critical infrastructure that may remain unaffected in a localized incident.
3. Consider...

hazard zones, backup resources, redundancies, nuclear detonation, critical infrastructure

Assess Blast Effects in the Severe Damage Zone (SDZ)

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Understand the physical destruction caused by a nuclear detonation in the SDZ.

Procedure:
1. Structural Destruction:
- Few, if any, buildings are expected to be structurally sound or even standing within the SDZ.
- As...

blast effects, SDZ, structural destruction, nuclear detonation

Assess Fallout Radiation Decay and Timing for Protective Actions

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Understand the rapid decay of fallout radiation levels:
- Fallout gives off over half of its energy in the first hour after detonation.
- Radiation levels continue to decrease rapidly with time, as shown in Figure 14...

radiation decay,fallout timing,sheltering,nuclear detonation,response planning

Assess Radiation Effects in the Severe Damage Zone (SDZ)

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Understand radiation exposure risks and protective measures within the SDZ.

Procedure:
1. Initial Radiation Exposure:
- Those outdoors at the time of detonation may receive a lethal dose of initial radiation.
- Even...

radiation effects, SDZ, nuclear detonation, radiation exposure, protective measures

Assess Radiation Hazards After Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Identify the direction of the wind and determine if you are downwind from ground zero.
2. Be aware of radiation levels, especially for near-surface detonations that generate fallout.
3. **Avoid exposure to high radiation...

radiation hazards,nuclear detonation,fallout exposure,emergency response

Assess Structural Damage in the MDZ

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Survey the area for signs of structural damage:
- Look for buildings with significant structural damage, blown-out interiors, and collapsed roofs.
- Identify sturdier structures such as reinforced concrete buildings that...

structural damage, MDZ, nuclear detonation, building assessment

Assess Thermal Effects in the Severe Damage Zone (SDZ)

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Understand the thermal effects of a nuclear detonation and their impact on survivors and responders.

Procedure:
1. Thermal Pulse Impact:
- The thermal pulse from the explosion will ignite fires and cause lethal burns to...

thermal effects, SDZ, nuclear detonation, fire hazards

Assess and Mitigate Exposure in the Hazard Zone (HZ)

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Identify the HZ as the area with a dose rate from radioactive fallout greater than 0.10 R/h and less than 10 R/h.
2. Note that this zone is outside the Dose Rate Zone (DRZ), where acute radiation effects may occur, but still...

HZ,radioactive fallout,dose rate,exposure mitigation,plume predictions

Assess the Health Zone (HZ) for Radiation Exposure Mitigation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Understand the HZ and its implications on radiation exposure and protective actions.

Steps:
1. Identify the HZ, defined as the area with a dose rate from radioactive fallout greater than 0.10 R/h but less than 10 R/h.
2. Note...

HZ assessment, radiation exposure, fallout deposition, radioactive decay, protective actions

Assessing Nuclear Danger Areas and Fallout Patterns for Survival Planning

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Objective: Identify areas with less than 2% chance of receiving more than 150 rem of radiation exposure in the first two weeks following a nuclear attack.

Steps:
1. Review Appendix A to determine if your home or potential retreat...

nuclear fallout, radiation exposure, safe areas, wind patterns, retreat planning, fallout sectors, survival planning

Civil Nuclear Accident Risk and Safety Measures

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. **Importance of Civil Nuclear Power:
- Civil nuclear power is a key component of the UK’s energy resilience and clean energy transition.
2. **Safety Record:
- Only a small number of accidents have occurred globally since...

civil nuclear accident, safety procedures, energy resilience, low likelihood event, UK regulations

Consider Cross-Contamination Hazards in Fatality Management Plans

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Prevent the spread of radiation contamination during fatality management operations.

Procedure:
1. Identify potential cross-contamination hazards that may occur during handling, transportation, or storage of remains.
2. Develop...

cross-contamination, radiation safety, emergency planning

Coordinate Intergovernmental Response Communication Plans

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Ensure effective communication during a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Lead intergovernmental coordination of response communication plans, including FSLTT (Federal, State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial)...

communication plan,nuclear detonation,FSLTT,AWN,National Emergency Communications Plan

Coordinate Multi-Agency Messaging During Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Coordinate messaging across multiple agencies during a nuclear detonation to ensure consistent public alerts.

Procedure:
1. Ensure that all agencies (e.g., city watch office, neighboring counties, state EOC, White House) use the...

multi-agency messaging,nuclear detonation,IPAWS coordination,message consistency

Decontaminate Contaminated Animals in a Nuclear Emergency

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Action: Decontaminate animals to reduce the risk of spreading contamination.

Steps:
1. Dust off and partially remove contamination: Any action to dust off and partially remove contamination is helpful, similar to human decontamination...

decontamination, animals, nuclear emergency, brushing, bathing, CRCs

Delay Evacuation Until Fallout Distribution and Radiation Dose Rates Are Known

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure: Unless threatened by fire or other immediate life-safety concerns:

• Do not attempt evacuation until basic information is available regarding fallout distribution and radiation dose rates.
• This ensures that evacuations are based on...

evacuation delay, fallout distribution, radiation dose rates, nuclear detonation

Delay Evacuation Until Fallout and Radiation Information is Available

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Prevent unnecessary exposure to radiation by delaying evacuation until critical information is available.

Procedure:
1. Do not initiate an evacuation unless there is a clear threat from fire or other immediate life-safety...

evacuation delay, fallout distribution, radiation dose rates, nuclear detonation

Develop Comprehensive Plan for Managing Contaminated Decedents

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Create a detailed plan to handle remains contaminated by radiation following a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Develop procedures for gathering, recovering, transporting, storing, and disposing of contaminated decedents.
2....

contaminated decedents, radiation management, emergency planning

Develop Fatality Messaging with Compassion and Transparency

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Overview: Communicating about the loss of life after a nuclear detonation requires sensitivity, transparency, and emotional support for affected communities.

Procedure Steps:
1. Use compassionate language: Write messages that reflect...

fatality messaging, compassionate communication, nuclear disaster response, death toll transparency, grief support, community engagement

Develop Health and Safety Plan for Handling Decedents

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Protect personnel involved in handling decedents from radiation exposure.

Procedure:
1. Develop a health and safety plan that includes the use of personal monitoring devices (as described in Chapter 2 and Appendix 2.1 of the...

health and safety plan, radiation exposure, PPE, emergency planning

Develop Situational Awareness and Identify Key Factors for Response Planning

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Prioritize identifying the following factors in the first few hours after a nuclear detonation:
- Response zones: Understand the location of the Detonation Radius Zone (DRZ), Medical Dispersal Zone (MDZ), and Hazard Zone...

situational awareness,nuclear detonation,emergency planning

Distribute Emergency WEA Messages During Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Distribute emergency Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) messages to the public during a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Use FEMA’s Integrated Public Alert & Warning System (IPAWS) and local opt-in emergency communication...

WEA message,nuclear detonation,emergency communication,FEMA IPAWS,get inside stay inside

Distribute Initial IMAAC Product for Post-Detonation Planning

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Distribute an initial IMAAC product to all EOCs, JICs, and JOCs within 15 to 30 minutes after detonation.
2. Use the IMAAC product to kick-start post-detonation operational planning.
3. Establish communication with IMAAC for more...

IMAAC,post-detonation planning,EOCs,JICs,JOCs

Ensure Use of Multiple AWN Pathways in Post-Detonation Scenarios

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Overview: Planners should implement strategies that ensure the use of multiple All-Warnings Network (AWN) pathways to communicate alerts and warnings after a nuclear detonation, especially when critical infrastructure may be damaged.

**Key...

AWN pathways, post-detonation scenarios, communication redundancy, infrastructure damage, emergency management

Establish and Operate an RTR 1 Site in a Nuclear Detonation Zone

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure for Establishing and Operating an RTR 1 Site:

1. Location Selection:
- Choose a site within the MDZs or LDZs where there is both physical damage and radiation.
- Ensure that the site is accessible to evacuating or...

RTR 1,Radiation Triage Site,Nuclear Detonation,Medical Stabilization,Fallout Zone

Establishing Situation Unit Operations in EOC During Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Title: Establishing Situation Unit Operations in EOC During Nuclear Detonation

Procedure:
1. Set up the Situation Unit within the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to receive, aggregate, and map impact reports from across the city every...

EOC,Situation Unit,nuclear detonation,radiation exposure,map damage,facility reports,ESF coordinator

Establishing an Initial Operating Facility (IOF) for Nuclear Detonation Response

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Set up a centralized command and coordination center to manage the response to a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Identify a secure location outside the affected area, such as a convention center or other large facility.
2....

initial operating facility,nuclear detonation,response coordination,FEMA,state EOC

Fire Chief's Response to Injuries and Radiation Levels in Post-Nuclear Detonation Scenario

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Title: Fire Chief's Response to Injuries and Radiation Levels in Post-Nuclear Detonation Scenario

Procedure:
1. Assess radiation levels using available equipment (e.g., dosimeters) at the fire station.
2. **Determine safe operating...

fire chief,radiation levels,triage station,MDZ,SDZ,evacuation corridor,fire defense

Fire Department Response in a Nuclear Detonation Scenario

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Provide immediate medical aid and manage fire hazards while assessing radiation levels.

Steps:
1. Assess Radiation Levels: Use portable radiation detectors to measure exposure rates at the scene. Ensure readings are below 10...

fire department,nuclear detonation,radiation monitoring,triage,evacuation corridor,severe damage zone

Identify Potential Fallout Shelters

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

• Determine if any public buildings in your community have been designated as fallout shelters by local officials.
• If no official shelters are available, create a list of potential shelters near your home, workplace, and school.
-...

fallout shelters, nuclear blast, preparedness

Identify Radiation Zones Based on Fallout Patterns

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Understand the two primary fallout hazard/residual radiation zones:
- DRZ (Dose Reduction Zone): This zone is characterized by lower radiation levels and is typically located farther from ground zero.
- **HZ (Hazard...

radiation zones,drz,hz,fallout hazard,nuclear detonation,response planning

Identify and Evaluate Adequate Shelter Locations

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Ensure that sheltering plans include access to adequate shelters for radiation protection.

Procedure:
1. Define what constitutes an adequate shelter: a location with heavy construction (e.g., concrete, brick, or cement)...

adequate shelter, radiation protection, nuclear detonation, shelter evaluation

Identifying and Mapping Fallout Zones Post-Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Identify fallout zones to guide evacuation efforts and resource allocation.

Steps:
1. Collect Radiation Data: Use radiation detectors from multiple sources (e.g., EOC, fire stations) to gather exposure rate data across the...

fallout zones,map radiation,radiation distribution,damage mapping,nuclear detonation,zoning

Implement Pre-Incident Communications Planning

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Pre-incident communications planning is essential to increase the public’s perception of control and familiarity with nuclear detonation scenarios. Emergency planners, PIOs, community leaders, and first responders must communicate why preparation...

pre-incident planning, public education, nuclear detonation, communication strategy

Initiate Emergency Communication and Media Outreach During Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Initiate emergency communication and media outreach during a nuclear detonation to ensure public safety.

Procedure:
1. Activate the State Joint Information Center (JIC) immediately upon receiving an alert from local EOCs or...

emergency communication,nuclear detonation,media outreach,PIO activation,state JIC

Initiating Shelter-In-Place (SIP) Warning from Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Confirm Suspected Nuclear Detonation: If there is any indication or confirmation of a nuclear detonation within the jurisdiction, initiate the SIP warning protocol immediately.
2. Access Pre-Scripted Messages: Retrieve...

shelter-in-place warning, EOC protocol, emergency planner, public information officer, nuclear detonation response

Maintain Redundancy and Resilience in AWN Capabilities Post-Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Ensure backup communications systems are fully operational at all NPWS PEP stations to maintain broadcasting during a nuclear detonation.
2. Implement secure satellite communication integration with the National Public...

AWN redundancy, backup communication, satellite integration, PEP stations, IPAWS-OPEN

Minimize Dust and Smoke Infiltration into Shelter Locations

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Maintain indoor air quality while minimizing exposure to outdoor dust and smoke.

Procedure:
1. Close all windows and doors in the shelter location to prevent the entry of outside air, dust, and smoke.
2. Ensure that there is...

dust and smoke, shelter ventilation, air quality, nuclear detonation

Mitigate Thermal Pulse Effects and Fires

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Mitigate the effects of thermal pulse and fires following a nuclear detonation.

Considerations:
• For air bursts with yields greater than 10 kT, the thermal pulse can ignite fires and cause lethal burns to those in the LDZ...

thermal pulse, fire mitigation, burns, nuclear detonation, emergency response

Mitigate Thermal Radiation Hazards After Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Avoid direct line of sight to the fireball during an air burst with yields greater than 10 kT.
2. Take immediate shelter in a building or other structure to protect against lethal burns from thermal radiation.
3. **Be...

thermal radiation,nuclear detonation,fire hazards,emergency response

Pre-Evacuation Actions During a Nuclear Disaster

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. If you decide to evacuate:
- Turn off all utilities (gas, electricity, water) at your home.
- Close curtains and lock doors and windows for security.
- Take your 72-hour emergency kit with you if possible,...

pre-evacuation,nuclear disaster,utilities,72-hour kit

Prepare and Approve Emergency Messaging Prior to Incidents

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Ensure swift dissemination of important information during emergencies.

Procedure:
1. Develop emergency messaging templates and protocols in advance of potential incidents.
2. Coordinate with local, state, and federal authorities...

emergency messaging, preparedness, nuclear detonation, communication plan

Prepare for Loss of Life Messaging After Nuclear Detonation

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Overview: A nuclear detonation will result in massive casualties, with many bodies being unrecoverable. It is essential to prepare for the communication challenges that arise when delivering messages about loss of life.

Procedure Steps:
1....

nuclear detonation, loss of life messaging, casualty communication, nuclear disaster response, death toll reporting, fatality management, public trust, grief communication

Prepare for Nuclear Fallout Sheltering

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Build or improve a high-protection-factor shelter:
- If possible, construct a shelter covered with 2 or 3 ft of earth.
- Ensure the shelter is separate from flammable buildings to minimize fire risks.

2. **Construct a...

nuclear fallout, shelter preparation, KAP pump, water storage, radiation protection

Prepare for Nuclear War Threats

Critical Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand nuclear war scenarios:
- Recognize the threat from full-scale nuclear exchanges between major powers (US, Russia, UK, France, China).
- Acknowledge the possibility of limited use of tactical battlefield...

nuclear war, nuclear threat, EMP attack, HEMP, nuclear proliferation, civil war, tactical nuclear weapons

Prepare for a Nuclear Disaster

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Steps to Prepare for a Nuclear Disaster

1. Follow procedures outlined in the section titled “General Emergency and Disaster Preparations” (see page 1 of this manual).

2. Obtain Thyro-Block tablets, or another form of **potassium iodide...

nuclear disaster, emergency alert system (EAS), potassium iodide, EMP protection, wide area broadcast system (WABS), radiation preparation

Prioritize Evacuation Based on Fallout Patterns and Other Factors

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure: When prioritizing evacuations:

• Consider fallout patterns, radiation dose rates, shelter adequacy, life-threatening hazards (e.g., fire and structural collapse), medical needs, needs of special populations such as children or...

evacuation prioritization, fallout patterns, radiation dose rates, special populations, nuclear detonation

Prioritize Evacuation Based on Risk Factors and Needs

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Ensure that the most vulnerable individuals are evacuated first to minimize harm.

Procedure:
1. Evaluate evacuation needs based on:
- Fallout patterns and radiation dose rates
- Availability and adequacy of shelter
-...

evacuation prioritization, risk factors, special populations, nuclear detonation

Prioritize Restoration of Communications Infrastructure

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Restore critical communications systems to enable effective emergency response and public communication.

Procedure:
1. Immediately assess damage to commercial and public safety communication systems, including:
- Cell towers
...

communications restoration, nuclear response, emergency infrastructure

Protect Against Blast Injuries in Urban Environments

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Reduce risk of injury from blast waves and flying debris.

Procedure:
1. Seek shelter immediately if there is advance warning of a nuclear detonation:
- Shelter in the middle or basement of the nearest large building.
...

blast injuries,nuclear detonation,sheltering,urban environment,flying debris

Recognize Near-Surface Burst Characteristics

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

A near-surface burst is a nuclear explosion at or near the surface that incorporates ground material into the resulting nuclear cloud.

• The mass from ground material reduces thermal output and the range of thermal effects, compared to...

near-surface burst, ground material, fallout particles, thermal effects, radiation hazards

Recognize and Respond to Local Fallout Hazards

Critical Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Understand the nature of local fallout from near-surface detonations:
- These detonations produce large particles that fall quickly, typically landing on the ground within 24 hours.
- These particles are not easily...

local fallout,radiation exposure,nuclear detonation,response planning

+ 113 more procedures. Get the full library in the app.

Radiological Emergency Preparedness (106)

General Emergency (GE) Procedures

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Events in progress or that have occurred involve actual or imminent substantial core degradation or melting with potential for loss of containment integrity.

2. Radiological releases can be reasonably expected to exceed EPA...

GE, general emergency, core degradation, containment integrity, EPA PAG exposure levels, protective actions

Calculate Incident-Specific Correction Factors for Emergency Workers

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Calculate and communicate incident-specific correction factors to emergency workers inside the plume exposure pathway EPZ.

Steps:
1. Use air sample data collected by FMTs to calculate an incident-specific correction factor.
2....

correction factors, emergency workers, plume exposure pathway EPZ

Control the Spread of Contamination in Radiological Emergencies

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Implement procedures to minimize contamination within the facility.
2. Separate contaminated emergency workers from non-contaminated emergency workers.
3. Address contaminated clothing and personal belongings by:
- Properly...

contamination control, separation, clean clothing

Decontaminate Emergency Workers and Their Equipment Based on Trigger/Action Levels

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Define the action level for determining when decontamination of personnel, equipment, and vehicles is required.
2. Establish a process to decontaminate emergency workers, their equipment, and vehicles based on trigger/action...

decontamination process, action level, emergency workers

Determine Initial Protective Action Recommendations (PARs) During a Radiological Emergency

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Assess Plant Status Information:
- Use real-time data from the nuclear power plant (NPP) to determine initial PARs.
- Do not wait for dose projections or environmental measurements if there is actual or significant...

protective action recommendations, radiological emergency, evacuation, sheltering-in-place, plant status information

Evaluate Evacuation vs. Sheltering-In-Place for Radiological Emergencies

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Consider the EPA PAG Manual Guidelines:
- Use the EPA PAG (Protective Action Guide) Manual to compare projected dose to PAGs.
- Do not adjust for sheltering effectiveness when comparing projected doses to PAGs; only...

evacuation, sheltering-in-place, radiological emergency, dose projections, protection factors

Handle Initial Notification from Non-Licensee Entities (HAB Incident)

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. In instances where the initial notification originates from an entity other than the licensee, such as during a Hostile Action Bombing (HAB) incident, notifications may not follow standard licensee-to-ORO methods.

2. For...

HAB incident, non-licensee notification, pre-incident information, OROs, site security department

Implement Sheltering-In-Place as a Protective Action

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine Appropriate Conditions for Sheltering-In-Place:
- Sheltering-in-place is appropriate when projected doses are below 1 rem over the first four days.
- It is also suitable when it provides equal or greater...

sheltering-in-place, radiological emergency, protective action, health risk assessment

Monitor Emergency Workers and Their Equipment for Contamination

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Ensure that the facility has adequate space to accommodate emergency workers.
2. Confirm that there are an adequate number of trained personnel available to operate monitoring equipment at the facility.
3. During vehicle...

monitoring, emergency workers, vehicle inspection, privacy

Monitor Reactor Fuel and Containment Integrity During Radiological Emergencies

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Continuously monitor the status of reactor fuel, including indicators such as no fuel damage, technical specification activity, clad failure, or core melt.
2. Assess the integrity of containment structures to ensure they are...

reactor fuel,containment integrity,safety features,radiation monitoring

Operationally Check Instruments and Equipment for Radiological Emergencies

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Verify that all instruments are current in calibration.
2. Operationally check instruments and equipment using an appropriate check source against a known range of readings to ensure proper operation.
3. Use an appropriate...

instrument check, calibration, radioactive source, background readings

Prioritize Emergency Workers and Equipment in Contamination Facilities

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Establish a clear process for prioritizing the processing of emergency workers and their equipment before the general public in facilities where both are processed for contamination.
2. Ensure that all personnel involved in the...

prioritization, emergency worker processing, contamination facilities

Promptly Communicate PARs to Decision-Makers

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure timely communication of Public Action Recommendations (PARs) to decision-makers.

Steps:
1. Prepare initial PARs based on licensee data, release information, and meteorological conditions.
2. Communicate these...

PARs communication, decision-makers, timely response

Set Up Operations for Radiological Emergencies

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the location where monitoring and decontamination of emergency workers will occur.
2. Determine the area designated for monitoring and decontaminating emergency workers' equipment.
3. Ensure that the facility is set up...

set up operations, radiological emergency, decontamination, PPE, facility setup

Site Area Emergency (SAE) Procedures

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Events in progress or that have occurred involve actual or likely major failures of plant functions needed for protection of the public.

2. Any radiological releases are not expected to exceed EPA PAG exposure levels except...

SAE, site area emergency, response centers, monitoring teams, evacuation personnel, EPA PAG exposure levels

Account for All Individuals in NPP Protected Area During SAE or GE

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Immediate Accountability: Within 30 minutes following the declaration of a Site Area Emergency (SAE) or General Emergency (GE), ascertain the names of all missing individuals inside the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Protected...

accountability,emergency declaration,NPP protected area,SAE,GE,radiological emergency

Activate Emergency Classification and Action Level Notification Process

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. When an emergency classification and action level is activated, the licensee must disseminate an initial notification to a designated offsite 24-hour warning point.

2. The offsite 24-hour warning point will then initiate a...

emergency classification, action level, notification chain, OROs, plume exposure pathway EPZ, best practice

Adjust PARs Based on Field Data Analysis

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Modify Public Action Recommendations (PARs) based on field data analysis.

Steps:
1. Analyze field data, including exposure rates and plume ratios from FMT air samples.
2. Adjust initial PARs as necessary to reflect the new...

PARs adjustment, field data analysis, stakeholder communication

Alert Procedures for Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Events in progress or that have occurred involve an actual or potential substantial degradation of the level of safety of the plant.

2. Any radiological releases are expected to be limited to small fractions of the EPA...

alert, radiological emergency, EPA PAG exposure levels, emergency personnel readiness, offsite authorities

Analyze Ingestion Exposure Pathway Data for Decision-Making

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Ensure that the ingestion exposure pathway assessment includes analysis of water, food, and release characterization.
2. Verify that all data is obtained from reliable sources and analyzed using appropriate methodologies.
3....

ingestion exposure pathway, data analysis, water, food, release characterization, ORO

Assign Schools to Reception Centers for Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify which schools will be directed to reception centers and/or host schools located beyond the plume exposure pathway EPZ boundary, if possible.
2. Describe arrangements for managing students at reception centers, including:
...

schools,reception centers,student management,plume exposure pathway EPZ

Assist Individuals with Access and Functional Needs During PAD Implementation

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Assisting Individuals with Access and Functional Needs During PAD Implementation

1. Determine the time at which orders for assistance to individuals with access and functional needs were received.
2. Ensure that facilities designated to receive...

access and functional needs, service animals, PAD implementation

Authorize Exposures and Dose in Excess of Identified Limits

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To authorize exposures and dose in excess of identified limits:

1. Identify Responsible Authority: Determine who authorized emergency workers to receive exposure in excess of identified limits.
2. Define Identified Limits:...

exposure authorization,dose limits,formal documentation,emergency response

Communicate PARs to Designated OROs for PADs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To meet the intent of Evaluation Criterion J.9, ORO plans/procedures must include:

1. A process for communicating PARs (Protective Action Recommendations) to designated OROs responsible for making PADs (Protective Action...

PAR,PAD,communication process,evacuation planning,radiological emergency

Communicate and Implement Protective Actions for Schools

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Communicating and Implementing Protective Actions for Schools within the Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ

1. Identify school districts located within the plume exposure pathway EPZ.
2. Determine who is responsible for notifying school districts...

school protective actions, student relocation, transportation for students

Compare Dose Projections to EPA PAGs and Make PARs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Compare dose projections with EPA PAGs and prepare Public Action Recommendations (PARs).

Steps:
1. Calculate TED and thyroid doses for members of the public using available data.
2. Compare these projections against the...

EPA PAGs, dose projections, PARs, public action recommendations

Conduct In-Field Radiological Assessments by FMTs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Coordinate with Federal Monitoring Teams (FMTs) to implement in-field radiological assessments.
2. Ensure that all data obtained during these assessments is properly documented and analyzed for potential radiological threats.
3....

radiological assessments,FMTs,field monitoring,data collection

Conduct Radiological Monitoring at Reception Centers

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Ensure adequate resources including trained personnel and functional, up-to-date equipment for radiological monitoring.
2. Monitor a minimum of 20 percent of the total plume exposure pathway EPZ population (including transients)...

Procedure:

1. Ensure adequate resources including trained personnel and functional, up-to-date equipment for radiological monitoring.
2. Monitor a minimum of 20 percent of the total plume exposure pathway EPZ population (including transients) at reception centers within a 12-hour period.
3. The 20 percent planning basis does not include re-monitoring of persons who have been decontaminated; re-monitoring is conducted within approximately a 12-hour period.
4. "Total plume exposure pathway EPZ population" includes residents, an estimated number of commuters, anticipated seasonal transient populations, and special facility populations.
5. Use the estimated number of persons to be monitored to determine personnel and equipment resource requirements at each reception center.
6. Refer to FEMA-REP-22, *Contamination Monitoring Guidance for Portable Instruments Used for Radiological Emergency Response to Nuclear Power Plant Accidents*, for guidance on monitoring time per individual, vehicle, equipment, and other possessions using hand-held instruments.
7. For hand-held equipment, the number of monitoring kits needed is one-half the number of monitors needed since the equipment can be used for both shifts.
8. Indicate in plans/procedures the types of monitoring equipment that will be used.
9. If portal monitors are used, indicate the types of monitors, monitoring capacity in persons per hour, and number of trained personnel required to operate the equipment.
10. Portal monitors may be used on portions of vehicles if the user can demonstrate the sensitivity of the instrument to the standards described in FEMA-REP-22.
11. If the 0.0085 μCi/cm² can be detected on certain portions of the vehicle, a portal monitor may be used in tandem with a hand-held monitor.
12. The user is responsible for demonstrating the detection sensitivity of the portal monitor in the scanned zone using the planned monitoring technique.
13. Some areas of the vehicle, such as the grill and roof, may still need to be monitored by hand.
14. The interior of a vehicle will need to be monitored by hand.
15. Indicate in plans/procedures the triggers/action levels requiring decontamination.
16. For trigger/action levels for portal monitors, refer to FEMA-REP-21.
17. The trigger/action level is reported in units appropriate for the type of monitoring instrument.
18. Service animals accompanying evacuees with access and functional needs and pets are monitored in accordance with the same standards and trigger/action levels for decontamination as humans.
19. Indicate in plans/procedures how monitoring data will be documented.
20. OROs maintain a list or other record of all persons, vehicles, service animals, and pets monitored, and whether contamination was detected.
21. Forms are typically used for recording monitoring results and are included in the plans/procedures.

radiological monitoring, reception centers, decontamination, trigger/action level, portal monitors, hand-held instruments

Consider Factors in Developing PARs for Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Evaluate Available Information: Consider all available information and factors that may impact the implementation of a Protective Action Recommendation (PAR), including:
- Meteorological data
- Plant conditions
-...

PARs,plume exposure pathway,EPZ,factor consideration,dose modeling,evacuation vs sheltering

Control Access to Evacuated Areas in Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Establish means for the initial and ongoing control of access to evacuated areas.
2. Identify pre-selected control points for managing access to these areas.
3. Define organizational responsibilities for controlling access...

access control,evacuated areas,control points,radiological emergency

Control Emergency Workers' Exposure and Dose

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To control emergency workers’ exposure and dose, including offsite workers performing duties onsite, the following steps must be taken:

1. Determine Responsibility: Identify who was responsible for managing emergency workers’...

emergency workers,dose control,radiation exposure,briefing,PRD use,dosimetry,mutual aid

Control Exposure and Dose for Temporary Reentry to Restricted Areas

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To control exposure and dose for temporary reentry of emergency workers or members of the public to restricted areas:

1. Establish Provisions for Control: Implement provisions that ensure controlled exposure and dose rates...

restricted area reentry,dosimetry control,safety protocols,decontamination

Coordinate with Transportation Officials During PAD Implementation

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Coordinating with Transportation Officials During PAD Implementation

1. Identify transportation needs or resources required during the incident (e.g., evacuation buses, emergency vehicles).
2. Ensure a list of available transportation providers...

transportation coordination, transportation-dependent individuals, pick-up points

Create and Maintain Records of Monitoring and Decontamination Activities

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Keep a detailed record of monitoring and decontamination activities for each emergency worker.
2. Ensure that all records are maintained in accordance with established protocols.
3. Store records securely to ensure accessibility...

record keeping, decontamination logs, emergency worker tracking

Decontaminate Evacuees and Personal Belongings

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Decontamination of Evacuees and Their Personal Belongings:

1. Ensure Privacy During Decontamination:
- Provide provisions to ensure privacy during the decontamination process.
- Supply modesty garments to evacuees as...

decontamination, privacy, contamination control, radiological emergency, personal belongings, evacuees

Determine Action Levels for Vehicle Decontamination

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure to Determine Action Levels for Vehicle Decontamination:

1. Establish Trigger/Action Levels for Decontamination:
- Define specific action levels or thresholds that determine when a vehicle must be decontaminated based on...

action level, vehicle decontamination, radiological emergency, monitoring thresholds

Determine Authority for Ingestion Exposure Pathway Decisions

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify who has the authority to make ingestion exposure pathway decisions.
2. Ensure that this authority is clearly defined and documented within the ORO's emergency response plan.
3. Verify that all relevant stakeholders are...

ingestion exposure pathway, authority, federal guidance, ORO

Determine Authority for Relocation, Reentry, Reoccupancy, or Return Decisions

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify who has the authority to make decisions regarding relocation, reentry, reoccupancy, or return.
2. Ensure that this authority is clearly defined and documented within the ORO's emergency response plan.
3. Verify that all...

relocation, reentry, reoccupancy, return, authority, federal guidance, ORO

Determine Protective Action Guidelines (PAGs) for Intermediate Phase Radiological Incident

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the intermediate phase of a radiological incident, which includes ingestion, relocation, and food safety concerns.
2. Use Protective Action Guidelines (PAGs) as defined by the Environmental Protection...

PAG, ingestion, relocation, food safety, EPA PAG Manual, HHS, FDA, radiation emergency, intermediate phase

Determine the Need to Authorize Radioprotective Drugs Based on Thyroid Dose Projections

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To determine the need to authorize radioprotective drugs based on projected thyroid doses and field measurements:

1. Identify Authorization Authority: Determine who authorized emergency workers to take radioprotective drugs.
2....

radioprotective drugs,dose projections,PAG comparison,decision communication

Develop General Plans for Removal or Continued Exclusion from Restricted Areas

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify Applicable Scenarios: Determine situations where individuals need to be removed or kept excluded from restricted areas due to radiological incidents.

2. Define the Intermediate Phase: Develop plans based on the...

relocation plans, radiological emergency, protective action guides, intermediate phase, restricted areas

Develop Site-Specific Protective Action Strategy Based on ETE Study

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Create a site-specific protective action strategy informed by the Evacuation Time Estimate (ETE) study and current Federal guidance.

Procedure:
1. Coordinate with Licensee and OROs: Ensure collaboration between the licensee...

site-specific strategy, ETE study, ORO coordination, Federal guidance

Developing a Relocation, Reentry, and Return Activities Exercise Scenario

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Collaborate with FEMA Region(s), state(s), and licensee to develop a scenario that will drive exercise play for relocation, reentry, and return activities.
2. Submit the scenario to the appropriate FEMA Region at least 60 days...

relocation reentry return exercise,scenario development,FEMA,Radiological Emergency Preparedness Program

Developing an Ingestion Exposure Pathway Exercise Scenario

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Collaborate with FEMA Region(s), state(s), and licensee to develop a scenario that will drive exercise play for all participating jurisdictions within the ingestion exposure pathway EPZ.
2. Submit the scenario to the appropriate...

ingestion exposure pathway exercise,scenario development,FEMA,Radiological Emergency Preparedness Program

Discuss Discrepancies in Dose Projections with Licensee

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Identify and resolve discrepancies between dose projections from the ORO and licensee data.

Steps:
1. Compare ORO’s dose projections with those of the licensee.
2. If differences exceed a factor of ten, discuss them with the...

dose discrepancies, licensee communication, PARs

Disseminate Initial Notification to Offsite 24-Hour Warning Point

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. The licensee must notify a designated offsite 24-hour warning point (e.g., fire or police department dispatch, 9-1-1 emergency center) as part of the initial notification process.

2. If information is recorded on a...

initial notification, offsite warning point, verification, dedicated system, non-secure system, 15 minutes, OROs, emergency classification

Disseminate Subsequent Notifications from Licensee and/or ORO to Offsite Organizations

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Plans/procedures must include the agreed-upon process for disseminating subsequent notifications from the licensee and/or ORO to other offsite organizations.

2. These notifications should be consistent with the emergency...

subsequent notifications, OROs, response organizations, component agencies, support organizations

Distribute and Manage Potassium Iodide (KI) for Institutionalized Persons and the General Public

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Distribution and Management of KI for Institutionalized Persons and the General Public

1. Determine how the decision to distribute KI was communicated to the public and institutionalized persons (e.g., media, direct notification).
2. Ensure...

KI distribution, potassium iodide, institutionalized persons

Establish Access Control Procedures for Restricted Areas

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Define Authorized Personnel: Identify individuals by title/position who are authorized to grant access into restricted areas.
2. Authorization Process: Outline the process for granting access, including required forms or...

access control, restricted area, reentry procedures, dosimetry, radiation protection, decontamination

Establish Basis and Methodology for Developing PARs for OROs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Use Federal Guidance: Establish the basis and methodology for developing Protective Action Recommendations (PARs) for the responsible Offsite Response Organizations (OROs), using current Federal guidance.
2. **Include...

PARs,ORO plans,radioprotective drugs,evacuation,sheltering,Federal guidance

Establish Media Briefing Locations for Radiological Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify physical location(s) designated for briefing and interacting with the media during a radiological incident.
2. Provide a detailed physical description of each media briefing facility, including:
- Location...

media briefing locations,radiological incident,emergency communication,joint information system

Establish Radiological Data Assessment Responsibilities and Locations

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Identifying Organizations and Locations Responsible for Assessing Radiological Data

1. Identify the organization(s) responsible for assessing radiological data.
2. Determine the location(s) where field monitoring data will...

radiological data, field monitoring teams, sample media, laboratories, letter of agreement, transfer points

Establish Reception Centers for Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify reception centers in host/support jurisdictions located at least 5 miles, preferably 10 miles, beyond the boundaries of the plume exposure pathway EPZ.
2. Document the following information for each center:
-...

reception centers,plume exposure pathway EPZ,radiological monitoring,evacuees,service animals,pets

Establishing Relocation Area Boundaries with PAGs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Use Protective Action Guides (PAGs) to establish the boundary of a relocation area within an area where radioactive materials have been deposited.
2. OROs plans and procedures must describe the process for:
- Monitoring and...

relocation area,boundary,buffer zone,PAGs,radiation monitoring

Evaluate Subsequent Protective Action Recommendations Using Dose Projections

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Determine appropriate subsequent protective action recommendations (PARs) based on available data and dose projections.

Procedure:
1. Assess Source Term and Environmental Data: If source term or environmental data is...

protective action recommendations, dose projections, radiological source term, wind direction changes

Identify Evacuation Routes for the General Public

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Identifying and Communicating Evacuation Routes for the General Public

1. Select evacuation routes based on factors such as wind direction, plume movement, and hazardous conditions.
2. Document how selected evacuation routes were communicated...

evacuation routes, public communication, hazardous conditions

Identify Facilities for Receiving Evacuees in Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify any hospitals, correctional facilities, and nursing homes that will receive evacuees.
2. Ensure these facilities are located beyond the plume exposure pathway EPZ boundary.
3. Coordinate with facility managers to ensure...

hospitals,correctional facilities,nursing homes,evacuee reception

Identifying and Determining Boundaries of Relocation Areas Including Buffer Zones

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Project First-Year Dose Assessment: Use radiological monitoring data to identify areas where the projected first-year dose will exceed the 2 rem relocation PAG.

2. Buffer Zone Identification and Establishment: Determine...

relocation areas, buffer zones, radiological monitoring, PAG, emergency planning

Implement Alert and Notification System (ANS) Design Objectives for Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Ensure alert signal and informational message delivery within 15 minutes:
- The system must provide both an alert signal and an informational or instructional message to the population throughout the plume exposure pathway...

ANS design objectives,radiological emergency,alert system,notification system,FEMA evaluation

Implement Contamination Control Procedures for Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Contamination control procedures must include the following:

1. Floor coverings: Use appropriate materials to prevent contamination spread.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Ensure trained emergency personnel wear PPE as...

contamination control, radiological emergency, PPE, decontamination center, waste management

Implement Decontamination and Monitoring Stations at Egress Points

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Set Up Stations: Establish decontamination and monitoring stations at egress points within the buffer zone(s) of restricted areas.
2. Trigger Levels for Decontamination: Define trigger levels that prompt decontamination...

decontamination, monitoring stations, waste management, trigger levels

Implement PADs and Coordinate with Jurisdictions

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Implementing Protective Action Decisions (PADs) and Coordinating with Jurisdictions

1. Identify resources required for implementation of PADs.
2. Ensure effective utilization of identified resources.
3. Communicate and coordinate with all...

PADs, jurisdictional coordination, plume exposure pathway EPZ, resource gaps

Implement Protective Action Decisions (PADs) During Radiological Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Implementing Protective Action Decisions (PADs):

1. Assess the situation: Determine if there is an actual or potential significant offsite consequence from a radiological incident.
2. Consider immediate protective actions:...

protective action decision,pad,radiological emergency,evacuation,shelter-in-place,HAB incident,plume exposure pathway,EPZ,ORO,incident commander

Implement Protective Actions for Contaminated Human Foods

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Protective actions must be taken when contamination in human food equals or exceeds the DILs, and include:

1. Temporary embargoes: Prevent contaminated human food from entering commerce until measurements confirm that concentrations are...

contaminated food, temporary embargo, condemnation, DILs, EPZ, tracking food movement

Implement Radiological Assessment Models for Airborne Releases

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Implementing a Radiological Assessment Model for Airborne Releases

1. Select and implement a radiological assessment model that is representative of the plant release points, topographical features, and meteorological regimes...

airborne release model, radiological assessment, nuclear power plant, contamination levels, isotopic composition

Implementing EPA Dose Limits for Emergency Workers - Option 2

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. **Pre-Determine Administrative Limit on TED:
- Establish an administrative limit on the TED (Total Effective Dose) to emergency workers entering the plume exposure pathway EPZ in advance and document it in emergency...

dose limits, exposure control, emergency workers, EPA PAG Manual, DRD, TED, KI administration

Implementing Federal Guidance for Relocation in Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine Organizational Responsibility: Identify and document the organization(s) responsible for making decisions on relocation during radiological incidents.

2. Rationale for Relocation Areas: Establish a rationale...

relocation, radiological emergency, protective action guides, PAG, environmental monitoring, decontamination, long-term planning

Monitor and Decontaminate Vehicles

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Monitoring and Decontaminating Vehicles:

1. Vehicle Monitoring Process:
- Monitor vehicles using appropriate equipment, including but not limited to: air intake systems, radiator grills, bumpers, wheel wells, tires, and...

vehicle monitoring, decontamination, radiological emergency, contamination control, privacy

Plan for Congregate Care Centers in Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Plan for a sufficient number of congregate care centers in host/support jurisdictions based on all-hazard sheltering experience and historical data relevant to the area.
2. Incorporate a flexible planning basis that can be...

congregate care centers,sheltering planning,radiological emergency

Prioritization of Relocation Based on Projected Dose and Timeframe

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Set priorities for relocation based on projected dose to individuals and the timeframe required for relocation.
2. Designate intervals for continual assessment of projected doses from relocation areas.
3. The following are...

relocation prioritization,dose assessment,timeframe,exposure rate monitoring

Process for Considering Occupational Exposures and Authorization of Doses in Excess of Limits

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To process occupational exposures and authorize individuals to receive doses in excess of occupational dose limits:

1. Assess Occupational Exposure Risk: Evaluate the risk of occupational exposure during all phases of a NPP...

occupational exposure,dose authorization,Federal limits,decision documentation

Protect Members of the Public from Radiological Exposure During Temporary Reentry to Restricted Areas

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To adequately protect members of the public from radiological exposure during temporary reentry to restricted areas:

1. Provide Dosimetry and Contamination Control Measures: Ensure that dosimeters, PRDs, and contamination...

public protection,dosimetry for public,decontamination process,exposure limits

Provide Personal Radiological Protection for Onsite Individuals During Incident

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Implement Protective Measures: Ensure that provisions are in place to provide personal radiological protection for individuals who arrive or remain onsite during an incident.
2. Protective Actions: These measures may...

radiological protection,personal protection,onsite individuals,radiation safety

Provide and Monitor Dosimetry for Reentering Individuals

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Issue Dosimeters: Provide appropriate dosimeters (PRD and DRD) to individuals reentering a restricted area.
2. Dosimeter Capabilities: Ensure that the DRD is capable of detecting radiation exposure levels within the...

dosimetry, radiation monitoring, exposure limits, training verification

Sample Drinking Water for Radiological Contamination

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify sampling locations for drinking water based on proximity to nuclear power plant (NPP) sites and bodies of water used for public drinking water.
2. Collect samples from multiple points within the water source, including...

drinking water sampling,radioisotope detection,DRLs,EPA PAG Manual

Selecting Appropriate Dosimeters Based on Plume Composition and Dose Limits

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Assess plume composition using modeling and field sampling data to determine the appropriate correction factor.
2. Determine dose limits for emergency workers based on their assigned tasks and exposure pathways (e.g.,...

dosimetry,plume composition,dose limits,correction factor,drd,prd,radiation safety

Transport Contaminated or Injured Individuals to Medical Facilities

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure safe and effective transportation of contaminated or injured individuals to medical facilities capable of monitoring and decontamination.

Procedure:
1. Dispatching the Medical Transport Provider
- Dispatch the...

transport, contaminated individuals, medical facilities, decontamination, radiological emergency, monitoring, communication, emergency medical services

Update Evacuation Time Estimates (ETE) Based on Population Changes

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Updating Evacuation Time Estimates (ETE):

1. Review population data: Evaluate changes in the permanent resident population within the plume exposure pathway EPZ, including:
- Increases in total population
- Shifts in age...

evacuation time estimate,ETE,population changes,radiological emergency

Assess Radiological Consequences and Provide Appropriate PARs for Ingestion Exposure Pathway

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the individual(s) who had authority to make PARs for the ingestion pathway by title, position, and organization.
2. Consider precautionary actions (e.g., placing animals on stored feed and water) that protect the...

ingestion exposure pathway,protective action recommendation,plume phase,radiological emergency

Calculate Iodine and Particulate Concentrations from Air Samples

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Analyze FMT air samples to calculate iodine and particulate concentrations.

Steps:
1. Collect air samples using Field Monitoring Teams (FMTs).
2. Use laboratory equipment or software to analyze the samples for iodine and...

iodine concentrations, particulate analysis, FMT air samples

Calculate Plume Ratios and Compare to Model Projections

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Calculate plume ratios of noble gases, iodines, and particulates and compare them with model projections.

Steps:
1. Analyze FMT air samples for noble gas, iodine, and particulate concentrations.
2. Use these data to calculate...

plume ratios, model comparison, noble gases

Determine Deposition Footprint Boundaries

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify how the boundaries of the deposition footprint were determined (e.g., field and/or aerial measurements, deposition projections or a combination of sources).
2. Ensure that these methods are documented and reviewed by...

deposition footprint, boundary determination, field measurements, aerial measurements, ORO

Determine Levels of Contamination in Human Food

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Plans/procedures must identify how contamination levels in human food will be determined, which includes:

• Sampling and analysis capability to assess the extent of contamination.
• Establishing methods for **measuring radionuclide...

contamination determination, sampling, analysis, radionuclides, DILs, ECLs

Determine a Correction Factor for DRD-Based Isotopic Release Mixture

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To determine a correction factor for DRD (Dosimeter Reading Data)-based isotopic release mixture:

1. Select Appropriate Methodology: Choose an approach to correct DRD readings to TED (Total Effective Dose), such as using...

DRD correction,TED calculation,dosimeter calibration,isotopic release

Develop Protective Action Recommendations (PARs)

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the individual(s) who developed each PAR by title, position, and organization.
2. Document all information used in developing each PAR, including:
- Data from the licensee
- Field monitoring data
- Release data
...

protective action recommendation,plume phase,radiological emergency

Developing Scenario Elements for Radiological Emergency Exercises

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Scenario elements are critical components in the development of radiological emergency exercises to ensure variability and realism. FEMA and the NRC have identified the following scenario elements:

1. HAB (Human Actions and Behaviors) – See...

scenario elements, radiological emergency, exercise planning, HAB, rapid escalation, resource integration

Disseminating Public Information in a Radiological Emergency

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

### Purpose
• Provide clear, concise, and consistent public information during radiological emergencies.

### Content Requirements
• Statement of purpose: Clearly explain why the information is being provided.
• Date and issuing agency:...

public information dissemination,radiological emergency,plume exposure pathway,epz,map,evacuation routes,reception centers,pets,service animals,access and functional needs,emergency communication,EAS,FCC,protective actions,KI,sheltering-in-place,evacuation preparation

Ensure Appropriate Protective Action Decisions (PADs) for the Plume Phase

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Use appropriate factors and necessary coordination in the decision-making process to make PADs for the public during the plume phase.
2. Ensure that decisions are based on available information, including:
- Environmental...

protective action decision,plume phase,radiological emergency

Identify Additional Resources for Ingestion Exposure Pathway Decisions

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine if any additional resources were requested or anticipated during the ingestion exposure pathway decision-making process.
2. Document all resource requests and ensure they are coordinated with relevant agencies.
3. Verify...

additional resources, ingestion exposure pathway, resource coordination, ORO

Identify Boundaries of Temporary Embargo Zones

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine how the boundaries of temporary embargo zones were identified.
2. Ensure that these boundaries are based on reliable data and scientific analysis.
3. Verify that all stakeholders are aware of these boundaries and their...

temporary embargo zones, boundary identification, ORO

Identify Crops in Affected Areas and Harvesting Methods

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine if crops grown in affected areas were identified.
2. Ensure that a determination was made on how these crops would be harvested or tracked.
3. Verify that all stakeholders are aware of these procedures and their...

crops, affected areas, harvesting methods, ORO

Identify Water Supply Sources and Sample Results

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine how water supply sources were identified.
2. Ensure that sample results were obtained from specified labs and used to make dose assessments.
3. Verify that locations exceeding PAGs are plotted on a map for reference.
4....

water supply, sample results, PAGs, ORO

Implement Pre-Planned Precautionary Protective Actions

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the individual(s) who made decisions to implement any pre-planned precautionary protective actions outlined within plans/procedures.
- Include their title, position, and organization.
2. Document which precautionary...

precautionary protective actions,plume phase,radiological emergency

Integrate Functional Needs Support Services in Shelters for Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Use the FEMA Guidance on Planning for Integration of Functional Needs Support Services in General Population Shelters to support the integration of children and adults with and without access and functional needs into every...

functional needs support services,shelter planning,radiological emergency

Maintain Record of Dose as a Result of Exposure

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To maintain records of dose as a result of exposure:

1. Document Exposures and Subsequent Doses: Ensure that all exposures and subsequent doses reported from the field are properly documented.
2. Use Standardized Forms: Use...

dose record,exposure documentation,dosimetry tracking,record keeping

Make Subsequent Protective Action Decisions (PADs) Based on New Information

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Making Subsequent Protective Action Decisions (PADs):

1. Review initial PADs: After the initial PADs have been implemented, continue to monitor the situation and collect additional information.
2. **Obtain updated dose...

subsequent pad,updated dose projections,field monitoring data,radiological emergency,protective action recommendations,PAR

Notification of Unusual Event (NOUE) Procedures

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Events in progress or that have occurred indicate a potential degradation of the level of safety of the plant.

2. No releases of radioactive material requiring offsite response or monitoring are expected unless further...

NOUE, unusual event, safety degradation, offsite notification, operating staff readiness

Obtain Data for Dose Projections

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Gather necessary data to make dose projections.

Steps:
1. Collect information from the licensee, including release data and meteorological data.
2. Ensure that all relevant data sources are included in the analysis.
3. Verify...

dose projections, data collection, licensee information, meteorological data

Receive and Compare Ambient Exposure Rates from FMTs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Receive ambient exposure rate data from Field Monitoring Teams (FMTs) and compare it to model projections.

Steps:
1. Collect ambient exposure rates measured by FMTs.
2. Compare these measurements with modeled exposure rates...

ambient exposure rates, FMTs, model comparison

Register Evacuees and Their Service Animals/Pets in Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Registration procedures for evacuees must include the following:

1. Means of registration: Use forms or electronic methods (e.g., computer, audio, video) to register evacuees.
2. Information collected: Include name, address, family...

evacuee registration, service animals, pets, verification of monitoring status

+ 6 more procedures. Get the full library in the app.

Risk Assessment (96)

Apply Three-Point Estimation for Community Risk Factor Distribution

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Define Range and Mode: Establish a range for the Community Risk Factor (CRF) distribution based on available data. Common ranges considered include [0,2], [0,5], [0.5,2], [0.2,5], and [1,5]. Select a mode that best represents...

community risk factor,distribution shape,three-point estimation,risk index,national percentile ranking,social vulnerability,community resilience

Calculate Expected Annual Loss Rate National Percentile (NPCTL) Using Equation 19

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use Equation 19 to calculate the Expected Annual Loss Rate National Percentile (NPCTL).
2. Input the Interim Total Expected Annual Loss Rate calculated from Equation 18 into this formula.
3. Ensure that the resulting...

npctl, equation 19, eal rate, percentile calculation

Calculate Interim Total Expected Annual Loss Rate (EAL) Using Equation 18

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use Equation 18 to calculate the Interim Total Expected Annual Loss Rate (EAL) for each hazard type and composite.
2. Apply an Expected Annual Loss-weighted average in the calculation:
- This ensures that...

interim total eal, equation 18, weighted average, risk assessment

Conduct Hazard Vulnerability Analysis

High Priority Source: Home Health Emergency Preparedness

Procedure for Conducting a Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA):

1. Identify Potential Hazards:
- List all possible hazards that could affect your home or community, such as natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods), man-made...

hazard,vulnerability analysis,emergency planning,natural disaster,risk assessment

Create Hazard Vulnerability Planning Priorities List

High Priority Source: Home Health Emergency Preparedness

Procedure for Creating a Hazard Vulnerability Planning Priorities List:

1. Review the Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA) Results:
- Use the scores calculated in the HVA to identify the top threats based on their total scores.

2. **List...

hazard,vulnerability planning,priority list,emergency preparedness,natural disaster

Identify and Assess Chronic Risks Using Futures and Systems Thinking

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Identifying and Assessing Chronic Risks:

1. Understand the Nature of Chronic Risks:
- Recognize that chronic risks are long-term, continuous challenges that affect economy, community, way of life, or national security.
-...

chronic risks, futures thinking, systems thinking, risk assessment, antimicrobial resistance, climate change, artificial intelligence

Identify and Understand Natural Hazards in Your Area

High Priority Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Research Local Natural Hazards:
- Identify the types of natural hazards common to your geographical location.
- Examples include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, etc.
2. Stay Informed:
-...

natural hazards, emergency preparedness, risk assessment, disaster planning

Inflation Adjustment for Historical Losses

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Historical Loss Data:
- Retrieve all historical loss data in its original currency and year.

2. Determine Inflation Adjustment Factor:
- Use an inflation adjustment factor to convert historical losses to...

inflation adjustment, historical loss data, risk assessment, natural disaster, currency conversion

Interpret the Risk Matrix for Contingency Planning

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

The risk matrix is used to compare risks and inform contingency planning. The vertical axis represents impact, with a score of 1 (lowest impact) to 5 (highest impact). The horizontal axis represents likelihood of occurrence, with a score of...

risk matrix, contingency planning, impact scale, likelihood scale, uncertainty, grouped risks, additional scenarios

Selecting Natural Hazards for the National Risk Index

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Review State Hazard Mitigation Plans: Evaluate all 50 states' Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)-approved plans to identify hazards that are included in at least half of these plans.
2. **Identify Regionally...

hazard selection,natural disaster,risk index,fema,state plans,regionally significant hazards

Value of Statistical Life Conversion for Population Losses

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Quantify Population Loss in Terms of Fatalities and Injuries:
- Count the number of fatalities and injuries from a natural hazard event.

2. Apply Value of Statistical Life (VSL) Conversion Factor:
- Use an...

value of statistical life, population loss, economic loss, risk assessment, natural disaster

Assess Social Vulnerability Factors for a Geographic Area

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the geographic area (county or Census tract) to be assessed.
2. Gather data on the following 10 socioeconomic variables:
- Income-to-Poverty Ratio
- Single or zero caregiver household
- Unit-level...

social vulnerability, census data, risk assessment, natural hazards, socioeconomic variables

Calculate Historic Loss Ratios for Hurricane Using Multiple Regression

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Gather county-level sociogeographic information: Collect data on sociogeographic factors relevant to hurricane risk at the county level.

2. Collect mean loss ratio data: Obtain county-level mean loss ratios for hurricane...

Hurricane,Historic Loss Ratio,multiple regression,county-level,sociogeographic factors

Calculate Loss Ratio per Basis Standard Error for a Hazard-Consequence Type

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Loss Ratio per Basis standard error for a specific hazard and consequence type:

1. Compute the variance of the Loss Ratio per Basis set (as outlined in the previous procedure).
2. Take the square root of this variance to...

loss ratio standard error, hazard-consequence, risk index

Classify Counties Using NCHSURCode for Historic Loss Ratio Generation

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine the appropriate vintage of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Urban-Rural Classification Scheme based on the date of the hazard event:
- Use the 2001; 1990-Based Code for events occurring between...

NCHSURCode,Historic Loss Ratio,National Center for Health Statistics,Urban-Rural Classification Scheme,HLR generation

Classify Social Vulnerability Scores into Qualitative Categories

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To classify Social Vulnerability Scores into qualitative categories:

1. Obtain the raw national percentiles and 90% confidence intervals from Census data.
2. Multiply the proportion by 100 to obtain a percentile ranking that accounts for...

social vulnerability, classification, percentile ranking, census data, risk assessment

Conducting a Literature Review for the National Risk Index

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Begin in 2017: Initiate the literature review process to gather information from fields such as hazard mitigation, emergency management, and risk science.
2. Search for Natural Hazard Variables: Focus on identifying...

literature review,natural disaster,risk index,indicator categories,methodology improvement

Consider Interdependencies in Hazard Impact Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Acknowledge that hazard impacts in surrounding counties or Census tracts can cause indirect losses in a location regardless of the location’s risk profile.
2. Incorporate interdependency analysis into risk planning to...

interdependencies, hazard impact, risk assessment, natural disaster, cascading effects

Determine County-Level Possibility of Hazard Occurrence

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the possibility of a hazard occurring at the county level, follow these steps:

1. Identify the hazard type being assessed (e.g., Coastal Flooding, Avalanches).
2. Check if the hazard is able to occur in the area:
- For...

hazard occurrence, county-level risk assessment, spatial processing, hazard type designation, expected annual loss

Determine Hazard Occurrence Basis and Geographic Level for Annualized Frequency Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the basis (event or event-day) and geographic level of historical hazard occurrence count for annualized frequency calculations, follow these steps:

1. Identify hazard type: Refer to Table 5 in the document to find the specific...

hazard occurrence basis, geographic level, annualized frequency, risk assessment

Determine Relevant Consequence Types for Hazard Types

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the Hazard Type:
- Determine which natural hazard is being assessed (e.g., drought, wildfire, hurricane).

2. Review Historical Impact Data:
- Examine historical loss data to determine which consequence...

hazard type, consequence type, risk assessment, natural disaster, historical impact data

Identify Spatial Relationships Between Tribal Areas and Communities

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To understand tribal entities' risk:

1. Use the National Risk Index data to identify spatial relationships between tribal areas and Census tracts or counties.
2. Apply associated county and Census tract profiles to estimate **risk...

tribal entities,spatial relationships,risk assessment,eal data,census tract

Inherit Bayesian-adjusted Historic Loss Ratio for Census Tracts and Blocks

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To ensure consistency in Expected Annual Loss calculations:

1. Use the Bayesian-adjusted Historic Loss Ratio inherited by Census blocks and Census tracts within a parent county.
2. This inheritance is applied as part of Equation 14, which...

historic loss ratio, census tract, census block, bayesian adjustment

Map Tribal Areas to Census Tract and County Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To create a relational dataset mapping tribal areas to Census tracts and counties:

1. Use two authoritative sources for tribal land locations:
- Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD) American Indian/Alaska Native/Native...

tribal areas,census tract,relational dataset,fema,hifld

Modeling Strong Wind Hazard for Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To model the strong wind hazard and calculate risk:

1. Use Severe Weather Database Files data from the Storm Prediction Center to estimate event extents, frequency, and exposure.
2. Incorporate SHELDUS historical loss data to build a...

strong wind,hazard modeling,risk assessment,severe weather database,sheLDUS

Perform Ex-Post Back Testing for Bayesian-Adjusted Historic Loss Ratios

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Calculate initial Expected Annual Loss values: Use the Bayesian-adjusted Historic Loss Ratio values to compute initial county-level Expected Annual Loss values.

2. Compare with SHELDUS data: Compare these Expected Annual...

Ex-post back testing,geographic smoothing,Historic Loss Ratio refinement,SHELDUS data

Understand Differences in Expected Annual Loss Rates by Consequence Type

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize that Agriculture Expected Annual Loss Rates (EAL) are typically significantly higher than those for Population or Building EAL.
2. Understand the reason:
- Agriculture has relatively high **Historic Loss...

expected annual loss, agriculture, population, building, value of statistical life

Understand Limitations of National Risk Index Data for Rare Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize that the National Risk Index uses annualized frequency models for most hazard types, which may not be suitable for high-consequence, low-frequency events.
2. Use probabilistic models (e.g., Earthquake) where...

rare events, probabilistic models, annualized frequency, risk assessment, EAL

Understand the Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience Adjusted Expected Annual Loss Rate National Percentile (NPCTL)

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize that a Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience Adjusted Expected Annual Loss Rate National Percentile (NPCTL) is available in the data download.
2. This metric accounts for community risk factors, such as:
...

social vulnerability, community resilience, adjusted eal rate, composite metric

Use Buffered Areas and Fishnet Intersections for Accurate Annualized Frequency Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Utilize buffered areas around hazard events to account for the influence of chance in determining precise event locations.
2. Apply fishnet intersections to ensure accurate spatial representation of hazard exposure across...

buffered areas, fishnet intersections, annualized frequency, risk assessment, spatial modeling

Utilize a Top-Down Approach for Community Resilience Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

When assessing community resilience at the national level:

1. Use a top-down approach since no nationally available, bottom-up community resilience indices are currently available.
2. Define resilience using broad factors that apply across...

top-down assessment, community resilience, national risk index, comparative metric

Access SHELDUS Data for Risk Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Retrieve and analyze SHELDUS data to assess historical losses and risk.

Steps:
1. Visit the [SHELDUS website](https://cemhs.asu.edu/sheldus) provided by Arizona State University.
2. Use the summary data available on the site,...

SHELDUS, risk assessment, historical losses, hazard data, FEMA, National Risk Index

Account for Uncertainties in National Risk Index Modeling

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize that modeling natural hazard risk for the entire country has inherent uncertainty and inaccuracy.
2. Use probabilistic models where available (e.g., Earthquake) to better estimate Expected Annual Loss (EAL)...

modeling uncertainty, probabilistic models, risk assessment, natural disaster, EAL

Address Limitations of Annualized Frequency Calculations in Small Geographic Areas

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To address the limitations of using Equation 4 for calculating annualized frequency in small geographic areas or areas with few recorded hazard occurrences, follow these steps:

1. Recognize potential inaccuracies: Be aware that Equation 4 may...

annualized frequency limitations, geographic bias, risk calculation accuracy

Aggregate Expected Annual Loss Values to the State Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Aggregating Expected Annual Loss Values at the State Level

1. Sum Census Block Data: For each state, sum the Expected Annual Loss values of all Census blocks within that state.
2. **Exclude Earthquake Data from Census...

state level aggregation,natural disaster,risk assessment,fema hazus

Aggregate Exposure Values at the Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Collect exposure values: Gather the calculated exposure values for each individual Census block within a specific Census tract.

2. Sum exposure values: Add together all the exposure values (building, population...

exposure aggregation,census tract,exposure calculation,natural disaster modeling

Apply Minimum Annual Frequency for Communities with No Recorded Hazard Occurrences

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To apply a minimum annual frequency to communities that have not experienced recorded hazard occurrences but are at some risk due to their location, follow these steps:

1. Identify communities without recorded hazard occurrences: Determine...

minimum annual frequency, risk calculation, no recorded occurrences

Avoid Calculating Total Expected Annual Loss Rates Across All Consequence Types

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Do not attempt to calculate a Total Expected Annual Loss Rate that combines all three consequence types (e.g., building damage, population loss, agricultural impact). These rates are difficult to interpret and vary dramatically depending on...

total expected annual loss rate,risk calculation,natural disaster,decision making,avoid misuse

Calculate Annualized Frequency Using Equation 4

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency for hazards with probabilistic statistics, follow these steps:

1. Identify hazard type: Determine which hazard you are calculating (e.g., Wildfire, Earthquake).
2. Access raster files: Use probabilistic...

annualized frequency, equation 4, hazard probability, risk calculation

Calculate Bayesian-Adjusted Historic Loss Ratio for County-Level Hazard Type and Consequence Type

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify inputs:
- The average Loss Ratio per Basis by consequence type for the hazard type at _X_ level (national, regional, surrounding, county).
- The weighting factor applied to the Loss Ratio per Basis by...

Bayesian-adjusted,Historic Loss Ratio,county-level,hazard type,consequence type

Calculate Developed Area Building and Population Densities

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain administrative layer data: Use Hazus 6.0 data for building stock value and population estimates at each administrative reference layer (Census block, tract, or county).
2. Estimate developed area: Calculate the...

developed area density,Hazus 6.0,Census block,risk assessment,building stock value

Calculate Expected Annual Loss (EAL) Value for a Hazard Type

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine Exposure Values: Identify the exposure values for each consequence type (e.g., Building, Population & Population Equivalence, Agriculture). These are typically measured in monetary terms or population equivalents.
...

expected annual loss, eal calculation, hazard type, natural disaster, risk assessment, normalization

Calculate Exposure at Census Block Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate exposure:

1. Calculate exposure at the Census block level.
2. Aggregate the calculated exposure values to higher administrative levels (e.g., Census tract, county) by summing the exposure values of all child...

exposure calculation,census block,aggregation,natural disaster,risk assessment

Calculate Exposure for Developed Area/Agriculture Area Density Concentrated Hazard Occurrence

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine hazard type: Identify if the hazard occurs in developed or agricultural areas with defined boundaries.
2. Use intersection of hazard shape and Census block: Calculate exposure by intersecting the hazard...

developed area density,Hazus 6.0,Census block,risk assessment,agriculture exposure

Calculate Exposure for Widespread Hazard Occurrence

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify hazard type: Determine if the hazard has widespread exposure with indefinable boundaries.
2. Use entire community values: For these types of hazards, use the total building value, agriculture value, or population...

hazard,widespread exposure,risk assessment,Hazus 6.0,Census of Agriculture

Calculate Hazard Type Expected Annual Loss Rate

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Expected Annual Loss Rate for a specific hazard type and consequence type, use the following formula:

$$ EALR = \frac{EAL}{\text{Full Community Exposure}} $$

Where:
• $ EALR $ is the Expected Annual Loss Rate for the...

expected annual loss rate,hazard type,risk calculation,natural disaster,community exposure

Calculate Historic Loss Ratio Using Bayesian Spatial Weighting Matrix

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Collect individual hazard occurrence loss rates (Loss Ratio per Basis) for each county and hazard-consequence type combination.
2. Identify counties that have not experienced a loss-causing hazard occurrence during the...

historic loss ratio,bayesian spatial weighting matrix,loss ratio per basis,national risk index,sheildus,risk assessment

Calculate Loss Ratio per Basis for a Specific Hazard Occurrence

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the hazard type and the specific consequence type (building, population, or agriculture) for which you are calculating the loss ratio.
2. Determine the loss value experienced from the hazard event or event-day in...

loss ratio, risk index, disaster calculation, exposure value, hazard assessment

Calculate National Percentiles for Coastal Flooding Hazard Type

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify communities where the Coastal Flooding hazard type is applicable.
2. Exclude communities where Coastal Flooding is not possible from the calculation set.
3. Compare each community's Expected Annual Loss Rate (EAL)...

national percentile, coastal flooding, expected annual loss rate, risk index

Calculate National Risk Index Values at Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine Expected Annual Loss (EAL) for the community:
- This value is calculated based on historical data and risk modeling.
2. Assess Social Vulnerability (SV):
- Evaluate factors such as population demographics,...

national risk index,census tract,expected annual loss,social vulnerability,community resilience,community risk factor,risk index values

Calculate Winter Weather Exposure for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine the intersected area: Calculate the sum of the intersected areas of past Winter Weather event-days with the specific Census block (in square kilometers). This intersection must cover more than 5% of the Census block...

winter weather exposure,census block,exposure calculation,natural disaster modeling

Calculate the Community Risk Factor for a Community

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Community Risk Factor for a community, follow these steps:

1. Determine the Social Vulnerability Value of the community.
2. Determine the Community Resilience Value of the community.
3. Divide the Social Vulnerability...

community risk factor, social vulnerability, community resilience, triangular distribution, risk assessment

Calculating Agriculture Exposure Value

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Define agriculture exposure value as the estimated dollar value of crops and livestock exposed to a hazard based on hazard type-specific methodology.
2. Derive this value from:
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)...

agriculture exposure value,usda census data,inflation adjustment

Calculating Building Exposure Value

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Define building exposure value as the dollar value of buildings exposed to a hazard based on hazard type-specific methodology.
2. Determine the maximum possible building exposure for an area (Census block, Census tract, or county)...

building exposure value,hazus 6.0,census data,inflation adjustment

Calculating Population Exposure Value

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Define population exposure as the estimated number of people exposed to a hazard based on hazard type-specific methodology.
2. Determine the maximum possible population exposure for an area (Census block, Census tract, or county)...

population exposure value,value of statistical life,economic loss calculation

Configure Set Usage Threshold for Loss Ratio per Basis Sets

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine the mode of usage threshold configuration:
- Choose from one of three modes:
- Total Record Count Mode: All Loss Records per Basis are counted, regardless of loss ratio value.
- **Non-Zero Record...

set usage threshold,loss ratio per basis,bayesian credibility,natural disaster,risk assessment

Convert Hazard Data to Polygon Format

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To process hazard data:

1. Convert all source records into a polygon format, regardless of whether the original data is represented as points, lines, or raster cells.
2. This polygon represents an area of exposure to the specific...

polygon conversion,hazard data,exposure area,natural disaster,risk assessment

Creating a Fishnet Grid for Annualized Frequency Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine the grid size: Use a 49-by-49 km fishnet grid for widespread hazard types (e.g., Hurricanes) to ensure accurate annualized frequency calculations.
2. Justify the grid size: The 49-by-49 km grid was chosen based...

fishnet grid,annualized frequency,Census blocks,hazard occurrence,Hurricanes

Define and Calculate Exposure for Natural Hazards

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Exposure is defined as the representative value of buildings, population, or agriculture potentially exposed to a natural hazard occurrence.

To calculate exposure:
1. Select data sources with the best available national-level data...

exposure,natural hazards,risk assessment,spatial analysis

Defining Consequence Types in the National Risk Index

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Define a consequence as economic loss or bodily harm directly caused by a hazard occurrence.
2. Categorize consequences into three types:
- Buildings
- Population
- Agriculture
3. Include a consequence type for a hazard...

consequence types,national risk index,hazard impact categorization

Determine Natural Hazard Annualized Frequency

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Determining Natural Hazard Annualized Frequency:

1. Define annualized frequency: This is the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year.
2. Source data collection: Data can be derived from two main...

annualized frequency,natural hazards,risk assessment,subject matter experts,National Risk Index

Determine Representative Hazard Type Size

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the representative size of a hazard type:

1. Use one or more of these methods:
- Subject matter experts define a single representative hazard type size.
- Calculate the historical average hazard occurrence sizes for...

representative size,hazard type,subject matter experts,natural disaster,risk assessment

Estimate Exposure Using Intersection Method

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To estimate exposure:

1. Intersect the hazard occurrence or susceptible zone polygons with the appropriate administrative layer polygons (e.g., Census tract, county).
2. The resulting intersect shape defines the area of exposure.
3....

exposure estimation,intersection method,natural disaster,risk assessment,administrative layer

Estimate Zero-Loss Hazard Occurrences at the County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Calculate Annual Hazard Rate from Historical Data:
- Use hazard source data to count total historical occurrences of a specific hazard (e.g., lightning, ice storms) over its period of record.
- Divide this count by the...

zero-loss hazard, risk assessment, loss ratio calculation, SHELDUS, NCEI Storm Events Database

Exclude State-Level Risk Index Scores and Related Metrics

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Excluding State-Level Risk Index Scores and Related Metrics

1. Do Not Calculate State-Level Risk Index Scores: These scores are not currently supplied in the dataset.
2. **Use Tract/County Level Data for Social Vulnerability...

state level exclusion,risk index,social vulnerability,fema,baseline resilience

Implement Expected Annual Loss Influence Cap to Prevent Smoothing Adjustments Impact

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To prevent adverse impacts of smoothing adjustments on Expected Annual Loss, follow these steps:

1. Set the maximum allowable increase in Expected Annual Loss for a county as a result of Historic Loss Ratio smoothing.
2. Cap this increase...

expected annual loss, smoothing adjustments, influence cap, risk assessment

Implement Hazard Occurrence Shape Buffering for Annualized Frequency Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To implement hazard occurrence shape buffering to improve the accuracy of annualized frequency calculations, follow these steps:

1. Identify hazards with widespread or unpredictable locations: Determine which hazard types are best suited for...

hazard buffering, shape smoothing, annualized frequency, risk calculation

Incorporate Zero-Loss Hazard Occurrences into Historic Loss Ratio Calculation

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify historical hazard occurrences that resulted in zero loss for specific consequence types (e.g., no damage to buildings, no agricultural losses).
2. Include these zero-loss events in the Bayesian credibility...

zero-loss events,historic loss ratio,bayesian credibility analysis,natural disaster,risk assessment

Insert Zero-Loss Records into Loss Ratio per Basis Table

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Discrepancy Between Estimated and Recorded Hazard Occurrences:
- Compare the estimated number of hazard occurrences (from historical source data) with the actual number of loss-causing events recorded in SHELDUS...

zero-loss record insertion, loss ratio per basis table, SHELDUS, NCEI Storm Events Database

Interpret Strong Wind Annualized Frequency Maps

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To interpret the Strong Wind annualized frequency maps (such as Figure 89), follow these steps:

1. Understand scale: The map displays values in events per year, representing how frequently strong wind events are expected to occur at the county...

strong wind,map interpretation,risk assessment,county,annualized frequency

Performing Spatial Intersection Between Hazard Occurrences and Reference Layers

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the layers involved: Determine which hazard occurrence or hazard-susceptible zone layer needs to be intersected with a reference layer (e.g., Census blocks, fishnet grids).
2. Use the custom intersect tool: This...

spatial intersection,hazard exposure,reference layers,Census blocks,fishnet grid,raster-vector intersect tool

Populate Loss Ratio per Basis Table with Expanded SHELDUS Records and Zero-Loss Inserts

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Expand SHELDUS Records by Duration Days and Consequence Types:
- For each SHELDUS record, expand it into multiple records based on the duration of the event (e.g., an ice storm lasting two days becomes two separate entries...

loss ratio per basis table, SHELDUS expansion, zero-loss record insertion

Reference Hazard Data Characteristics Comparison

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To understand the exposure methodology for each hazard type:

1. Refer to Appendix B: Hazard Data Characteristics Comparison.
2. This section describes the type of exposure method used for each of the 18 hazard types included in the...

hazard data,exposure method,natural disaster,risk assessment,appendix b

Selecting Source Data for Hazard Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify areas of exposure by processing source data for each hazard type.
2. Select data sources based on the following criteria:
- Accuracy
- Length of period of record
- Spatial component
3. Use national-level data...

data selection,hazard analysis,exposure identification,national data sources

Set Up SQL Server and PostgreSQL Database Environments for National Risk Index Processing

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Establish dedicated SQL Server and PostgreSQL database environments to support the processing of the National Risk Index.
2. Implement a relational database with spatial capabilities to store and analyze datasets used in...

database setup,national risk index,spatial analysis,sql server,postgresql,expected annual loss,census blocks

Understand Community Resilience as Defined by NIST

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Community Resilience is defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as **the ability of a community to prepare for anticipated natural hazards, adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from...

community resilience, nist definition, risk factor, geographic assessment

Understand Limitations of Historic Loss Ratio Methodology

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Understanding the limitations and assumptions in the Historic Loss Ratio (HLR) methodology is critical for accurate risk assessment.

### Key Limitations:
1. Static Exposure Assumption: The HLR assumes that building, population, and...

historic loss ratio, risk assessment, methodology limitations, exposure value, agricultural losses, geographic precision

Understand the Components of Expected Annual Loss (EAL)

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Expected Annual Loss (EAL) is a key component in the National Risk Index, and it measures the anticipated economic damage from natural hazards each year. It includes:

• Building Value: The expected loss to structures due to natural...

expected annual loss, eal, natural hazard datasets, risk calculation

Understand the National Risk Index Definition of Risk

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The National Risk Index defines natural hazard risk as the potential for negative impacts resulting from a natural hazard. This definition includes three key components:

1. Natural Hazards Risk Component: Measured by **Expected Annual...

national risk index, risk calculation, expected annual loss, social vulnerability, community resilience

Understand the Role of Community Resilience in Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Community Resilience is a consequence-reduction component used in the National Risk Index to measure a community’s ability to prepare for, adapt to, withstand, and recover from the effects of natural hazards. It considers factors such...

community resilience, risk assessment, disaster recovery, preparedness programs

Understand the Role of Social Vulnerability in Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Social Vulnerability is a consequence-enhancing component used in the National Risk Index to analyze demographic characteristics and measure the susceptibility of social groups to adverse impacts from natural hazards. It considers...

social vulnerability, risk assessment, demographic factors, community susceptibility

Update Expected Annual Loss Values with New Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor source data for updates beyond the most recent period of record (up to 2024).
2. Revise Expected Annual Loss (EAL) values when new hazard type severity, annualized frequency, or local economic/population density...

data update, EAL revision, risk assessment, natural disaster, annualized frequency

Use Local Data for Accurate Expected Annual Loss Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access local data for each risk component if available.
2. Substitute national dataset values with locally sourced data to calculate a more accurate Expected Annual Loss (EAL) value at the local level.
3. **Document the...

local data, expected annual loss, risk assessment, natural disaster, accuracy

Use Urban-Rural County Classifications to Limit Influence Between Counties

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To prevent focus counties from influencing nearby counties more urban than themselves:

1. Utilize National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) urban-rural county classifications.
2. Apply these classifications in the risk modeling process to...

urban-rural classification, county influence, risk modeling

Using SHELDUS for Historical Loss Assessment in Strong Wind Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To use SHELDUS (Storm Hazard and Exposure Data) for historical loss assessment:

1. Access the SHELDUS database through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or other designated sources.
2. Identify data fields that...

sheLDUS,historical loss,strong wind,risk assessment,building damage

Validate Expected Annual Loss Estimates Using Historical Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Aggregate historical loss data from SHELDUS and the National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database for the period 1996 to 2023.

2. Categorize losses by hazard type, including Earthquake, Inland...

expected annual loss, historical losses, risk validation, SHELDUS, hazard type, national risk index

Aggregate Exposure Data from Census Block to Higher Geographic Levels

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Calculate exposure at the Census block level using hazard-specific methodologies (e.g., building and population density calculations, pre-defined values for specific hazards like Avalanche or Tornado).
2. For each **Census...

exposure aggregation, census block, census tract, county level, risk index

Apply County Attribute Filters to Bayesian Levels

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Filters are used to further segment sets defined by Bayesian levels using additional county attributes. The National Risk Index applied the National Center for Health Statistics Urban-Rural Classification Scheme as an example of a...

county attribute filters, Bayesian levels, loss ratio calculations, risk assessment

Assign Pre-defined Exposure Values for Avalanche and Tornado Hazards

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. For Avalanche:
- Use a pre-determined exposure value for population, defined by subject matter experts, that applies to all areas at risk of avalanche occurrences.
- This single value is assigned uniformly across the...

avalanche exposure, tornado exposure, risk index, census block, pre-defined values

Calculate Census Tract Expected Annual Loss to Strong Wind

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the specific Census tract for which you want to calculate the Expected Annual Loss.
2. Use the formula provided in Equation 114 from the *US National Risk Index 2025* document.
3. Sum the following components:
...

census tract, expected annual loss, strong wind, risk assessment, national risk index

Calculate County Agriculture Value Density for Crops and Pastureland

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain the total crop value of the county as reported in the 2017 Census of Agriculture (in dollars).
2. Determine the total crop area of the county (in square kilometers).
3. Calculate the crop value density using the...

agriculture value density, crop value, pastureland value, usda census, risk assessment

Calculate County Expected Annual Loss to Strong Wind

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the specific county for which you want to calculate the Expected Annual Loss.
2. Use the formula provided in Equation 114 from the *US National Risk Index 2025* document.
3. Sum the following components:
-...

county, expected annual loss, strong wind, risk assessment, national risk index

Calculate Developed Area Building Value Density for a Census Block

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain the total building value of the Census block as recorded in Hazus 6.0 (in dollars).
2. Determine the total developed area of the Census block (in square kilometers).
3. Use the following formula to calculate the...

census block, building value density, developed area, hazus 6.0, risk assessment

Define Bayesian Levels for Geographic Analysis

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Bayesian levels are geographic definitions used to represent boundaries such as states or custom-defined areas, and serve as selectors for counties associated with the level. They can be characterized at four scales:

1. County Level:...

Bayesian levels, geographic analysis, risk assessment, FEMA regions, neighbor counties

Determine Possibility of Drought Occurrence

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the possibility of drought occurrence in all counties.
2. Since drought can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions, conclude that all counties are deemed possible for drought occurrence.

drought risk assessment, county analysis, possibility of occurrence

Determine Possibility of Tornado Occurrence in All Counties

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess tornado occurrence potential: Recognize that tornadoes can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions.
2. Deem all counties as possible for tornado occurrence: Based on this assessment, classify all counties...

tornado occurrence potential,county classification,hazard assessment,risk modeling

Flood Preparedness (55)

Prepare for Floods

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Objective: Minimize risks and ensure safety during a flood.

Steps:
1. Before a Flood:
- Identify flood-prone areas in your home and community.
- Ensure you have an emergency supply kit ready, including food, water, and first aid...

flood, preparedness, safety, home, emergency, water, electricity, gas

Responding to Emergency Warnings During a Flood

Critical Source: Practical Emergency Preparedness

Procedure:

1. Monitor official emergency advisories: Pay close attention to alerts from authorities via TV, radio, or mobile notifications.
2. Take warnings seriously: Do not dismiss evacuation orders or flood warnings, even if you...

emergency warnings,flood,evacuation,faith,divine intervention

Develop and Maintain Emergency Flood Plans for Reservoirs

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Create an on-site emergency flood plan for all large raised reservoirs, as mandated by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) since 2020.

2. Collaborate with local authorities and Local Resilience...

reservoir,dam,flood plan,emergency preparedness,DEFRA,local resilience forum

Electrical Service Safety During Flooding

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Shut off power to the premises if possible.
2. If the main switch is in an area that is already wet:
- Stand on a dry board and use a dry stick to turn the switch off.
3. Do not attempt to turn off power if the...

electrical safety,flooding,power outage,emergency shutdown

Prepare for Floods in Manitoba

Critical Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Objective: Prepare your home and family to handle potential flooding.

Steps to Take:
1. Store fresh drinking water – Regular water supplies may become contaminated during floods.
2. **Install plugs in basement drains and check sewer...

flood preparedness, Manitoba floods, water storage, sump pump installation

Prepare for River Flood Event - Emergency Response Plan

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor flood warnings:
- Stay informed through the Met Office and Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC) forecasts.
- Use official channels to receive updates on river levels, breach risks, and evacuation orders.

2. **Review...

flood response, river flood, emergency planning, evacuation, flood barriers, public communication

Recognize and Respond to a Flood Warning

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:
1. Monitor weather forecasts and official warnings for signs of flooding, such as heavy rainfall, rising water levels, or sudden changes in river conditions.
2. Take immediate action if a flood warning is issued:
- Move to...

flood,emergency,flood warning,preparedness,natural disaster

Review Emergency Preparedness Plans During Phase I of Flood Fighting

Critical Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Purpose: To review and update emergency preparedness plans during the initial phase of a flood event.

Procedure:
1. Review Emergency Plans: Review emergency preparedness plans, lessons from previous incidents, and exercises to identify...

emergency plans,review lessons,community alert,documenting situation,situation reports

Avoid Driving Through Flooded Roadways

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Never drive through flooded roadways. Follow the Turn Around, Don’t Drown[®] rule. Six inches of moving water may knock you off your feet, and as little as 12 inches can lift a small vehicle. Floodwater depth is difficult to determine and...

flood, driving, safety, water, debris

Conduct Basic Training and Exercise Activities for Levee System Personnel

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Objective: Ensure personnel are trained to operate, maintain, and patrol the levee system during emergencies.

Steps:
1. Physical operation of project features: Train personnel on how to operate sluice gates, pumping stations, and...

levee training, flood response exercises, communication systems testing, sandboil mitigation, coordination during floods

Conduct Different Types of Emergency Preparedness Exercises for Levees

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Objective: Test and improve emergency preparedness plans through various exercise formats.

Exercise Types and Descriptions:
• Workshop: A discussion-based exercise used to define objectives, develop scenarios, and establish evaluation...

workshop exercise, tabletop exercise, functional exercise, full-scale exercise, after action report

Coordinate with State and Local Government During Phase I of Flood Fighting

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Purpose: To coordinate with state and local government resources during the initial phase of a flood event.

Procedure:
1. Request Assistance from State and Local Governments: If supplies are exhausted, contact the State or local...

government coordination,flood response,state assistance,emergency management,exercise planning

Develop and Coordinate Evacuation Plans with Local Agencies

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Contact local emergency management agencies to verify if an evacuation plan is already in place.
2. If no existing plan exists, collaborate with government agencies, levee owners, and operators to develop a comprehensive...

evacuation plan,flood preparation,emergency coordination,levee monitoring

Home Flood Emergency Actions

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Locate your Emergency Supply Kit and ensure it is accessible.
2. Follow your Family Emergency Plan, including any changes to the designated meeting place if necessary.
3. Provide children with a sealed note in plastic...

home,flood emergency,emergency plan,supply kit,electricity safety

Identify Flood Risk Areas and Prepare for Flooding

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

To prepare for flooding:

• Determine if you live in a flood zone by reviewing local maps or contacting your community’s emergency management office.

• Identify any dams in your area that could contribute to flooding.

• Know how to prepare for an...

flood risk, flood zone, evacuation plan, flood insurance

Inspect Pump Stations for Safety and Functionality

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Verify proper ventilation of the pumping plant (e.g., fans, vents) to prevent overheating of pump motors.
2. Look for sinkholes or wet areas around the perimeter of the pumping plant.
3. Check for settlement of the...

pump station inspection, ventilation, sinkholes, settlement, conduit separation

Inspect and Repair Drainage Structures Before High Water Conditions

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Identify potential maintenance problems in drainage structures before the water level rises.
2. Manually check and repair flap gates that are in critical or questionable condition.
3. Inspect sluice gates before the...

drainage structures, flap gates, sluice gates, block outlet structure, sandbags, flood control

Maintain Communication with Government Agencies During Emergencies

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Establish and maintain regular communication channels with local government agencies during emergencies.
2. Provide timely and accurate information on levee conditions to emergency response personnel.
3. Ensure that all...

emergency communication,levee status reporting,flood response

Maintain Levee Grade Line and Repair Holes or Depressions

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Compare the existing grade of each levee section with the grades shown in ‘as built’ record drawings.
2. Fill any holes, gullies, or washes in the levee crown, embankments, and landside berms:
- Use **compacted fill...

levee grade line, fill holes, gullies, sandbags, compacted fill

Mobilize Response Team During Phase I of Flood Fighting

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Purpose: To quickly mobilize a response team and alert personnel during the initial phase of a flood event.

Procedure:
1. Mobilize Personnel: Upon receipt of official information forecasting imminent high water, levee owners and...

response team,mobilization,flood fighting,levee sections,assign responsibilities

Navigating Flooded Areas in a Vehicle

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Exercise caution while driving during floods, as familiar roads can appear drastically different when covered by floodwaters.
2. Watch for hazards such as damaged bridges, landslides, washouts, and downed power lines.
3....

vehicle,flooded areas,navigation,safety,emergency driving

Prepare for Floods and Water Disasters

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand flood risks:
- Floods can occur suddenly (flash floods) or develop slowly over time (river floods).
- Even small amounts of water can cause damage to homes, appliances, and furniture.

2. **Create a flood...

flood, water disaster, preparedness, emergency kit, evacuation plan

Prepare for a Flood by Staying Informed

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

• Listen to the radio or television for information about potential flooding.
• Be aware that flash flooding can occur suddenly, and if there is any possibility of flash flooding, **move immediately to higher ground. Do not...

flood, preparedness, flash flood, emergency, evacuation

Protecting Electrical Appliances During Flooding

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Disconnect all electrical appliances from power sources.
2. If possible, move them to a higher level to avoid water damage.
3. Prioritize moving thermally insulated appliances, such as freezers, refrigerators, and...

appliance protection,flooding,electrical safety,emergency preparedness

Protecting Plumbing Fixtures and Water Supplies During Flooding

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Turn off the water supply to your home.
2. Plug all basement sewage connections, such as toilets, sinks, showers, etc., with a wooden plug or other device.
3. Ensure the plug is **held in place with a weight or wood brace...

plumbing,flooding,safety,water supply

Repair Levee Settlement or Depressions and Use Appropriate Fill Material

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Identify any levee settlement or depressions that have been worn down below the levee grade.
2. Repair these areas by filling them with appropriate materials:
- Preferably obtain fill material from distant sources, not...

levee settlement, fill material, seepage berm, compaction, erosion protection

Securing Gas or Oil Appliances During Flooding

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Fill oil or water tanks to prevent them from floating during flooding.
2. If filling is not possible:
- Weigh down the tank with sandbags or wedge it against a solid object.
3. For propane gas tanks:
- **Turn off the...

gas appliances,flooding,safety,securing equipment

Use Expedient Flood Fight Products

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Expedient Flood Protection Product Installation Procedure:

1. Identify Product Types: Consider using temporary flood protection products such as water-filled bladders, lined baskets that can be filled with sand or other materials, and...

expedient flood products,flood fighting,sandbags,portable flood walls

Additional Flood Precautions for Home Protection

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Move hazardous materials such as pesticides, weed killers, and fertilizers to higher levels to prevent water pollution.
2. Disconnect downspouts that drain into the sewer system to reduce overloading during flooding.
3....

home protection,flooding,safety,hazardous materials

Assess Flood Risk in Your Area

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Determine the flood risk for your area based on location and type of flooding. Plan accordingly for evacuation, shelter, or moving to higher ground nearby.

flood risk, assessment, preparedness, location

Assess Ramifications of Nearby Flash Flooding

High Priority Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Step 1: Identify the potential effects of nearby flash flooding.

Ramifications include:
• Local transportation disrupted, making travel difficult or impossible.
• Danger while traveling in car or by foot, increasing risk of injury...

flash flooding,transportation disruption,utility loss

Calculate Historical Occurrence Count of Inland Flooding

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Calculating the Historical Occurrence Count of Inland Flooding:

1. Define inland flooding events as those with an Event Type of:
- Flash Flood
- Flood
- Hail Flooding
- Lakeshore Flood
- Thunderstorm...

inland flooding, historical occurrence count, storm events database, census tract

Conduct Daily Patrols During Phase I and II

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

In order to minimize damage and prevent the levee from failing, any problems must be detected early and resolved accordingly. The entire levee should be patrolled at least once per day during Phase I and continue during Phase II....

levee patrol,flood monitoring,emergency inspection,high water patrol

Conduct Initial Project Inspection During High Water Conditions

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

As soon as notification of high water conditions is received, levee personnel should conduct thorough inspections of relevant areas. This inspection must be comprehensive and based on adequate performance during past high water...

levee inspection,flood preparation,emergency flood response,high water conditions

Constructing a Sandbag Dike

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Constructing a Sandbag Dike

1. Choose the location: Construct the sandbag dike on high ground, close to your home or building. Being closer reduces the number of sandbags needed and minimizes exposure to nearby streams.
2. Dig a trench:...

sandbag,dike,flood,construction,emergency preparedness

Coordinate with Government and Emergency Agencies During Exercises

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Objective: Ensure effective collaboration between levee personnel and emergency response organizations during training exercises.

Steps:
1. Involve government representatives: Engage State and local emergency operations centers in...

government coordination, emergency agency collaboration, multi-agency exercises, post-incident plan review

Determine Period of Record for Inland Flooding Events

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Determining the Period of Record for Inland Flooding Events:

1. Identify the time frame used in the annualized frequency calculation.
2. **Use data from the National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events...

inland flooding, period of record, storm events database, annualized frequency

Determine Possibility of Inland Flooding Occurrence

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Determining the Possibility of Inland Flooding Occurrence:

1. Examine economic loss records in SHELDUS (Storm Hazard and Economic Loss Data System).
2. Assess historical data to determine if counties have experienced...

inland flooding, historical data, SHELDUS, risk assessment

Extract and Combine Inland Flood Hazard Areas

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Extracting and Combining Inland Flood Hazard Areas:

1. Extract flood hazard areas from two data sources:
- CoreLogic data
- National Flood Hazard Layer data
2. Select specific flood zones based on the following...

inland flooding, flood hazard areas, data processing, spatial layer, annualized frequency

Identify Borrow Material Sources for Levee Repairs

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Purpose: To identify potential borrow sites for emergency levee repairs or construction in advance of a flood event.

Procedure:
1. Pre-Flood Planning: Identify borrow sites for emergency levee repairs or construction well before a flood...

borrow material,borrow sites,flood repairs,levee accessibility,emergency planning

Inspect Floodwalls for Structural Integrity and Leaks

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Look for saturated areas or sandboils landward of the floodwall.
2. Check for settlement (movement) of the floodwall.
3. Identify bank caving that may affect the structural stability of the floodwall.
4. **Inspect toe...

floodwall inspection, settlement, bank caving, leakage, monolith joints

Inspect Levees for Signs of Structural Issues

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Look for sandboils or unusual wet areas landward of the landside toe.
2. Check for slides or sloughing in levee side slopes.
3. Examine wave wash or scouring of the riverside levee slope.
4. Identify low areas in...

levee inspection, sandboils, sloughing, wave wash, relief wells, gap closures

Inspect and Clear Drainage Ditches on the Landside of Levees

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Examine all drainage ditches located on the landside of the levee.
2. Remove any obstructions found within these ditches to ensure proper water flow.
3. Be prepared to construct seepage drainage ditches, but only when...

drainage ditches, landside of levee, seepage drainage, excavation hazards

Install Emergency Lighting for Levee Systems

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Emergency Lighting Installation Procedure:

1. Assess Lighting Needs: Determine the areas of the levee system that require emergency lighting, such as access points, control rooms, and flood fight zones.
2. Select Appropriate Lighting:...

emergency lighting,flood fighting,levee systems,backup power

Prepare Riprap for Erosion Control During Floods

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Riprap Preparation and Deployment Procedure:

1. Develop an Erosion Plan: Create a plan to address potential erosion during flood emergencies, including identifying areas at risk.
2. Identify Local Suppliers: Maintain contact information...

riprap erosion,flood fighting,levee maintenance,gravel stockpile

Prepare and Use Pumps for Levee Flood Fighting

Standard Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Purpose: To use pumps effectively in flood fighting efforts within levee systems.

Procedure:
1. Acquire Appropriate Pumps: Communities prone to frequent flooding should purchase one or more pumps that meet their specific...

pumps,flood fighting,levee systems,anchor hoses,emergency resources

Process Coastal Flooding Spatial Data for Expected Annual Loss Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify and extract relevant spatial datasets, including:
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Minor High Tide Flooding Event Area
- NOAA Moderate High Tide Flooding Event Area
- NOAA Major High...

coastal flooding, spatial data processing, expected annual loss, NOAA high tide flooding, FEMA geospatial flood risk assessment, SLOSH raster file

Access and Use of Geospatial Flood Risk Assessment Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Access and use the Geospatial Flood Risk Assessment data for flood risk analysis.

Procedure:
1. Obtain access to the Geospatial Flood Risk Assessment from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
2. The dataset...

geospatial flood risk assessment,fema,nfip,hazus,census block,flood hazard,annual loss rate

Access and Use of National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Storm Events Database

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Access and use the NCEI Storm Events Database to analyze historical flooding events.

Procedure:
1. Obtain access to the Storm Events Database from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), part of...

ncei storm events database,flooding events,historical data,annualized frequency,nfip,fema

Access and Use of National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Access and use the National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) data for flood risk analysis.

Procedure:
1. Obtain access to the National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
2. The dataset...

national flood hazard layer,nfhl,fema,floodplain polygons,firm boundaries,levee locations

Calculate Inland Flooding Exposure for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate inland flooding exposure for a specific Census block, follow these steps:

1. Determine the developed area exposed to inland floodplain polygons:
- Calculate the sum of intersected developed areas (in square kilometers) between...

inland flooding,census block,exposure calculation,natural disaster,flood risk assessment

Obtain Flood Insurance

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Understand that flood losses are not covered under standard homeowners’ insurance policies.

2. Consider purchasing federally-backed flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), managed by FEMA.

3....

flood insurance,NFIP,FEMA,homeowners insurance,waiting period,floodplain management

Use Value of Statistical Life for Population Equivalence Exposure

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To express population equivalence exposure in terms of dollars:

1. Determine the number of people potentially affected by inland flooding using the calculated exposure values.
2. Apply the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) to convert the...

value of statistical life, population equivalence, exposure calculation, flood mitigation

Use of CoreLogic SFHA Layer Data for Flood Mapping

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Use the CoreLogic SFHA (Special Flood Hazard Area) layer data to supplement FEMA's National Flood Hazard Layer in areas with limited digital coverage.

Procedure:
1. Access the CoreLogic SFHA digitized floodplain boundaries,...

corelogic sfha layer,fema,nfhl,paper flood maps,digital coverage gaps,flood mapping

Calculate Inland Flooding Historic Loss Ratio for Population and Agriculture

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Calculate the Inland Flooding Historic Loss Ratio (HLR) for population and agriculture consequence types at the county level.

Steps:
1. Source Data: Use SHELDUS loss data from 1996 to 2023, which includes eight peril types...

inland flooding, historic loss ratio, population, agriculture, SHELDUS, Bayesian credibility weighting, exposure value, floodplain, census blocks

Radiation Emergency Preparedness (44)

Access Criteria for Developing Evacuation Time Estimate Studies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Locate the document NUREG/CR-7002/SAND2010-0016P, titled *Criteria for Development of Evacuation Time Estimate Studies*.
2. Review the document published in November 2011 to understand the criteria and methodologies used in...

evacuation time estimate criteria, NUREG/CR-7002, nuclear emergency planning, evacuation studies, response protocols

Access Federal Register Documentation for Potassium Iodide Guidelines

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Locate the Federal Register, Vol. 66, No. 13, pp. 5427-5440.
2. Identify the document titled *Consideration of Potassium Iodide in Emergency Plans; Final Rule* by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
3. Review the content...

potassium iodide, radiation emergency, nuclear emergency, NRC guidelines, Federal Register

Access NUREG/CR-6863/SAND2004-5900 for Evacuation Time Estimates Studies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Locate the document NUREG/CR-6863/SAND2004-5900, titled *Development of Evacuation Time Estimates Studies for Nuclear Power Plants*.
2. Review the study published in January 2005.
3. Analyze evacuation time estimates and...

evacuation time estimates, nuclear power plant, NUREG/CR-6863, emergency planning, evacuation studies

Adherence to REP Program Requirements

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Adhering to REP Program Requirements:

1. Understand Participation Requirements:
- State, local, and tribal governments are encouraged to participate in the REP Program.
- If they choose not to participate, 44 CFR Part...

REP Program,44 CFR Part 350,NUREG-0654,FEMA-REP-1,Radiological Emergency Preparedness

Collect Air Samples for Radioiodine Detection in Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Establish Sampling Points: Select sampling locations within the plume exposure pathway (EPZ) based on environmental conditions and potential radiation dispersion patterns.

2. Determine Sample Collection Timing: Collect...

radioiodine detection, air sampling, plume exposure pathway, EPZ, radiation monitoring

Conducting Radiological Assessments for Public Exposure Post-Incident

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the agencies responsible for long-term dose assessment activities post-incident, including but not limited to:
- DOE (Department of Energy)
- NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
- **EPA (Environmental...

radiological assessment, public exposure, health impact estimation, dose assessment, EPA, NRC, DOE

Define Ingestion Exposure Pathway EPZ Boundaries

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Defining Ingestion Exposure Pathway (EPZ) Boundaries:

1. Consider the following factors when determining the size of the ingestion exposure pathway EPZ:
- The downwind range within which contamination will generally not...

ingestion exposure pathway, EPZ boundary definition, radiological incident planning

Definition and Implementation of Reasonable Assurance in the REP Program

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Implementing Reasonable Assurance in the REP Program:

1. Understand the Definition of Reasonable Assurance:
- FEMA defines reasonable assurance as a determination that NRC licensee or applicant onsite plans and state,...

Reasonable Assurance,FEMA,NRC,Safety Planning

Determine Appropriate Protective Action Guide (PAG) Values

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Determining PAG Values:

1. Use numerical dose values from the EPA PAGs (1-5 rem TED) to develop PARs.
2. Consider the following:
- Evacuation is preferred when projected doses exceed the lower end of the range (1 rem...

protective action guide,PAG,evacuation,sheltering,radiation dose,EPA PAGs,plume exposure pathway EPZ

Determine Areas to Be Restricted Based on Radiological Factors

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Assess the mix of radionuclides in deposited materials.
- Analyze soil and vegetation samples for radionuclide composition.
2. Compare calculated exposure rates with PAGs (Protective Action Guidelines).
- Use...

restricted areas,exposure rates,PAGs,deposition boundaries

Document Offsite Radiological Monitoring Equipment Locations and Quantities

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify all offsite radiological monitoring equipment located at or stored near the NPP, including:
- Staging areas
- ICPs (Initial Response Coordination Points)
- EOF (Emergency Operations Facility)
2. Document the...

radiological,monitoring,equipment,location,quantities,NPP

Establishing a Radiation Registry for Long-Term Health Monitoring

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Identify and develop forms and/or databases to be used for registration.
- Forms should collect basic information such as name, location during the event, and contact information for future follow-up.
- Additional...

radiation registry,long-term health monitoring,nuclear detonation,emergency response planning,data collection,health surveillance

Estimate Projected Doses in Contaminated Areas

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Collect and analyze soil samples from contaminated areas.
- Use laboratory analysis to determine radionuclide concentrations.
2. Calculate projected doses based on sample data.
- Use appropriate radiological modeling...

projected doses,soil samples,relocation PAGs

Evacuation of Onsite Non-Essential Personnel During Radiological Emergency

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify onsite non-essential personnel during a Site Area Emergency (SAE) or General Emergency (GE).
2. Implement procedures to evacuate these individuals from the site in accordance with established protocols.
3. Ensure...

evacuation,radiological emergency,site area emergency,general emergency,offsite location,decontamination

Implement Emergency Worker Exposure Control Decision-Making Process

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure that an exposure control system is in place for emergency workers, including the use of radioprotective drugs and procedures to authorize emergency exposures in excess of the PAGs.

Intent: The capability to assess and...

exposure control, emergency workers, radiation exposure, radioprotective drugs, PAGs, decision-making process

Process for Exceeding Emergency Worker Dose Limits

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Handling Exceeded Emergency Worker Dose Limits:

1. Monitor radiation exposure levels continuously during radiological incidents.
2. If emergency worker dose limits are reached or exceeded, immediately initiate the following...

exceeding dose limits,authorization process,radiation exposure,briefing procedures

Provide Meteorological Information for Radiological Assessment Models

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Ensure instrumentation is provided to obtain current meteorological information.
2. Additional provisions must be made to obtain representative meteorological information from other sources as needed by the NPP’s radiological...

meteorological,information,radiological,model,NPP

Relate Measured Parameters to Dose or Dose Rates for Radiation Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Establish a Means of Relating Parameters: Develop procedures that relate measured parameters such as exposure rates, contamination levels, and air activity levels to dose or dose rates.

2. Estimate Integrated Dose: Create...

dose calculation, radiation monitoring, emergency response, dose rate estimation

Review NUREG/CR-6953 for Protective Action Recommendations in Severe Accidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Access NUREG/CR-6953, Vol. 1, titled *Review of NUREG-0654, Supplement 3, ‘Criteria for Protective Action Recommendations for Severe Accidents’*.
2. Review the document published in December 2007 to understand protective...

protective action recommendations, severe nuclear accidents, NUREG/CR-6953, radiation exposure, emergency response

Review Technical Basis for Protective Action Strategies in Nuclear Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Access NUREG/CR-6953/SAND2010-2806P, Vol. 3, titled *Review of NUREG-0654, Supplement 3, ‘Criteria for Protective Action Recommendations for Severe Accidents’ —Technical Basis for Protective Action Strategies*.
2. Review the...

technical basis, protective action strategies, nuclear emergency planning, NUREG/CR-6953, radiation safety

Selecting and Using Dosimeters for Emergency Workers

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the type of dosimeters required:
- PRDs (Passive Radiation Detectors): Include thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs). These must be read by a laboratory.
-...

dosimeters,prds,drds,radiation monitoring,equipment inventory

Selecting and Using Dosimeters for Radiation Exposure Monitoring

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Dosimeters are instruments used to measure external radiation exposure. They do not measure internal committed effective dose from inhaled or ingested radioactive materials.

### Types of Dosimeters:
• DRDs (Direct Reading Dosimeters): These...

Dosimeters are instruments used to measure external radiation exposure. They do not measure internal committed effective dose from inhaled or ingested radioactive materials.

### Types of Dosimeters:
• DRDs (Direct Reading Dosimeters): These are small ionization detection instruments that indicate radiation exposure directly and can be read in real time by the user. Also referred to as a “pocket dosimeter.”
- Two major types of DRDs are acceptable for use in emergency response:
1. Ion chamber electroscope: Must be checked for charge leakage and may be affected by shock, such as that which would happen from being dropped.
2. Electronic dosimeters with a visual display and alarm circuit: These allow the emergency worker real-time access to information concerning gamma exposure incurred since the device was last zeroed. They could be subject to some degree of radio frequency interference (RFI), depending on the amount of shielding in the dosimeter design and the frequency range.
- Electronic dosimeters should be tested with any hand-held radios or cellular telephones that may be used by emergency responders to determine whether the dosimeter will be affected by RFI. If the manufacturer states there is no radio frequency interference, this may be considered in lieu of test.

• PRDs (Passive Radiation Dosimeters): These are devices designed to be worn by a single individual for the assessment of radiation dose from external sources of radiation and evaluated by a processor accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) or other accreditation program in accordance with ANSI N13.11-2009, *Personal Dosimetry Performance Criteria for Testing*.
- Different types of PRDs include, but are not limited to:
- OSLD (Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter)
- TLD (Thermoluminescent Dosimeter)
- Accreditation is required for the specific type of dosimetry in use and for the type of radiation(s) for which the individual wearing the dosimeter is monitored.

### Implementation:
• Plans/procedures should describe the type and quantity of dosimeters available per storage location and how they are to be administered to emergency workers at risk to radiation exposure.
• The selected dosimeter will provide an accurate record of the radiation exposure received by the emergency worker over the duration of the incident.

dosimeters,drds,prds,radiation exposure monitoring,emergency response,pocket dosimeter,ion chamber electroscope,electronic dosimeter,optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter,thermoluminescent dosimeter,nvlap accreditation

Selection of Offsite Evacuation Locations and Routes

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify suitable offsite locations for the evacuation of onsite individuals.
2. Ensure that these locations are selected based on factors such as potential inclement weather, high traffic density, and possible radiological...

evacuation location,route selection,inclement weather,high traffic density,radiological conditions

Access Focus Group and Survey Data for Protective Action Recommendations

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Locate NUREG/CR-6953, Vol. 2, titled *Review of NUREG-0654, Supplement 3, ‘Criteria for Protective Action Recommendations for Severe Accidents—Focus Groups and Telephone Survey’*.
2. Review the document published in October...

focus groups, telephone survey, public engagement, protective action data, nuclear emergency planning

Compare Radiological Impacts on Food and Water to Ingestion PAGs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Obtain sample results from the specified laboratory.
- Ensure that all samples are analyzed by an accredited or approved laboratory.
2. Verify that results are reported in appropriate units.
- Soil sample results...

ingestion PAGs,decay correction,unit reporting,laboratory analysis

Conduct Radiological Assessment of Public Exposure

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine the methods used for assessing public exposure.
- Methods may include environmental sampling, modeling software, or direct measurement tools.
2. Establish frequency of assessments.
- Frequency should be...

radiological assessment,public exposure,frequency,methods

Coordination of Evacuation Arrangements with Other OROs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Develop procedures for coordinating evacuation and transportation arrangements with other OROs during a radiological emergency.
2. Ensure that these procedures are included in the licensee’s REP (Radiological Emergency...

coordination,offsite response organizations,evacuation plan,multiple agencies

Description of Assistance During Onsite Evacuation

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Provide a clear description in ORO plans/procedures of the assistance that will be offered to licensees during an onsite evacuation.
2. If no assistance is required, explicitly state this in the plan.
3. Ensure that all...

assistance,evacuation plan,traffic management,nuclear power plant,incident conditions

Determine Quantities of Dosimeters for Emergency Workers

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Assess emergency worker assignments:
- Each emergency worker must carry a PRD (Personal Radiation Detector).
- Emergency workers assigned to the plume exposure pathway EPZ must also carry DRDs (Dosimeter Radiological...

dosimeters,prd,drd,emergency workers,plume exposure pathway,epz,group dosimetry,hab incidents

Develop and Modify Sampling Plans for Radiological Consequences on Food and Water Supplies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the area of interest based on deposition footprint analysis.
- Use data from potential release scenarios or historical contamination patterns.
2. Evaluate radiological analyses of representative samples.
-...

sampling plan,food safety,water contamination,radionuclide analysis

Distribute Dosimetry to Emergency Workers and Public

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Describe distribution process:
- Plans/procedures must detail how dosimeters are distributed to all emergency workers.
2. Include public access when permitted:
- If allowed, plans/procedures should also describe the...

dosimetry distribution,emergency workers,public access,transport methods,distribution location

Evaluate Radiological Analyses of Food and Drinking Water Samples

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Collect representative samples from potentially impacted areas.
- Ensure samples are collected from a variety of locations within the area of interest.
2. Analyze samples for radiological content.
- Use laboratory...

food safety,water analysis,DILs,FDA standards

Inventory and Backup for Air Sampling Equipment

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Include an inventory of air sampling equipment in plans/procedures:
- Specify model types, quantity, and storage location for each organization responsible for air sampling.
2. Identify backup equipment:
- Indicate how much...

air sampling equipment,equipment inventory,backup power

Inventory and Backup for Laboratory Analysis Equipment

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Include inventory information on laboratory analysis equipment in plans/procedures for each organization responsible for laboratory analysis.
2. If backup equipment is provided by another laboratory, include the following:
-...

laboratory analysis equipment,equipment inventory,backup resources

Inventory and Backup for Portal Monitors

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. If portal monitors are used, include the following in plans/procedures:
- Inventory information on portal monitors, including equipment models, types, quantities, and locations.
2. Include backup equipment details:
-...

portal monitors,equipment inventory,backup power

Inventory and Backup for Radiological Survey Instruments

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Create separate lists of radiological survey instruments used by FMTs (Field Monitoring Teams) and emergency workers at reception centers or other locations, as needed.
2. Include the following in plans/procedures:
- Quantities...

radiological survey instruments,equipment inventory,backup equipment

Managing Mutual Aid Resources and Equipment Standards

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. If incoming resources arrive with their own equipment (e.g., monitors and/or dosimetry), evaluate them by REP Program standards.
2. FEMA will not inventory equipment that is not part of the REP Program.
3. If an agency has a...

mutual aid resources,equipment evaluation,rep program standards

Participate in Ingestion Exposure Pathway Exercises Every Eight Years

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. States with NPP Sites:
- Participate in an ingestion exposure pathway exercise at least once every eight years with the nuclear power plant (NPP) site located within their borders.
- If a state has multiple NPP sites,...

ingestion exposure pathway exercise, nuclear power plant, ORO, radiation emergency preparedness, FEMA REP Program

Planning and Preparedness Assessment Strategy in the REP Program

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Implementing the Planning and Preparedness Assessment Strategy in the REP Program:

1. Understand the Current Strategy:
- The REP Program currently relies on a combination of exercises, SAVs (Staff Assistance Visits), plan...

Planning Strategy,HSEEP,Federal Agencies,Safety Planning

Review Guidance on Radiological Risk Communication Messages

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Access NUREG/CR-7033, titled *Guidance on Developing Effective Radiological Risk Communication Messages: Effective Message Mapping and Risk Communication with the Public in Nuclear Plant Emergency Planning Zones*.
2. Review...

radiological risk communication, public messaging, nuclear plant emergency, NUREG/CR-7033, message mapping

Review NRC Regulatory Issue Summary for Emergency Responders in Controlled Areas

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Access the NRC Regulatory Issue Summary 2002-21, titled *National Guard and Other Emergency Responders Located in the Licensee’s Controlled Area*.
2. Review the summary issued on November 8, 2002.
3. Understand the regulatory...

NRC regulatory summary, emergency responders, controlled area, nuclear licensee, radiation safety

Special Conditions for Emergency Worker Exposure

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Addressing Special Conditions in Radiation Emergencies:

1. Identify special conditions that may require additional limitations or exceptions to standard dose limits, such as:
- Declared pregnancies (i.e., a worker who is...

special conditions,pregnancy,minor,radiation exposure,10 CFR Part 20

Submission of Alternative Approaches to REP Program Requirements

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Submitting Alternative Approaches to REP Program Requirements:

1. Understand the Purpose of Alternative Approaches:
- Alternative approaches provide an opportunity for state, local, and tribal governments, applicants, and...

Alternative Approaches,FEMA Regional Office,RAC,NRC

Vary Exercise Scenario Content Every Eight Years to Demonstrate Key Capabilities

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Scenario Variation Requirement:
- During each eight-year exercise cycle, biennial evaluated exercise scenario content must be varied to provide the opportunity to demonstrate key skills and capabilities necessary for...

exercise scenario variation, radiation emergency preparedness, ORO plans, FEMA REP Program

Radiation Emergency (33)

Respond to a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) Explosion Indoors

Critical Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. If the RDD explosion occurs indoors:
- If time permits, turn off ventilation and heating systems.
- Close windows, vents, fireplace dampers, exhaust fans, and clothes dryer vents.
- Retrieve your disaster supplies kit...

RDD, radiological dispersion device, indoor explosion, shelter, shielding, official instructions

Assess Radiological Consequences for Ingestion Exposure Pathway in Post-Plume Phase

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Assess the radiological consequences for the ingestion exposure pathway during the post-plume phase and make appropriate PADs to mitigate exposure.

Steps:
1. Collect Data: Gather available information on radiological...

radiation, ingestion exposure pathway, post-plume phase, PADs, PAGs, protective action guidelines

Assessing and Managing Radiation Contamination in Foundries and Scrapyards

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Assessing and Managing Radiation Contamination in Foundries and Scrapyards:

1. Detection and Initial Assessment:
- Use radiation detection systems at each stage of the process (scrapyard, foundry, etc.) to identify any...

radiation contamination,scrapyard safety,foundry safety,decontamination,waste disposal,health surveillance

Collect Ambient Radiation Measurements for Post-Plume Phase Assessments

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Collect ambient radiation measurements to support assessment of the ingestion exposure pathway and decision-making regarding reentry, relocation, and return.

Procedure:
1. Identify sampling locations based on plume dispersion...

ambient radiation, post-plume phase, ingestion exposure pathway, reentry, relocation, return decisions

Collect Food and Drinking Water Samples for Post-Plume Phase Assessments

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Collect food and drinking water samples to support assessment of the ingestion exposure pathway and decision-making regarding reentry, relocation, and return.

Procedure:
1. Identify sampling locations based on plume dispersion...

food samples, drinking water samples, post-plume phase, ingestion exposure pathway, reentry, relocation, return decisions

Collect and Report Ambient Radiation Measurements

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Collecting and Reporting Ambient Radiation Measurements:

1. Prepare Equipment: Ensure that radiation detection equipment is calibrated, functional, and ready for use.
2. Select Sampling Locations: Choose locations based on...

ambient radiation,radioiodine samples,particulate sampling,radiation measurement,emergency response

Conduct Plume Exposure Pathway Exercises

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Conduct biennial plume exposure pathway exercises to simulate a release of radioactive material and demonstrate integration with response organizations.

Procedure Steps:
1. Develop scenarios that include simulated releases or...

plume exposure pathway exercise, radiation emergency, protective action guide, evacuation, shelter-in-place, nuclear power plant

Create Survivor Registry and Locator Databases Early in Radiation Emergency

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Establish a survivor registry and locator databases as early as possible during a radiation emergency to support response efforts.

Steps:
1. State and local agencies should initiate the creation of a survivor registry and...

survivor registry,radiation emergency,nuclear detonation,response planning

Define Locations for Monitoring and Decontamination Facilities

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Identify the locations of monitoring and decontamination facilities.

Procedure Steps:
1. Facility Location for Emergency Workers: Determine if the facility will be co-located or separate from general public facilities,...

facility location, radiation emergency, decontamination site, public access, contamination control

Establish Dose Limits for Emergency Workers in Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine the type of emergency activity performed by the emergency worker.

2. Apply the appropriate EPA PAG (Protective Action Guide) dose limit based on the nature of the activity:
- 5 rem for any general...

dose limits, emergency workers, radiological emergencies, EPA PAGs, radiation safety

Establish Evacuee Tracking System in Radiation Emergency

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Objective: Enable prompt location of evacuees, patients, fatalities, survivors, displaced persons, and other victims during a radiation emergency.

Steps:
1. Coordinate with **ESF-6 (Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and Human...

evacuee tracking system,radiation emergency,nuclear detonation,response planning

Establish Monitoring and Decontamination Facilities for Emergency Workers

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Set up facilities to monitor and decontaminate emergency workers, equipment, and vehicles.

Procedure Steps:
1. Facility Description: Describe the physical layout of the facility, including areas designated for monitoring,...

decontamination, radiation emergency, monitoring facilities, emergency workers, contamination control

Establish Monitoring and Decontamination Facilities for the General Public

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Set up facilities to monitor and decontaminate the general public, personal possessions, and vehicles.

Procedure Steps:
1. Facility Description: Describe the physical layout of the facility, including areas designated for...

decontamination, radiation emergency, monitoring facilities, general public, contamination control

Implement Protective Actions During a Civil Nuclear Accident

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the situation: Monitor official communications from government and emergency services regarding the release of radiological material.
2. Follow protective actions: Based on the nature of the accident, implement one...

radiation,decontamination,evacuation,stable iodine,nuclear accident

Implement Protective Actions to Reduce Radiation Exposure

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Implement protective actions to reduce exposure to radiation during a radiological emergency.

Procedure:
1. Decrease time of exposure: Limit the amount of time spent in areas where radiation levels are elevated.
2. **Increase...

radiation exposure, protective actions, evacuation, sheltering, potassium iodide, shielding, ingestion control, relocation, radiological emergency

Recognize Acute Radiation Effects Based on Whole Body Dose

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Recognize the probable early effects of acute radiation based on whole body dose levels.

Procedure:
1. Understand Dose-Effect Relationship: The following table outlines the probable early effects of acute radiation exposure...

acute radiation effects, whole body dose, CNS impairment, cognitive impairment, rapid incapacitation

Responding to Radiation Exposure from Stolen or Lost Radioactive Goods

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Responding to Radiation Exposure from Stolen or Lost Radioactive Goods:

1. Immediate Action Upon Discovery of Contamination:
- Isolate the contaminated area immediately to prevent further exposure.
- Evacuate all...

radiation exposure,decontamination,emergency response,public communication,health monitoring,waste management

Understand Radiation Exposure Pathways During an NPP Release

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the three main pathways for radiation exposure during an accidental airborne release from a nuclear power plant (NPP):
- External exposure to the released plume: This occurs when individuals are exposed to...

radiation exposure, nuclear power plant, NPP release, external exposure, inhalation, food chain contamination

Access CDC Radiation Emergency Information

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Title: Access CDC Radiation Emergency Information

Procedure:
1. Visit the official website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) at [https://www.cdc.gov](https://www.cdc.gov).
2. Locate and access '_Where To Go in a...

Radiation emergency, CDC, evacuation planning, public health

Collect and Document Sample Information for Relocation Decisions

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine the size of the area from which the sample was taken.
2. Document procedures for selecting sampling locations, including factors such as exposure rates.
3. Record ambient radiation exposure rate for each...

sample collection, radiation exposure, relocation decision, ambient radiation

Ensure Laboratory Capabilities for Environmental Sample Analysis

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify laboratories that will analyze environmental samples.
2. Ensure these laboratories have documented procedures demonstrating the capability to detect contamination at:
- EPA relocation PAG DRL (Derived Response...

laboratory capability, radiation detection, soil sample analysis, food sample analysis

Handling Radiation Contaminated Packaging Sold as Scrap Metal

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Handling Radiation Contaminated Packaging Sold as Scrap Metal:

1. Initial Detection and Isolation:
- Use radiation scanners to detect any contaminated packaging before it is processed or sold as scrap metal.
- If...

contaminated packaging,scrap metal,radiation detection,medical response,public education

Respond to Radiation Release from Transported, Stolen or Lost Goods

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the risk:
- Understand that the likelihood of radiation release is low if goods are handled correctly by trained professionals.
- Recognize that untrained individuals handling such goods may increase the risk.

2....

transported goods, radiation exposure, emergency response, public safety

Traffic and Access Control in Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Establish appropriate traffic and access control to ensure the safe movement of evacuation traffic during a radiological emergency.

Steps:
1. Select, establish, and staff traffic and access control points based on the situation...

traffic control, access management, evacuation planning, security protocols

Transport and Store Environmental Samples for Laboratory Analysis

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the laboratory(ies) to which specific samples will be sent.
2. Document transportation arrangements, including estimated times needed to transport collected air samples to the designated laboratory(ies), perform...

sample transport, sample storage, chain of custody, radiation analysis

Understand Protective Action Guides (PAGs) for Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Understand the purpose and use of Protective Action Guides (PAGs) in radiological emergencies.

Procedure:
1. Projected Dose Estimation: In an unexpected release of radioactive material, calculate a projected dose to estimate...

protective action guide, PAG, projected dose, radiological emergency, radiation risk management

Use Fixed or Mobile Laboratories for Early Assessment

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine if fixed laboratories or mobile laboratories, if available, can be used in lieu of portable instruments for the FMT to perform an early assessment.
2. Ensure that:
- The laboratory is equipped with appropriate...

mobile lab, fixed lab, early assessment, radiation analysis

Conduct Post-Plume Phase Assessment

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: To identify and prioritize sampling, collect data, determine areas where relocation is recommended, identify contaminated food above federally approved limits, and analyze and communicate the results.

Procedure:
1. **Gather...

post-plume phase assessment, environmental response, health and safety, sampling, relocation recommendations, contaminated food, dose projection calculations

Plan for Smaller-Scale Nuclear Accidents

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess risk levels: Understand that smaller-scale nuclear accidents may have reduced impacts on people, the environment, and the economy.
2. Prepare emergency response plans: Develop contingency plans tailored to...

smaller-scale accident,emergency planning,radiation safety

Prepare for Radiation Release from Overseas Nuclear Site

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor official communications:
- Stay informed through government alerts and news outlets.
- Pay attention to public health advisories related to radiation exposure.

2. Understand the risk profile:
- This...

radiation exposure, nuclear accident, overseas site, emergency planning, public health

Use CRC SimPLER for Population Monitoring Capacity Assessment

Standard Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Purpose: Use the CRC SimPLER tool to assess current population-monitoring capacity and identify resource needs during a radiation emergency.

Steps:
1. Access the CRC SimPLER software at...

CRC SimPLER, population monitoring, resource needs, radiation emergency, training tool

Access EMAC Website for Interstate Mutual Aid Information

Standard Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Purpose: Access the EMAC website to learn about interstate mutual aid agreements and assistance during radiation emergencies.

Steps:
1. Open a web browser and navigate to www.emacweb.org.
2. Review information on how states can request...

EMAC, mutual aid, radiation emergency, interstate assistance, liability, reimbursement

Consult Radiation Control Program for Compact Membership Information

Standard Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Purpose: Determine if your state is part of a radiological health protection compact to access mutual aid resources during radiation emergencies.

Steps:
1. Contact your local Radiation Control Program (RCP).
2. Inquire whether your...

Radiation Control Program, compact membership, mutual aid, radiological emergency, regional compacts

Radiological Emergency (29)

Take Protective Measures During an RDD Event

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Assume radiological contamination has occurred, especially in urban settings or near potential terrorist targets.
2. Avoid inhaling radioactive dust:
- If you are outdoors, **breathe through the cloth of your shirt or...

RDD, radiological dispersion device, radiation exposure, shelter-in-place, decontamination

Implement Emergency Protective Actions for Ingestion Exposure Pathway EPZ

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Emergency protective actions are taken to isolate foodstuff and prevent its introduction into commerce, as well as to determine whether condemnation or other disposition is appropriate. These actions should be implemented when contamination has...

radiation,contamination,food safety,emergency actions,DILs,condemnation

Collect and Store Contaminated Waste

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Collecting and Storing Contaminated Waste:

1. Assign a responsible individual (by title/position) to oversee the collection, handling, and storage of contaminated waste.
2. Use appropriate containers designed for hazardous...

contaminated waste, storage, handling, radiological emergency

Decontaminate Emergency Workers and the General Public

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Decontaminating Individuals:

1. Provide decontamination centers equipped with sinks and showers, soap, water, wash cloths, towels, and changes of clothing.
2. Follow a step-by-step process to remove contaminants from skin, hair,...

decontamination process, emergency workers, general public, radiological emergency

Decontaminate Equipment and Vehicles

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Decontaminating Equipment and Vehicles:

1. Use vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters to remove loose contaminants from surfaces.
2. Scrub contaminated areas with soap and water, ensuring thorough coverage of all affected regions.
3....

equipment decontamination, vehicle cleaning, HEPA filters, radiological emergency

Determine Decontamination Trigger Levels

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Determining Decontamination Trigger Levels:

1. Use instruments such as count rate meters with G-M detectors to measure contamination levels.
2. Establish trigger/action levels based on counts per minute (cpm) readings, which may...

decontamination trigger levels, cpm, G-M detectors

Disseminate Ingestion Exposure Pathway Information

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

• Rapidly disseminate ingestion exposure pathway information to predetermined individuals and businesses.

Questions for Review:
• Were there any delays or reasons why messages were not timely?

ingestion exposure, radiological emergency, communication

Environmental Media Sampling Equipment Setup and Use

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Purpose: Collect environmental samples for radiological analysis.

Equipment Required:
• Collection Equipment: Shovel or trowel, shears or other cutting devices, bucket or bottles for liquid samples, and a distance measuring device.
-...

environmental sampling, radiological emergency, soil samples, radiation monitoring

Establishing Restricted Areas During Radiological Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the Area of Concern: Determine the location and extent of radioactive contamination based on environmental radiological measurements, dose assessments, and sampling plans.
2. Define the Restricted Area: Establish...

restricted area, buffer zone, radiological incident, radiation exposure, reentry

Establishing the Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC)

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Establishing the FRMAC:

1. Select a Location:
- Choose an airport near the scene of a radiological emergency.
- Ensure that the location is accessible to key personnel and equipment.

2. Coordinate Operations:
-...

FRMAC,radiological emergency,NRF response,Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center,DOE Offsite Technical Director

Handle Equipment and Vehicles That Cannot Be Decontaminated

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Handling Non-Decontaminatable Assets:

1. Identify equipment or vehicles that cannot be adequately decontaminated using available methods.
2. Implement procedures to isolate these items from the general population and emergency...

non-decontaminatable equipment, disposal procedures, radiological emergency

Isolate Contaminated Items and Assets

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Isolating Contaminated Items:

1. Immediately isolate any contaminated vehicles, equipment, or personal possessions to prevent further spread of contamination.
2. Place contaminated items in designated isolation areas that are...

isolation, contaminated items, containment, radiological emergency

Manage Field Monitoring Teams (FMTs)

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

• Manage FMTs to obtain information that helps characterize the release, locate and track the airborne radiological plume, and control contamination.

Intent:
• Provide overall management of FMTs to direct movements and...

field monitoring teams, radiological plume, management

Provide Information on Reentry and Relocation

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

• Provide information to the public addressing:
- Temporary reentry into a restricted area.
- Permanent relocation from areas not evacuated.
- Return to formerly restricted areas.

Questions for Review:
• What sort of...

reentry, relocation, radiological emergency, communication

Re-Monitor After Decontamination

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Re-Monitoring Individuals and Assets:

1. Use radiation detection instruments to re-monitor individuals, vehicles, and equipment after decontamination.
2. Record the results of each re-monitoring session in a log or database for...

re-monitoring, decontamination verification, medical facility referral

Record Contamination of Individuals and Assets

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Recording Contamination:

1. Identify the individual responsible for recording contamination data, including their title/position.
2. Document all instances of contamination involving emergency workers and members of the general...

contamination, recording, emergency workers, general public, decontamination log

Selecting and Using Air Sampling Equipment

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Purpose: Ensure proper collection of airborne radioactive materials.

Equipment Required:
• Air Sampler: Must be calibrated to a flow rate compatible with the adsorbent cartridge being used, typically **2 cubic feet per minute (cfm) or...

air sampling equipment, radiological emergency, radiation detection, adsorbent cartridges, HEPA filters

Collect and Document Ingestion/Relocation Phase Data

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Plot the centerline and isopleths of dilution factors (X/Q) on a map.
- Include date and times for each data value.

2. Record direct radiation readings, including:
- The location where the reading was...

ingestion relocation phase,map,dilution factors,X/Q,radiation readings,environmental samples,estimated doses,inconsistencies

Collect and Document Plume Phase Data

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Plot the centerline and isopleths of exposure rates or atmospheric dilution factors (X/Q) on a map.
- Include date and times for each data value.
- Ensure the maps are usable by field team controllers.

2. Record...

plume phase data,map,exposure rates,X/Q,radiation readings,environmental samples,radioiodine,particulate calculation,estimated doses

Equipment Checks for Radiation Monitoring Instruments

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Purpose: Ensure that radiation monitoring instruments are functioning correctly before use.

Procedure:
1. Verify that all calibration stickers on the instrument(s) are current and valid.
2. Check the battery level of the instrument to...

instrument calibration, radiation monitoring, equipment checks

Establish Derived Intervention Levels (DILs) for Radiation Contamination in Food

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Derived Intervention Levels (DILs) are used to determine the maximum radionuclide activity concentration permitted in human food and animal feeds, based on radiation dose limits such as the PAG (Protective Action Guideline). The following steps...

DILs,radiation,food safety,protective action guidelines,PAGs

Implement Contamination Control Measures During Transport

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Use gloves to prevent the spread of contamination.
2. Line the patient area of the vehicle with a protective covering or wrap the patient in a sheet or blanket.
3. Cover the survey instrument probe with thin plastic to minimize...

contamination,control,transport,radiation

Implement Decontamination Measures Upon Arrival at the Hospital/Medical Facility

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify trigger/action levels for decontamination based on radiological monitoring equipment being used.
2. Determine where decontamination will take place (e.g., at the hospital/medical facility).
3. Ensure that plans/procedures...

decontamination,emergency,response,radiation

Manage Dosimetry for Transport Crews and Personnel

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the organization responsible for issuing and collecting dosimetry (e.g., state/local/tribal emergency management agency).
2. Describe how transport crews would obtain their dosimetry.
3. Ensure that all personnel involved...

dosimetry,radiation,emergency,response

Managing Reentry into Restricted Areas During Radiological Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine Eligibility for Reentry: Identify individuals or groups who may need to reenter a restricted area, such as emergency responders, workers, or members of the public with essential needs (e.g., farmers caring for...

reentry, restricted area, radiological incident, protective actions, PPE

Monitor Individuals for External Radiological Contamination

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the individual responsible for monitoring by title/position.
2. Determine whether monitoring will be performed in the field prior to transport or immediately upon arrival at the hospital/medical facility.
3. If monitoring...

monitoring,radiation,contamination,emergency,response

Communication Protocols for Radiation Monitoring Data

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Purpose: Ensure clear and accurate communication of radiation measurement data.

Procedure:
1. Clearly state the units used for all measured values (e.g., microRoentgens, counts per minute).
2. Report the time, location, and...

communication protocols, radiation data reporting, field team procedures

Define and Understand Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs)

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Purpose: To understand the concept, types, and characteristics of Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs) surrounding a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP).

Overview:
• An EPZ is an area around an NPP where plans and procedures exist to protect public health...

emergency planning zone,epz,nuclear power plant,radiation exposure,pathway,plume ingestion

Implement No/Minimal Radioactive Material Release Scenario

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Scenario Utilization Frequency:
- The no/minimal radioactive material release scenario element is to be used only once during each eight-year exercise cycle.
- This scenario element is optional for state, local, and...

no release, minimal release, radiological emergency, SAE, GE, exercise cycle, ORO participation, licensee obligations

Avalanche Risk Assessment (20)

Process Snow Depth Data for Alaska Using SNOTEL and Machine Learning Data

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Combine SNOTEL and machine learning-produced snow depth data to identify areas in Alaska with potential for greater than 1-meter snow depths.

Steps:
1. Identify Maximum Daily Snow Depths at SNOTEL Stations: For each SNOTEL...

snow depth processing, SNOTEL data, machine learning snow depth, avalanche threshold, triangular irregular network, raster format, Alaska

Refine Avalanche Susceptibility Areas Based on Historical and Geographical Data

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Refine avalanche susceptibility zones by analyzing historical records and geographical features.

Steps:
1. Use Historical Records to Identify Past Avalanche Locations: Analyze historical data to identify areas where avalanche...

avalanche susceptibility zones, historical records, geographical analysis, urban areas, steep river valleys, spatial resolution, risk assessment

Access and Use 1/3 Arc-Second Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for Avalanche Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Source: U.S. Geological Survey National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP)

To access and use the 1/3 arc-second digital elevation models:

1. Visit the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) website.
2. Navigate to the **National Map 3D Elevation...

digital elevation models, avalanche risk assessment, USGS, 3DEP, topographic data

Access and Use Colorado Avalanche Information Center (CAIC) Accident Data for Historical Avalanche Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Source: Colorado Avalanche Information Center (CAIC)

To access and use CAIC accident data:

1. Visit the Colorado Avalanche Information Center (CAIC) website.
2. Access the US Avalanche Accident Data database, which contains records of...

CAIC, avalanche accident data, historical analysis, Colorado Avalanche Information Center

Access and Use Northern Hemisphere Machine Learning Snow Depth Data for Avalanche Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Source: Northern Hemisphere 0.25 Degree Resolution Machine Learning Snow Depth Data

To access and use this dataset:

1. Locate the Northern Hemisphere snow depth data derived from a Random Forest Regression model.
2. This dataset...

machine learning snow depth, northern hemisphere, avalanche risk assessment, random forest regression

Access and Use SHELDUS for Non-Fatality Avalanche Event Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Source: Arizona State University Spatial Hazard Events and Loss Database for the United States (SHELDUS)

To access and use SHELDUS:

1. Visit the Arizona State University Center for Emergency Management and Homeland Security (CEMHS)...

SHELDUS, avalanche event analysis, non-fatality events, Arizona State University

Access and Use SNOTEL Network Data for Avalanche Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Source: Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) Network

To access and use SNOTEL network data:

1. Visit the USDA NRCS National Water and Climate Center website.
2. Use the **Water and Climate Information System...

SNOTEL, snow telemetry, avalanche risk assessment, NRCS, USDA

Calculate Avalanche Historic Loss Ratio for Building Exposure

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Calculate Avalanche Historic Loss Ratio for Building Exposure:

1. Determine the developed area exposure values of Census tracts that intersect the Avalanche susceptibility layer.
2. **Multiply these values by the dasymetric...

avalanche,historic loss ratio,building exposure,census tracts,dasymetric rate

Process Non-Spatial Data for Avalanche Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Process non-spatial data to support avalanche risk analysis.

Steps:
1. Collect and Analyze Non-Spatial Data Sources: Gather relevant non-spatial data that may contribute to avalanche risk assessment, such as historical event...

non-spatial data processing, avalanche risk assessment, land use patterns, population density, infrastructure analysis, emergency planning

Assess Avalanche Exposure for Buildings

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify avalanche-prone areas: Use Avalanche Susceptibility Zones to determine where avalanches are most likely to occur.
2. Overlay with building data: Identify Hazus dasymetric shapes that overlap with Avalanche...

avalanche exposure,building risk,Hazus dasymetric shapes,Avalanche Susceptibility Zones

Assign Physiographic Province to Counties for Avalanche Risk Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To assign a physiographic province to counties for avalanche risk analysis:

1. Use the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) physiographic provinces for the contiguous United States as a base map.
2. **Supplement the USGS data with information from...

physiographic provinces,county assignment,risk analysis,avalanche mapping

Assign Population Exposure Values to Census Tracts and Blocks

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To assign population exposure values at the census tract and block levels:

1. Determine the population exposure value for the parent county using historical data or default regional values.
2. Inherit this value by all census tracts within...

census tracts, population exposure, risk assessment, inheritance

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Avalanche Events at the County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate annualized frequency of avalanche events at the county level:

1. Gather historical data from the following sources: SHELDUS, Colorado Avalanche Information Center, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
2. **Count the...

annualized frequency, avalanche events, risk assessment, county level

Calculate Average Loss Ratio per Basis Across Avalanche Regions

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the average Loss Ratio per Basis across avalanche regions:

1. Use data from the SHELDUS database, specifically for building losses, covering the period from 1996 to 2023.
2. Include zero-loss events in the calculation of...

average loss ratio,basis calculation,avalanche regions,risk assessment

Calculate Historic Loss Ratio for Population (HLRP) Values

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate Historic Loss Ratio for Population (HLRP) values:

1. Assign a weight of 1 to each fatality and a weight of 0.1 to each injury.
2. Sum the weighted population losses from all events in the SHELDUS, Colorado Avalanche...

historic loss ratio,population calculation,avalanche risk,weighting method

Calculate Historical Event Frequency for Avalanches

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify event databases: Use the following sources:
- National Climatic Data Center Storm Events Database
- Colorado Avalanche Information Center Accident Data
- SHELDUS database
2. Cross-check events: Ensure...

historical event frequency,avalanche,National Climatic Data Center,SHELDUS,COLORADO AVALANCHE INFORMATION CENTER

Calculate Historical Occurrence Count for Avalanches

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine the time frame: Use data from January 1994 to December 2023.
2. Identify sources of avalanche records: Include data from:
- SHELDUS (National Hazard and Risk Data System)
- Colorado Avalanche Information...

avalanche,historical occurrence,count,event,NOAA,SHELDUS,Census tract

Calculate Loss Ratio per Basis Building for a Single Avalanche Event

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Loss Ratio per Basis Building for a single avalanche event:

1. Identify the loss experienced from the avalanche event in the county, measured in 2022 dollars.
2. Determine the **maximum default value of all Census...

loss ratio, avalanche event, risk index, calculation, SHELDUS, CAIC, NOAA, census tracts

Determine Period of Record for Avalanche Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify data sources: Use the following databases:
- SHELDUS (National Hazard and Risk Data System)
- Colorado Avalanche Information Center
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
2. **Establish time...

period of record,avalanche data,SHELDUS,NOAA,COLORADO AVALANCHE INFORMATION CENTER

Determine County-Specific Population Exposure for Avalanche Events

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine county-specific population exposure for avalanche events:

1. Identify the region to which the county belongs.
2. Check historical fatality and injury records for that region. If no injuries or fatalities are recorded, proceed...

avalanche, population exposure, risk assessment, county-specific, regional values

Earthquake Preparedness (19)

Prepare for Earthquakes

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Objective: Minimize risks and ensure safety during an earthquake.

Steps:
1. Before an Earthquake:
- Conduct a home hazard hunt to secure heavy furniture, appliances, and objects that could fall or break.
- Secure items on shelves...

earthquake, preparedness, safety, home, hazards, emergency, first aid

Post-Earthquake Safety Actions

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Do not try to go home right after a major earthquake.
2. Stay where you are until it is safe to leave and then go to your reunion site.
3. If you’re in a coastal area and experience a large earthquake with shaking that lasts a...

post-earthquake, safety, tsunami, gas leaks, fire

Responding to an Earthquake Outdoors

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

During an earthquake, if you are outdoors, follow these steps:

1. Stay outside away from buildings and other structures.
2. Move to an open area where there is no risk of falling objects or collapsing structures.
3. Avoid areas near cliffs,...

earthquake, outdoor safety, earthquake response, open area, avoid buildings

Responding to an Earthquake While Driving

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

During an earthquake, if you are driving a car, follow these steps:

1. Stop the car in an open area away from buildings, trees, power lines, and other hazards.
2. Avoid stopping under overpasses or bridges, as they may collapse during...

earthquake, driving safety, earthquake response, open area, avoid overpasses

Responding to an Earthquake at Home

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

During an earthquake, if you are at home, follow these steps:

1. Stay inside the building and do not go outside.
2. If possible, move to a safe location such as under a sturdy table or desk.
3. Protect your head and neck with...

earthquake, home safety, earthquake response, stay inside, protect head

Responding to an Earthquake on the Upper Floor of an Apartment Building

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

During an earthquake, if you are on the upper floor of an apartment building, follow these steps:

1. Stay in an interior room (not near windows or exterior walls).
2. Take cover under a sturdy desk or table.
3. **Protect your head and...

earthquake, apartment building safety, earthquake response, interior room, protect head

Earthquake Preparedness for Non-West Coast Residents

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Understand seismic risk: Recognize that earthquakes can occur anywhere in the United States, not just on the west coast.
2. Review local building codes: Ensure your home is built to withstand seismic activity if you live...

earthquake,emergency plan,seismic risk,building codes,drop cover hold on

Prepare for Earthquakes and Seismic Activity

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand earthquake risks:
- Earthquakes can cause widespread destruction through ground shaking, landslides, and tsunamis.
- These events are often preceded by small tremors or changes in the behavior of animals.

2....

earthquake, seismic_activity, emergency_kit, evacuation_plan

Protect Yourself as a Senior or Person with Disabilities During an Earthquake

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. If you are able, move to a safe place in the room that you are in.
2. If you are unable to move quickly and safely, stay where you are and cover your head with pillows, blankets, or magazines; anything to protect your head and...

seniors, disabled, earthquake, safety, wheelchair

Stay Safe in a Vehicle During an Earthquake

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Remain inside the vehicle with your seatbelt fastened until all shaking stops.
2. The vehicle’s hard-topped roof can protect you from falling debris.
3. If a power line falls on the car, do not get out, unless absolutely...

vehicle, earthquake, safety, power line, debris

Stay Safe on a Bus or Train During an Earthquake

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Stay in your seat until the bus or train has stopped.
2. Protect your head with whatever is available, such as a book or pillow.
3. Follow the instructions of the driver and remain calm.

bus, train, earthquake, head protection

Access and Utilize the 2023 50-State Long-term National Seismic Hazard Model

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain the model: Visit the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) website at...

seismic hazard model, earthquake preparedness, USGS data, building codes, risk assessment

Preparing for Earthquake Scenarios in the UK

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Scenario Assumptions:
• The reasonable worst-case scenario assumes an earthquake with intensity up to EMS 8.
• This level of shaking could cause:
- Damage to buildings and infrastructure.
- A small number of fatalities or casualties...

earthquake preparedness, building codes, infrastructure resilience, public education, BGS collaboration

Utilize Hazus Earthquake Analysis for Loss Quantification

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the software: Use the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hazus software to measure damages, casualties, and economic losses from earthquakes.

2. Analyze at multiple levels: Conduct earthquake risk analysis...

Hazus software, earthquake loss quantification, FEMA data, Expected Annual Loss, risk analysis

Assessing Earthquake Risk and Impact Using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS)

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

The European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) is used to assess an earthquake’s impact, incorporating factors such as:

1. Magnitude of the earthquake.
2. Local geology.
3. Vulnerability of buildings and infrastructure.

This scale provides...

earthquake risk assessment, European Macroseismic Scale (EMS), seismic impact evaluation, building vulnerability, infrastructure damage

Identify Danger Zones in Your Home

Standard Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Objective: Locate and avoid hazardous areas during an earthquake.

Procedure:
1. Survey your home to identify potential danger zones such as near windows, swinging doors, tall or hanging objects, chimneys, and gas appliances.
2. Mark these...

earthquake, danger zone, home hazards, emergency plan

Identify Safe Places in Each Room of Your Home

Standard Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Objective: Prepare for an earthquake by identifying safe areas within your home.

Procedure:
1. Inspect each room of your house to locate the safest spots during an earthquake.
2. Look for open spaces away from windows, swinging doors, tall...

earthquake, safe place, home preparation, emergency plan

Understanding Historical Earthquake Data for Risk Assessment

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Historical Context: The UK has experienced earthquakes annually, with around 200 to 300 recorded each year. However, only about 10% of these are strong enough to be noticed by people.

Key Historical Events:
• **Folkestone Earthquake...

historical earthquake data, BGS seismic records, risk assessment, building damage history, infrastructure resilience

Understand Earthquake Terminology for Preparedness

Reference Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Familiarize yourself with key earthquake-related terms to better prepare for and respond to seismic events.

Key Terms and Definitions:
1. Earthquake: A sudden slipping or movement of a portion of the earth’s crust,...

earthquake terminology, seismic terms, earthquake preparedness, fault definition, epicenter, magnitude scale

Animal Health (18)

Prepare for Large-Scale Culling in an FMD Outbreak

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Understand the culling process: In the event of a major FMD outbreak, authorities may require the culling of infected and potentially exposed animals to prevent further spread.

2. Cooperate with official culling teams:...

culling,FMD,foot and mouth disease,outbreak management

Conduct Culling of Infected Horses During AHS Outbreak

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify infected horses:
- Use surveillance and laboratory testing to confirm cases of AHS in equine animals.
2. Isolate affected animals:
- Immediately isolate any horse suspected or confirmed to be infected with...

African Horse Sickness,AHS,culling,animal disease control,epidemiology

Implement Culling and Movement Restrictions for ASF Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Confirm ASF diagnosis: Only proceed with culling after a confirmed diagnosis of ASF by APHA.
2. Cull infected animals: Immediately cull all infected pigs, including both domestic and feral populations, to prevent further...

culling,ASF,movement restrictions,disease control,pigs,wild boar

Implement Movement Restrictions for AHS Outbreak Control

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Establish restriction zones:
- Define a radius of up to 150km around confirmed cases of African Horse Sickness (AHS) due to the spread of infected midges.
- Enforce strict movement restrictions for all equine animals...

African Horse Sickness,AHS,movement restrictions,animal disease control,epidemiology

Implement Vector Control Measures for AHS Outbreak

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess midge populations:
- Conduct entomological surveys to identify and monitor the distribution of midges in affected areas.
2. Apply chemical control methods:
- Use approved insecticides to reduce midge...

African Horse Sickness,AHS,vector control,midge management,epidemiology

Report Suspected African Swine Fever (ASF) Immediately

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize symptoms: Look for signs of ASF in pigs or wild boar, such as high fever, loss of appetite, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, and sudden death.
2. Do not handle infected animals: Avoid direct contact with sick or...

African swine fever,ASF,reporting,disease outbreak,pigs,wild boar

Report Suspected Foot and Mouth Disease Immediately

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize symptoms of foot and mouth disease (FMD): Look for signs such as blisters or ulcers on the lips, tongue, nostrils, feet, and teats; fever; and reduced milk production.

2. **Do not move or sell any animals suspected...

foot and mouth disease,reporting,FMD,Animal and Plant Health Agency,APHA

Support Vaccination Efforts During AHS Outbreak

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess vaccine availability:
- Evaluate the current global supply and demand for AHS vaccines, especially during periods of increased international demand.
2. Coordinate with manufacturers:
- Work closely with...

African Horse Sickness,AHS,vaccination,animal disease control,epidemiology

Assess and Mitigate Environmental Impact of FMD Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify burial sites for culled animals: Ensure that these are located in designated areas to minimize environmental contamination.

2. Monitor soil, water, and air quality around burial sites: Regular testing should be...

environmental impact,FMD,burial sites,ecosystem monitoring

Implement Biosecurity Measures to Prevent FMD Spread

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Maintain strict biosecurity protocols on farms: This includes limiting access to livestock areas and ensuring that all visitors follow hygiene procedures.

2. Disinfect equipment, vehicles, and clothing: Any items used in...

biosecurity,FMD,foot and mouth disease,livestock management

Prepare for Long-Term ASF Outbreaks in Feral and Domestic Pigs

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess risk areas: Identify regions where feral pigs are present, as they can act as a reservoir for the virus.
2. Implement biosecurity measures: For domestic pig farms, enforce strict biosecurity protocols to prevent...

ASF,outbreak duration,feral pigs,domestic pigs,recovery timeline

Prepare for Long-Term Recovery After AHS Outbreak

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Establish recovery timelines:
- Set a minimum period of 2 years from the last confirmed case of AHS to regain country-free status for international trade.
2. Implement health certification protocols:
- Develop and...

African Horse Sickness,AHS,long-term recovery,trade restoration,epidemiology

Restore Country Free Status After FMD Outbreak

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Confirm the last culling date for infected premises: This is essential to determine when the country can regain its 'country free' status for international trade.

2. **Wait 3 months from the date of culling and preliminary...

FMD recovery,country free status,vaccination,export restrictions

Understand ASF Virus Stability and Transmission Risks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize environmental stability: Understand that the ASF virus can remain stable in the environment for several weeks, and in frozen meat products for many months.
2. Prevent contamination: Avoid using contaminated feed...

ASF,virus stability,transmission,decontamination,biosecurity

Prepare for International Trade Restrictions Following ASF Outbreaks

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor international trade policies: Stay informed about the export restrictions and bans that may be imposed by trading partners following an ASF outbreak.
2. Comply with regulations: Ensure all domestic pig farms comply...

ASF,international trade,bans,export restrictions,economic impact

Remove Lactating Dairy and Meat Animals from Contaminated Feeds and Pasture

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify areas where animal feed or pasture is confirmed to be contaminated.
2. Remove lactating dairy animals and meat animals from these contaminated areas immediately.
3. Relocate the animals to areas with uncontaminated feed...

contaminated feed, animal relocation, livestock safety

Substitute Uncontaminated Animal Feed for Contaminated Feed

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify sources of uncontaminated animal feed.
2. Replace contaminated animal feed with uncontaminated feed for all livestock, including dairy and meat animals.
3. Ensure that the new feed is tested to confirm it is free from...

contaminated feed, animal substitution, livestock safety

Substitute Uncontaminated Water for Contaminated Water in Animal Feeds

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify sources of uncontaminated water.
2. Replace contaminated water with uncontaminated water for use in animal feeds, including pasture and drinking water for livestock.
3. Ensure that the substituted water is tested to...

contaminated water, animal feeds, substitution, livestock safety

Radiation Emergencies (18)

Calibration and Use of Germanium Spectrometers for Gamma-Ray Emission Measurement

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- ANSI N42.14-1999 outlines the calibration and use of germanium spectrometers for measuring gamma-ray emission rates from radionuclides.

• This standard is essential for accurate radiation monitoring in radiological incidents.

ANSI N42.14-1999,germanium spectrometers,gamma-ray emission,radionuclides

Communicating Radiation Risks to the Public During Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- EPA-402/F-07-008 provides guidance on communicating radiation risks to the public during emergencies.

• This document helps emergency responders and communicators effectively convey information about radiation risks.

EPA-402/F-07-008,radiation risk communication,public education,emergency response

Distribution and Administration of Potassium Iodide in Nuclear Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- The National Research Council provides guidance on the distribution and administration of potassium iodide (KI) during nuclear incidents.

• This document helps ensure that KI is properly distributed to protect the public from radiation...

National Research Council,potassium iodide,nuclear incidents,radiation protection

Effectiveness of Sheltering-in-place for Plutonium Contamination

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- DOE/EH-0159T discusses the effectiveness of sheltering-in-place in buildings and vehicles to protect against plutonium contamination.

• This document is useful for emergency planners and responders dealing with radiological incidents...

DOE/EH-0159T,sheltering-in-place,plutonium contamination,radiological incidents

Emergency Preparedness Requirements for Medicare and Medicaid Providers

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- The Federal Register outlines emergency preparedness requirements for Medicare and Medicaid providers.

• This guidance ensures that healthcare facilities are prepared to respond during emergencies, including radiological incidents.

Federal Register,Medicare and Medicaid,emergency preparedness,healthcare facilities

Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center Assessment Manual: Pre-Assessed Default Scenarios

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- SAND2010-2575P, Vol. 2 provides an assessment manual for the Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center.

• This document outlines pre-assessed default scenarios for assessing radiation incidents.

SAND2010-2575P,default scenarios,radiological assessment,emergency planning

Guidance for Federal Agencies on Potassium Iodide Shelf Life Extension

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- The Federal Register provides guidance on extending the shelf life of potassium iodide (KI) tablets.

• This document helps ensure that KI remains effective and available during prolonged emergencies.

Federal Register,potassium iodide,shelf life extension,radiation emergency preparedness

Guidance for Providing Emergency Information Using the New EAS System

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- A Memorandum from Kay Goss provides guidance on using the new Emergency Alert System (EAS) to communicate during radiological emergencies.

• This document helps emergency planners and communicators effectively disseminate critical information...

Kay Goss,EAS system,radiological emergencies,emergency communication

Guidance on Accidental Radioactive Contamination of Human Food and Animal Feeds

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- The Federal Register provides guidance on accidental radioactive contamination of human food and animal feeds.

• This document outlines recommendations for state and local agencies to manage such incidents.

Federal Register,radioactive contamination,food safety,animal feeds

Guidance on Use of Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- The Federal Register provides guidance on the use of potassium iodide (KI) as a thyroid blocking agent during radiation emergencies.

• This document is essential for public health officials and emergency planners to ensure proper distribution...

Federal Register,potassium iodide,thyroid blocking agent,radiation emergencies

Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- EPA 402-B-04-001A provides a multi-agency radiological laboratory analytical protocols manual.

• This document outlines standardized procedures for laboratories analyzing radiation samples during emergencies.

EPA 402-B-04-001A,radiological laboratory protocols,analytical procedures,radiation sampling

Population Monitoring in Radiation Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides guidance on population monitoring during radiation emergencies.

• This guide is intended for state and local public health planners to ensure effective monitoring of affected...

CDC,population monitoring,radiation emergencies,public health planning

Protective Action Area Map Templates

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- EPA-420/K-17/003 provides templates for creating protective action area maps during radiological emergencies.

• These maps are used to communicate protective actions and zones of concern to the public.

EPA-420/K-17/003,protective action maps,radiological emergencies,map templates

Protective Action Guides (PAGs) for Drinking Water

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- The Environmental Protection Agency provides guidance on Protective Action Guides (PAGs) for drinking water during radiological incidents.

• This webinar helps emergency planners and responders understand when to implement protective actions...

EPA,PAGs,drinking water,radiological incidents

Protective Action Guides and Planning Guidance for Radiological Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- EPA-400/R-17/001 provides Protective Action Guides (PAGs) and planning guidance for radiological incidents.

• This document is essential for emergency planners to develop effective response strategies during radiation emergencies.

EPA-400/R-17/001,PAGs,planning guidance,radiological incidents

Protective Action Questions & Answers for Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- EPA-402/K-17/002 provides a companion document to the PAG Manual, offering questions and answers about protective actions during radiological and nuclear emergencies.

• This guide helps emergency responders and planners understand when and...

EPA-402/K-17/002,protective action questions,radiological emergencies,nuclear incidents

Radiation Monitoring and Sampling Procedures

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- DOE/NV/25946—1558, Vol. 2 provides procedures for radiation monitoring and sampling.

• This manual is used by the Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center to ensure accurate data collection during radiological incidents.

DOE/NV/25946—1558,radiation monitoring,sampling,Federal Radiological Monitoring

Reference Standards for Radiation Protection Instrumentation Testing and Calibration

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

- ANSI N323AB-2013 provides guidelines for the testing and calibration of portable survey instruments used in radiation protection.

• This standard ensures that these instruments are accurate and reliable for measuring radiation levels during...

ANSI N323AB-2013,radiation protection,calibration,portable survey instruments

Volcanic Activity (16)

Assessing Volcanic Activity Risk Using Susceptibility Layers

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Vulnerable Areas: Use the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Volcanic Threat Layer and 2018 Update to determine susceptibility zones for volcanic hazards.
- Near-Volcano (including lahars) is determined using these...

volcanic activity, susceptibility layers, risk assessment, USGS, hazard data

Calculate Volcanic Activity Exposure for Census Blocks

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Intersect the Near-Volcano and Ashfall polygons with Census block polygons within the processing database.
2. Create a table containing:
- The volcano’s unique identifier (VolcanoID)
- The **Census Block...

exposure calculation, census block density, volcanic activity, hazus 6.0, value of statistical life

Understand Volcanic Activity Hazard Characteristics

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Understanding Volcanic Activity Hazard Characteristics:

1. Identify the hazard type: The primary hazard type is *Volcanic Activity*.
2. Determine consequence types: Consequence types include *Population* and *Building*.
3....

volcanic activity, hazard characteristics, USGS, SHELDUS, risk index

Define Near-Volcano Sub-Hazard Exposure

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Defining Near-Volcano Sub-Hazard Exposure:

1. Source Data: Use the U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Layer, which includes:
- Ballistics
- Pyroclastic density currents
- Lava flows
- Debris...

Near-Volcano,sub-hazard exposure,U.S. Geological Survey,National Volcanic Threat Layer,Census blocks,Census tracts,counties

Identify Counties with Potential for Volcanic Activity

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use the U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Layer to identify spatial areas potentially impacted by volcanic events.
2. Generate Ashfall sub-hazard areas based on the identified threat layer.
3. Create a...

volcanic activity, hazard identification, census block, usgs threat layer, ashfall sub-hazard

Accessing Global Volcanic Eruption Data for Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Visit the [NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information/World Data Service Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database](https://doi.org/10.7289/V5JW8BSH) to access a global listing of over 800 significant volcanic...

global volcanic eruption database, noaa significant eruptions, oregon state university cost data, sheildus hazard damage

Accessing U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Layer Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Visit the official U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release page for the [National Volcanic Threat Layer](https://doi.org/10.5066/P13RUCUG).
2. Download or access the dataset, which includes spatial information on 161 active or...

volcanic threat layer, usgs data, volcanic hazard zones, proximal hazards, distal lahar flows

Aggregate Annualized Frequency from Census Block to Tract and County Levels

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To aggregate volcanic activity annualized frequency data:

1. Start with the annualized frequency values calculated at the Census block level.
2. Carry the same frequency value upwards to the corresponding Census tract and county levels.
3....

aggregate frequency, census block to tract, county level data

Analyzing Volcano Wind Patterns Using USGS Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the U.S. Geological Survey’s [Plots of Wind Patterns of the World’s Volcanoes](https://doi.org/10.5066/F7SQ8XKT) dataset.
2. Review wind rose diagrams and tables that depict wind speed and direction above each volcano,...

wind rose diagrams, volcano wind patterns, usgs data, ash dispersion modeling

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Volcanic Activity for a Single Volcano

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency of volcanic activity for a single volcano:

1. Determine the recurrence interval based on the threat hazard score.
2. Convert the recurrence interval to an annualized frequency using the formula:
...

annualized frequency, volcanic activity, recurrence interval, calculation

Combine Annualized Frequencies for Multiple Volcanic Hazards in the Same Area

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

When multiple volcanoes impact the same area (Census block), use the following procedure to calculate combined annualized frequency:

1. Calculate the annualized frequency for each individual volcano using Equation 136.
2. **Apply the mutually...

combine frequencies, multiple volcanoes, annualized frequency calculation

Conducting Rapid Ashfall Impact Assessments for Volcanic Eruptions

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the methodology outlined in the [Rapid remote volcanic ashfall impact assessment for the 2022 eruption of Hunga volcano, Tonga](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01776-y) to conduct rapid assessments.
2. Use three...

rapid ashfall assessment, hunga tonga eruption, vulnerability functions, asset impact analysis

Understand Limitations of Volcanic Activity Methodology

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Recognize limitations in volcanic activity impact assessments.

• The current methodology includes ashfall as a sub-hazard, but it primarily focuses on direct damages to buildings and immediate population losses, not indirect...

volcanic activity, ashfall modeling, methodology limitations, eruption history data

Using Historical Loss Data for Volcanic Activity Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the historical loss data sources listed in Table 78 of the National Risk Index Technical Documentation.
2. Review the following datasets:
- U.S. Geological Survey Map (Kīlauea, 1790–2023):...

historical volcanic loss data, kilauea lava flow damage, noaa report, hawaii dod annual report

Calculate Volcanic Activity Historic Loss Ratio

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Define the Hazard Exposure: Identify the geographic area of interest and determine its exposure to volcanic activity.
2. Collect Historical Data: Gather data on all volcanic loss events that occurred within the specified...

volcanic activity,historic loss ratio,natural disaster,regional categorization,SHELDUS

Determine Annualized Frequency for Volcanic Activity Based on Eruption Recurrence Hazard Score

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency for volcanic activity based on eruption recurrence hazard scores, follow these steps:

Step 1: Identify the Eruption Recurrence Hazard Score
• Refer to Table 80 from the 2018 Update to the U.S. Geological...

annualized frequency,volcanic activity,eruption recurrence,hazard score,national volcanic threat layer

Mass Casualty Management (14)

Plan for Increased Volume of Incoming Cases During a PI Event

Critical Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Anticipate high volume of deaths:
- A large number of people will die in a short time period and continue to die at a high rate for an extended period during a PI event.
- Most ME/C offices will not have additional staff...

death certificate delays,normal death processing,ME/C staffing

Plan for Ongoing Recovery and Processing of Bodies During a PI Event

Critical Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Recognize the nature of the PI event as ongoing:
- Understand that a Public Health (PI) event is not a single incident but will occur over weeks and months.
- Prepare for repeated recovery operations from multiple...

PI event,bodies recovery,morgue processing,resource planning

Plan for Overwhelmed Storage Capacity During a PI Event

Critical Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Recognize storage limitations:
- ME/C offices, hospitals, and funeral homes do not have adequate storage facilities.
- Most of these entities operate at 90% capacity in normal conditions.

2. **Anticipate delays in...

storage capacity,morgue overflow,surge planning

Plan for Overwhelmed Transportation, Morgue, and Funeral Assets During a PI Event

Critical Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Anticipate overwhelmed transportation resources:
- Normal transportation resources will be overwhelmed due to the increased number of decedents.
- Agencies may use non-traditional means of transportation (e.g., buses,...

transportation planning,funeral home limitations,morgue capacity

Prepare for Mass Fatality Management During Pandemic Influenza

Critical Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Objective: Ensure timely and respectful disposition of deceased individuals during a pandemic.

Steps:
1. Recognize that an influenza pandemic may result in mass fatalities, placing extraordinary demands on local jurisdictions.
2....

mass fatalities, mortuary services, pandemic influenza, temporary morgue, human remains disposition

Address Lack of Federal Leadership in Mass Fatality Management

Critical Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

There is a lack of federal leadership and clarity within the National Response Plan regarding mass fatality management. Mortuary affairs are typically a local and state function, but during a mass fatality scenario that spans a large...

federal leadership, national response plan, hurricane katrina, mass fatality management

Workforce Depletion During PI Events

Critical Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Anticipate workforce depletion due to illness or family caregiving responsibilities during PI events.
2. Only individuals trained in handling remains should be assigned to fatality processing tasks.
3. Shift staff roles from...

workforce depletion, staff roles, volunteer management, health protection, mass casualty event

Centralize Processing of Remains at the Local Level During a PI Event

High Priority Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Objective: Centralize the processing of remains at the most appropriate local level during a Pandemic Influenza (PI) event to optimize resource use and efficiency.

Action Steps:
1. Identify Appropriate Facilities: Determine which local...

centralized processing, local level, pandemic influenza, remains management, resource allocation

Establish a Mass Fatality Management Emergency Support Function (ESF)

High Priority Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Objective: Create a dedicated ESF under the National Response Plan (NRP) to manage mass fatalities during a Pandemic Influenza (PI) event.

Action Steps:
1. Federal Policy Development: Develop and implement a federal policy that...

mass fatality management, emergency support function, pandemic influenza, NRP, federal policy

Issuing Death Certificates During PI Events

High Priority Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Positive identification of the decedent by the ME/C is required before a death certificate can be issued.
2. A death certificate must be obtained prior to releasing remains to families or transitioning to permanent final...

death certificate process, positive identification, mass casualty event, ME/C responsibilities

Modify Public Expectations Regarding Fatality Management Operations and Final Disposition

High Priority Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Public expectations regarding fatality management operations and final disposition must be modified due to the nature of a pandemic influenza (PI) event. The American culture has strong beliefs and traditions regarding handling decedents with...

public expectations, fatality management, final disposition, pandemic influenza, emergency health powers law

Shift Resources Toward Time-Critical Tasks During a PI Event

High Priority Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Objective: Prioritize time-critical tasks during the initial phase of a Pandemic Influenza (PI) event to manage mass fatalities effectively.

Action Steps:
1. Focus on Recovery of Remains: Immediately prioritize the recovery of deceased...

time-critical tasks, pandemic influenza, temporary storage, identification materials, mass fatalities

Temporary Storage of Remains During PI Events

High Priority Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Store remains in refrigerated units if available, maintaining temperatures between 37 – 42 degrees Fahrenheit.
2. Limit storage duration to approximately 6 months, as bodies will begin to decay after this period.
3. If...

temporary storage, refrigerated units, mass casualty event, remains preservation, non-traditional storage

Tracking and Identification of Remains During PI Events

High Priority Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Begin tracking and identification immediately upon body recovery or at the latest when remains are received at the local collection point/morgue.
2. Use a standardized numbering system to avoid confusion caused by...

tracking remains, identification process, mass casualty event, standardized numbering, ME/C coordination

Wildlife Management (13)

Allocate Wildlife Resources to Prevent Overuse

Standard Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Recognize that common resources, such as wildlife, are vulnerable to overuse when individuals act greedily.
2. Implement restrictions on the use of these resources to ensure sustainability for future generations.
3. Ensure that...

wildlife allocation,overuse prevention,wildlife management,common resources

International Management of Migratory Wildlife

Standard Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Recognize that certain wildlife species, such as waterfowl, songbirds, and other migratory animals, cross international borders during their life cycles.
2. Support and comply with international treaties designed...

migratory bird treaty,wildlife conservation,international wildlife law,migratory species

Legitimate Purposes for Killing Wildlife

Standard Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Understand that killing wildlife is only permissible when it serves a legitimate purpose.
2. Legitimate purposes include:
- Using the animal or its parts for food
- Using the animal or its parts for clothing
-...

legitimate purposes,wildlife killing,ethical hunting,wildlife law

Use Science for Wildlife Policy and Management

Standard Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Base wildlife policy and management decisions on scientific research rather than subjective opinions.
2. Utilize data from ecological studies, population monitoring, and habitat analysis to guide conservation efforts.
3. Apply...

science,wildlife management,ecological research,wildlife restoration

Recognizing and Responding to Wildlife Population Fluctuations

Standard Source: The Complete Outdoorsmans Handbook

Recognizing and Responding to Wildlife Population Fluctuations

Wildlife populations naturally fluctuate based on environmental conditions, food availability, predation, and other factors. Recognizing these fluctuations is essential for...

wildlife population fluctuations,snowshoe hare cycle,lynx population,hunting strategies,wildlife observation

Respect Polar Bear Denning Areas and Local Regulations

Standard Source: Canadian Military Basic Cold Weather Training

Procedure:

1. Identify polar bear denning areas, particularly in the Churchill, South Hampton Island, and Devon Island regions.
2. Understand that polar bears are protected under international agreement, though limited harvesting by...

polar bear denning,local regulations,wildlife protection

Understanding Carrying Capacity in Wildlife Habitats

Standard Source: The Complete Outdoorsmans Handbook

Understanding Carrying Capacity in Wildlife Habitats

Carrying capacity is a fundamental principle of nature that determines how many animals can live in a given habitat. It refers to the maximum number of individuals of a species that an...

carrying capacity,wildlife management,habitat suitability,deer population,turkey habitat,pheasant hunting,lynx population

Avoid Disturbing Wildlife Sanctuaries During Restricted Periods

Reference Source: Canadian Military Basic Cold Weather Training

Procedure:

1. Identify areas designated as wildlife sanctuaries by the federal government.
2. Avoid flying over these areas from 15 May to 1 September annually, as restrictions are in effect during this period.
3. Ensure all training and...

wildlife sanctuaries,flying restrictions,environmental compliance

Understanding Additive Mortality

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Definition: Additive mortality refers to harvests that exceed natural mortality and reduce an animal's population.

additive mortality,wildlife management,animal population

Understanding Bag Limit

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Definition: A bag limit refers to the number of animals legally allowed to be taken in a day or a season.

bag limit,wildlife management,legal hunting limits

Understanding Compensatory Mortality

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Definition: Compensatory mortality refers to harvests that do not add to or exceed mortality from natural causes.

compensatory mortality,wildlife management,animal population

Identify Nutria Characteristics

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Observe physical features:
- Look for a large rodent with a body length of up to 24 inches.
- Note the long, scaly, rounded tail that extends an additional 12 to 17 inches.
- Check weight: Nutria typically weigh...

nutria, identification, wildlife management, rodent characteristics

Identify Opossum Characteristics

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Observe physical features:
- Look for a marsupial with a fur-lined pouch and a prehensile, flesh-colored or whitish tail.
- Note the grayish-white fur.
- Males typically weigh 6 to 7 pounds (up to 14 pounds), while...

opossum, identification, wildlife management, marsupial characteristics

Tornado Preparedness (13)

Seek Shelter During a Tornado Warning

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: If you are under a tornado warning, seek shelter immediately.

### If You Are in a Structure:
• Go to a pre-designated shelter area such as a safe room, basement, storm cellar, or the lowest building level.
• If there is no basement, go...

tornado warning, shelter, basement, safe room, flying debris, mobile home, overpass, storm cellar

Understand Tornado Watch and Warning Definitions

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Tornado Watch:
- Definition: Tornadoes are possible in the area.
- Action: Remain alert for approaching storms. Monitor NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio, or television for updates.

2. Tornado Warning:
...

tornado watch,tornado warning,emergency definitions

Locate the Safest Place for Tornado Shelter in a Two-Story Home (First Floor)

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Identify the safest place on the first floor of a two-story home to take shelter during a tornado.

Steps:
1. Review the home layout diagram provided by FEMA.
2. Locate areas that are typically considered safe, such as interior...

two-story home,first floor,tornado,shelter,safe room,emergency preparedness

Prepare for Tornadoes

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Identify tornado-prone areas:
- Every state in the U.S. can experience tornadoes, though some are more prone than others.
- Be aware of local weather patterns and seasonal trends (tornados most common in spring and...

tornado, preparedness, safety plan, shelter, weather alerts

Recognize Tornado Danger Signs

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. **Watch for the following danger signs indicating a potential tornado:
- A dark, often greenish sky.
- Large hail (which can be a sign of a severe thunderstorm).
- A large, dark, low-lying cloud, especially if it is...

tornado,danger signs,weather changes,preparedness

Take Shelter During a Tornado Watch

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Stay close to a safe room, shelter, or sturdy building during a tornado watch.
2. Know the signs of a tornado, including:
- A rotating funnel-shaped cloud
- An approaching cloud of debris
- A loud roar similar to...

tornado, shelter, safe room, FEMA P-361, ICC 500, tornado watch

Access Additional Resources for Tornado Preparedness

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Obtain additional information and resources to enhance tornado preparedness.

Steps:
1. Review the list of FEMA publications provided in 'Are You Ready?'.
2. Access the following resources:
- _Tornado Fact Sheet_ (L-148):...

fema resources,tornado preparedness,emergency education

Calculate Tornado Sub-Type Exposure for a Census Tract

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Variables:
- Determine the average damage area of a tornado sub-type (in square kilometers). This is denoted as $ A $.
- Calculate the average building value density of the census tract (in dollars per square...

tornado exposure,census tract,building value,agriculture value,population equivalence

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Tornado Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Generate Tornado Event Path Polygons:
- Use data from Section 19.2 Tornado Spatial Data Processing to create 80-km buffered polygons for each recorded Tornado event.

2. Create a Fishnet Grid:
- Construct a...

annualized frequency,tornado events,fishnet grid,scale factor,spatial data processing

Calculate Historical Tornado Occurrence Count for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the historical tornado occurrence count for a census block:

1. Identify all distinct tornado event path polygons that intersect the specific census block.
2. Count the number of these distinct tornado event path polygons to...

tornado, occurrence count, census block, census tract, historical data

Calculate Tornado Exposure Area for a Census Tract or County

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the tornado exposure area for a census tract or county:

1. Identify the average historical damage area based on the EF-scale sub-type (see Table 72):
- EF-Scale 0 and 1: 0.7 km²
- EF-Scale 2 and 3: 9.6 km²
- EF-Scale 4 and...

tornado exposure, damage area, EF-scale, census tract, county calculation

Determine the Period of Record for Tornado Data Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the period of record for tornado data analysis:

1. Use the full 74-year period from January 1, 1950, to December 31, 2023, for tornadoes in EF-scale categories 2, 3, 4, and 5.
2. Use a shorter 38-year period from January 1,...

period of record, tornado data, EF-scale, historical period

Accessing Historical Tornado Data from the Storm Prediction Center

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To access historical tornado data, follow these steps:

1. Visit the official website: Go to the [Severe Weather Maps, Graphics, and Data Page](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/) provided by the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) of the National Weather...

tornado data, storm prediction center, severe weather database, tornado records, historical tornado data

Wildfire Risk Assessment (13)

Calculate Agriculture Value Exposed to Wildfire at Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the agriculture value exposed to wildfire at the census tract level:

1. Identify all census blocks within a specific census tract.
2. **Determine which census blocks have Fire Intensity Level classes of 4, 5, or 6 greater than...

agriculture,wildfire,census tract,exposure calculation

Calculate Area-Weighted Annualized Frequency for a Census Tract

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the area-weighted annualized frequency for a specific Census tract, follow these steps:

1. Gather Data
- Obtain the area-weighted annualized frequency of Wildfire probability for each individual Census block within the tract...

area-weighted frequency,census tract,wildfire risk,annualized frequency,natural disaster

Calculate Population Equivalence Value Exposed to Wildfire at County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the population equivalence value exposed to wildfire at the county level:

1. Identify all census blocks within a specific county.
2. **Determine which census blocks have Fire Intensity Level classes of 4, 5, or 6 greater than...

population equivalence,wildfire,county,exposure calculation

Understand Limitations of Wildfire Risk Data for U.S. Territories

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Recognize the limitations of wildfire risk data for specific U.S. territories.

Procedure:
1. Identify affected territories: Note that burn probability and flame length probability data are not available for American Samoa,...

data limitations, U.S. territories, wildfire risk modeling, FSim datasets

Calculate Agriculture Expected Annual Loss to Wildfire for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the agriculture expected annual loss due to wildfire occurrences for a specific census block, use the following formula:

$$ EAL_{agriculture} = V_{agriculture} \times F_{wildfire} \times HLR_{agriculture,wildfire} $$

Where:
• $...

agriculture,expected annual loss,wildfire,census block,risk assessment

Calculate Population Equivalence Expected Annual Loss to Wildfire for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the population equivalence expected annual loss due to wildfire occurrences for a specific census block, use the following formula:

$$ EAL_{population} = V_{population} \times F_{wildfire} \times HLR_{population,wildfire}...

population,expected annual loss,wildfire,census block,risk assessment

Calculate Total Expected Annual Loss to Wildfire for a Census Tract

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the total Expected Annual Loss due to wildfire occurrences for a specific Census tract, follow these steps:

1. Identify all Census blocks within the specified Census tract.
2. For each Census block, compute the...

expected annual loss,wildfire,census tract,building value,population equivalence,agriculture value,risk assessment

Calculate Wildfire Exposure at Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate wildfire exposure at the Census tract level, follow these steps:

1. Identify all Census blocks within the specific Census tract.
2. For each Census block, determine the wildfire exposure value (in dollars). This...

wildfire exposure,census tract level,census block,summing exposure values,national risk index

Calculate Wildfire Historic Loss Ratio Using SHELDUS Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access SHELDUS data:
- Retrieve historical loss records from SHELDUS at the county level for the timeframe 1996–2023.
- Ensure that the dataset includes five peril types mapped to Wildfire: Fire-Brush, Fire-Bush,...

wildfire,historic loss ratio,SHELDUS,data aggregation,loss calculation,flame intensity level,FIL,wildfire risk assessment

Compute Expected Annual Loss Rate for Agriculture Value

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To compute the Agriculture Expected Annual Loss Rate, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the total Expected Annual Loss (EAL) due to wildfire occurrences for agriculture in a specific community or area.
2. Determine the **total agriculture...

agriculture expected annual loss rate,wildfire,risk assessment,total agriculture value,normalization

Compute Expected Annual Loss Rate for Building Value

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To compute the Building Expected Annual Loss Rate, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the total Expected Annual Loss (EAL) due to wildfire occurrences for buildings in a specific community or area.
2. Determine the total building value of...

building expected annual loss rate,wildfire,risk assessment,total building value,normalization

Compute Expected Annual Loss Rate for Population Equivalence

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To compute the Population Expected Annual Loss Rate, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the total Expected Annual Loss (EAL) due to wildfire occurrences for population equivalence in a specific community or area.
2. Determine the **total...

population expected annual loss rate,wildfire,risk assessment,total population,normalization

Interpret Flame Length Probability (FLP) Raster Data for Wildfire Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Understand how to interpret flame length probability (FLP) raster data for wildfire risk assessment.

Procedure:
1. Access the dataset: Obtain the FLP datasets from the USDA Forest Service or its designated archive (e.g.,...

flame length probability, wildfire risk assessment, raster data, fire intensity levels, spatial resolution

Pandemic Preparedness (12)

Implement Community-Wide Measures to Increase Social Distance

Critical Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Procedure:

1. Definition: Intervention applied to an entire community or region to reduce personal interactions and transmission risk.
2. Examples: Implementation of a 'snow day,' where offices, schools, and transportation systems are...

community-wide social distancing,pandemic,snow day,closure,enforcement,communication

Measures to Decrease Transmission of Pandemic Infections

Critical Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Procedure:

1. Implement travel restrictions: Individuals may be denied admission to the U.S. if thought to have a communicable disease of public health significance, as defined by CDC regulations.
2. Enforce isolation and quarantine:...

isolation, quarantine, travel restrictions, pandemic transmission control

Activate the National Response Plan (NRP) During an Influenza Pandemic

High Priority Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Procedure for Activating the National Response Plan (NRP) During an Influenza Pandemic:

1. Determine Activation Criteria:
- An influenza pandemic may require activation of the NRP, especially if the first appearance of the disease in the...

influenza,pandemic,National Response Plan,ESF 8,HHS,DHS,NIMS

Establish International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza (IPAPI)

High Priority Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Objective: Create a global collaboration to address avian and pandemic influenza.

Steps:
1. Form an international partnership with countries that share core principles for addressing avian and pandemic influenza.
2. Ensure political...

avian flu,pandemic influenza,international cooperation,IPAPI,WHO,OIE,FAO,epidemiological data,response capabilities

Implement Focused Measures to Increase Social Distance

High Priority Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Procedure:

1. Identify groups or settings where transmission is believed to have occurred, especially when the linkages between cases are unclear.
2. Apply interventions specifically to these groups, such as:
- Quarantine of exposed...

social distancing,pandemic,quarantine,closure,communication,enforcement

Implementing Surveillance Systems for Avian Flu

High Priority Source: Bird Flu Summit Brochure

Procedure:

1. Establish a comprehensive surveillance system to monitor avian flu outbreaks.
2. Use highly sensitive detection technologies, such as rapid diagnostic tests and molecular assays, to identify the virus in poultry and...

surveillance, avian flu, detection, monitoring, public health

Understand and Prepare for Pandemic Risks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize that pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are among the most significant risks to UK society.
2. Understand that respiratory-transmitted pathogens (e.g., influenza-like illnesses) can spread rapidly and require...

pandemic, preparedness, risk register, government planning, respiratory disease

Effectiveness of Containment Measures and Compliance Rates

Standard Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Overview: Containment measures such as quarantine are effective even if compliance is less than 100%.

Key Points:
• Partial Compliance Benefits: Even partial or “leaky” quarantine can reduce disease transmission. Strict enforcement is...

quarantine,effectiveness,compliance,pandemic,public health

Mandatory vs. Voluntary Quarantine Effectiveness

Standard Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Overview: While the federal government and most states have legal authority to enforce quarantine, this is not always necessary or practical.

Key Considerations:
1. Voluntary Compliance: Previous experiences (e.g., 2003 SARS outbreak)...

quarantine,mandatory,voluntary,pandemic,effectiveness

Risk of Disease Acquisition During Quarantine

Standard Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Principles of Modern Quarantine:
• Close Monitoring: Persons in quarantine are closely monitored to ensure that those who become ill are efficiently separated from the well.
• Early Access to Interventions: Those in quarantine should be...

quarantine,disease risk,monitoring,interventions,pandemic

Understanding Community Quarantine During a Pandemic

Standard Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Overview: Community-wide quarantine is one of several actions that may be considered during an influenza pandemic. It is not the only measure, and less drastic options may suffice depending on the situation.

Key Considerations:
1. **Active...

quarantine,pandemic,community,public health,epidemiology

Understanding the Definition of Quarantine

Standard Source: HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan

Definition: The term “quarantine” is often narrowly defined as legally mandated separation of well persons exposed to a communicable disease from those who are not.

Broader Clinical/Programmatic Use: In practice, quarantine may include all...

quarantine,definition,voluntary,mandatory,pandemic

Tornado Risk Assessment (12)

Understanding Tornado Hazard Subtypes and Their Impact on Risk Calculations

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The tornado hazard model is complex and involves subtype distinctions that are processed separately before being combined into the overall tornado hazard. These subtypes are based on the severity of the tornado event. As a result of this sub-hazard...

tornado hazard, subtype distinctions, historic loss ratio, expected annual loss, census tract-level data

Understanding Tornado Hazards and Their Impact on Risk Assessment

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Overview: This procedure outlines how tornado hazards are modeled and assessed within the National Risk Index 2025.

### Key Points:
• A tornado is defined as a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from the base of a...

tornado, risk assessment, hazard modeling, severe weather database, SHELDUS, building damage, population impact, agricultural loss

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Tornado Sub-Type Events in a Fishnet Grid Cell

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency of tornado sub-type events within a fishnet grid cell, follow these steps:

1. Identify the number of distinct tornado path polygons that intersect a 49-by-49 km fishnet grid cell.
2. Apply a **tornado...

annualized frequency,tornado sub-type,fishnet grid cell,scaling factor,period of record

Adjust for Statistical Anomalies in Tornado Frequency Rates

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To adjust for statistical anomalies in Tornado sub-type annualized frequency rates, follow these steps:

1. Identify if a Census tract or county has experienced more high-magnitude Tornado events than low-magnitude events.
2. If...

statistical anomalies,tornado risk adjustment,natural disaster risk assessment

Calculate Annualized Frequency for Census Tract or County Using Average Damage Area

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency for a Census tract or county, follow these steps:

1. Determine the Tornado sub-type annualized frequency rate (in annualized frequency per square kilometer).
2. Calculate the total area of the...

average damage area,annualized frequency calculation,natural disaster risk assessment

Calculate National Scaling Factor for Tornado Sub-Types

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Calculate National Scaling Factor for Tornado Sub-Types:

1. Determine Event Count:
- Identify the count of distinct tornado events of a specific sub-type that have occurred in the United States.
- Example: For EF-Scale 0...

national scaling factor, tornado sub-type, fishnet grid cell, event count, intersect count, annualized frequency, land area adjustment

Calculate Sub-Type Expected Annual Loss for Tornadoes

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the sub-type Expected Annual Loss for tornadoes, follow these steps:

1. Multiply the annualized frequency values for each Tornado sub-type by their respective sub-type exposure.
2. Multiply the result from step 1 by the...

tornado, expected annual loss, risk index, frequency aggregation, natural disaster

Calculate Tornado Historic Loss Ratio for a Location

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine Hazard Exposure: Identify the percentage of a location’s hazard exposure that experiences loss due to tornado occurrences.

2. Use SHELDUS Data: Utilize data from SHELDUS (Storm Hazard and Event Loss Database) at...

tornado,historic loss ratio,SHELDUS,NCEI,EF-scale,fuzzy logic matching,loss data,expected annual loss

Determine Tornado Hazard Characteristics for Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify hazard type: Confirm the hazard is a tornado.
2. Define consequence types: Include population, building, and agriculture impacts.
3. Source annualized frequency data:
- Use NOAA's SPC Severe Weather...

tornado,hazard characteristics,risk assessment,NOAA,SPC,EF-Scale,SHELDUS,Bayesian settings

Interpret Expected Annual Loss Score for a Community

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To interpret the Expected Annual Loss Score for a community:

1. Understand that the score represents the community’s national percentile ranking relative to all communities at the same level (e.g., Census tract or county).
2. A higher score...

expected annual loss score,tornado risk assessment,natural disaster

Interpret Total Expected Annual Loss by County for Tornado Occurrences

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To interpret the Total Expected Annual Loss by county for tornado occurrences:

1. Refer to Figure 101: Total Expected Annual Loss by County to Tornado from the US National Risk Index 2025.
2. Analyze the data presented in the figure,...

total expected annual loss by county,tornado risk assessment,natural disaster

Sum Expected Annual Loss Values for Tornado Sub-Types and Consequence Types

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the total Expected Annual Loss values at the Census tract or county level, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the Expected Annual Loss (EAL) for each Tornado sub-type using the appropriate formula based on whether you...

expected annual loss,tornado sub-type,census tract,county,consequence type,equation 125

Poisonous Plants (11)

Avoid Ingesting Poison Hemlock Parts

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Never ingest any part of poison hemlock, including the roots, stems, or leaves.

• The roots contain chambers full of a deadly sap containing the convulsant cicutoxin.
• Ingestion can lead to grand mal seizures followed by death even from...

poison hemlock,avoiding ingestion,toxins,cicutoxin

Identify Canada Moonseed and Avoid Ingestion

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Canada Moonseed is often mistaken for grape vines but is highly toxic.

• Identification tips:
- Leaves have 3-7 angles or lobes, with the smooth stalk attached just in from the heart-shaped base (unlike Grape leaves, which are attached at...

canada moonseed,identification,toxins,avoiding ingestion

Identify Daphne and Avoid Ingestion

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Daphne (spurge laurel) is highly toxic with a rich content of the toxin mezerein.

• Appearance: Evergreen shrub with waxy, attractive foliage and fragrant blooms.
• Toxins: Mezerein found in leaves and red or yellow fruits.
• **Symptoms...

daphne,toxins,mezerein,identification

Identify English Yew by Appearance and Toxins

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

English Yew (Taxus baccata) is one of the deadliest trees on the planet.

• Appearance: Evergreen with a majestic and lush appearance, common in forests of Europe.
• Toxin: Taxine, a cardiac depressant that acts rapidly and has no...

english yew,toxins,taxine,identification

Identify Narcissus (Daffodil) and Avoid Ingestion

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Narcissus (daffodil) is highly poisonous, especially its bulbs.

• Appearance: Flowers are yellow or white with a distinctive shape.
• Toxins: Found in the bulbs, not in the flower or stems.
• Symptoms of poisoning: Nausea, vomiting,...

narcissus,daffodil,toxins,bulbs,identification

Identify Strychnine Tree and Its Toxins

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Strychnine tree is highly toxic due to its seeds containing lethal levels of strychnine and brucine.

• Symptoms of poisoning: Painful vomiting, facial contortions, convulsions, and death.
• Avoid ingestion of any part of the plant,...

strychnine tree,toxins,strychnine,brucine,identification

Identify and Avoid Baneberry (White and Red Varieties)

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Procedure:

1. Recognize the plant: Baneberry is a shrub with small, acrid-tasting berries that are highly poisonous.
2. Avoid contact: Do not touch or ingest any part of the plant, including leaves or berries.
3. **Identify key...

baneberry, white baneberry, red baneberry, poisonous plants, toxicity, identification

Identify and Avoid Poison Sumac Plants

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Procedure:

1. Recognize the plant: Poison sumac is a small tree or shrub that grows in wet areas such as marshes, swamps, and standing water.
2. Avoid contact: Do not touch or ingest any part of the plant, including leaves, stems, or...

poison sumac, poisonous plants, toxicity, identification

Identify and Avoid Rhododendron and Azalea Plants

Critical Source: Poisonous Plants

Procedure:

1. Recognize the plant: Rhododendron is a tree-like evergreen shrub with large, brilliant blooms. It is common in the Pacific Northwest and is Washington's state flower.
2. Avoid contact: Do not touch or ingest any part of...

rhododendron, azalea, poisonous plants, toxicity, identification

Identify Poison Hemlock by Appearance

High Priority Source: Poisonous Plants

Look for the following characteristics to identify poison hemlock:

• Height: 3-6 feet tall.
• Flowers: Small white flowers in a flat or rounded umbel (an umbrella-shaped cluster) 2-5" wide. Individual flowers about 1/8" wide, have 5...

poison hemlock,identification,appearance,characteristics

Identify Poison Ivy

Standard Source: The Complete Outdoorsmans Handbook

Procedure:

1. Recognize the plant: Poison ivy is typically found in clusters of three leaves, though it can have more.
2. Look for characteristics: The leaves are usually shiny and may vary in color from green to red depending on the...

poison ivy, identification, rash, urushiol

Chemical Biological Radiological (11)

Exit Procedures During Chemical Attack

Critical Source: FM 3 4 NBC Protection

Procedure:

1. If an attack is imminent, occurring, or has occurred:
- Occupants leaving the shelter should put on MOPP gear.
2. Ensure that the undressing area is well ventilated, and remove contaminated overgarments from the hot...

exit procedures, MOPP gear, chemical attack, contamination avoidance

Respond to Chemical Agent Detection in Shelter

Critical Source: FM 3 4 NBC Protection

Procedure:

1. If the chemical agent detector indicates presence of a chemical agent:
- Immediately mask all occupants.
- Check shelter pressure, door, and power systems to ensure they are operating properly.
- Change filters...

chemical attack, MOPP gear, decontamination, shelter procedures, chemical agent detector

Avoid Contamination by Knowing Contaminated Areas

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Identify contaminated areas using maps or intelligence reports.
2. Avoid flying over or landing in these areas if possible.
3. If landing is unavoidable, choose a location that minimizes splash contamination (e.g., flat, dry...

contamination avoidance,decontamination,aircraft safety,nbc hazards

Contain Contamination on Aircraft Exterior and Use Engine Heat for Interior Decon

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. If air and ground crews are careful in a contaminated environment, contamination can be contained to the exterior of the aircraft.
2. Increased airflow over the aircraft’s skin increases evaporation rates, reducing some...

engine heat,interior decon,nbc hazards

Implement Measures to Limit Contamination Spread in Aircraft

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Use covers (engine covers, flyaway gear, hatches) when the aircraft is not in use.
2. Provide overhead cover for parked aircraft if possible.
3. Conduct inspections visually without touching or shaking items; contaminated crews...

plastic lining,overpressure,decontamination measures,nbc hazards

Interior Monitoring Procedures for Chemical Agents

High Priority Source: FM 3 4 NBC Protection

Procedure:

1. Each shelter or van must have a chemical agent detector kit placed at the downstream end of the airflow, usually near the door.
2. Monitor continuously for chemical agents using the detector kit and/or detector paper.
3. If an...

monitoring procedures, chemical agent detection, shelter monitoring, detector kit

Operate in MOPP Gear When Aircraft is Contaminated

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. If an aircraft becomes contaminated, the aircrew must fly in MOPP gear.
2. Be aware that wearing MOPP gear degrades performance over time and may affect mission readiness.
3. Ensure all personnel are trained on proper use of MOPP...

mopp gear,aircraft contamination,nbc hazards

Perform Aircraft Decontamination Using Appropriate Methods

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Use the immediate-, operational-, or thorough-decon method as appropriate for the level of contamination.
2. Conduct aircrew spot decon and aircraft washdown by unit personnel.
3. For more complex decontamination, a chemical decon...

aircraft decon,dad,nbc hazards

Use Approved Decontaminants on Aircraft

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Only use approved decontaminants such as soap and water, kerosene, JP8, or diesel fuels.
2. Avoid using caustic decontaminants like DS2, STB, bleaches, or sodium hypochlorite.
3. Use JP8 to remove some agents from the aircraft’s...

approved decontaminants,nbc hazards,aircraft cleaning

Use M9 Detector Paper for Contamination Detection

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Apply M9 detector paper to the landing gear of the aircraft.
2. Place another piece of M9 detector paper on the windscreen where aircrew can see it.
3. FARP personnel must check M9 detector paper before servicing the...

m9 detector paper,contamination detection,nbc hazards

Use Sodium Carbonate for G Nerve Agent Decontamination

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Apply sodium carbonate to surfaces contaminated with G nerve agents.
2. Sodium carbonate is not effective against V nerve or blister agents.
3. Be aware that the chemical reaction between sodium carbonate and V nerve agents is...

sodium carbonate,g nerve agent,nbc hazards

Fire Safety (10)

Check Closed Doors for Heat Before Opening During a Fire

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: When escaping through a closed door during a fire:

• Use the back of your hand to feel the top of the door, doorknob, and the crack between the door and door frame.
• Do not use the palm of your hand or fingers...

check door heat, fire escape, closed door safety, fire safety procedure

Close Doors Behind You During Fire Escape to Delay Fire Spread

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: As you escape a fire:

• Close doors behind you as you leave.

Purpose: This action helps delay the spread of fire and smoke, increasing your safety and potentially giving firefighters more time to respond.

close doors during fire, fire safety, door closure procedure

Crawl Low Under Smoke During a Fire Escape

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: When escaping through smoke:

• Crawl low under the smoke to your exit.

Important Notes:
• Heavy smoke and poisonous gases collect first along the ceiling.
• Crawl close to the floor where the air is clearer and cooler.

crawl under smoke, fire escape technique, smoke inhalation prevention

Escaping from a House on Fire

Critical Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:
1. Creep or crawl with your face near the ground to avoid smoke inhalation.
2. Near the floor, the air is pure and can be safely breathed even if the room is full of smoke.
3. The best escape method from upper windows is using a...

fire_escape,survival,house_fire

Evacuate Immediately if Heat or Smoke is Detected in a Damaged Building

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: If you detect heat or smoke when entering a damaged building:

• Evacuate immediately and do not reenter the building.
• Do not attempt to retrieve personal belongings unless it is safe to do so.

evacuate damaged building, smoke detection, fire safety protocol

Stay Out of the Building Once You Are Safely Escaped from a Fire

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: After escaping a fire:

• Do not reenter the building under any circumstances.
• Call 9-1-1 immediately to report the fire and your location.

do not reenter fire building, call 911, fire safety protocol

Stop, Drop, and Roll to Extinguish Clothing Fire

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: If your clothes catch on fire:

• Stop immediately.
• Drop to the ground.
• Roll over and over until the flames are extinguished.

Important Notes:
• Running increases the intensity of the fire due to increased oxygen...

stop drop roll, clothing fire, fire safety, emergency procedure

Bringing Horses out of a Stable on Fire

Critical Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:
1. Throw the harness or saddles to which the horses are accustomed over their backs.
2. This will encourage them to exit the stable as tractably as usual.

horse,stable_fire,safety

Do Not Open Safe or Strong Box After a Fire Until It Has Cooled

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: If you have a safe or strong box:

• Do not open it immediately after a fire, as it can retain intense heat for several hours.
• Opening the box before it has cooled could result in burns or injury.

safe box fire safety, do not open safe after fire, heat retention in safes

Ask Someone to Watch Your Property if You Must Leave a Damaged Building

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: If you must leave your home because a building inspector says the building is unsafe:

• Ask someone you trust to watch the property during your absence.
• This helps protect your belongings and ensures that no unauthorized...

property watch after fire, building inspector, safe property management

Tsunami Preparedness (10)

Tsunami Warning and Evacuation Procedures in British Columbia

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. In British Columbia, there is a Tsunami Warning and Alerting Plan in place to warn coastal residents.
2. If you live in a tsunami zone and feel a large earthquake, go inland or to higher ground immediately.

tsunami warning, evacuation, British Columbia, higher ground

Prepare for a Tsunami Risk

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. If you live near or visit a coastal area, learn about the tsunami risk in your region.
2. Check if your community has maps with evacuation zones and routes that show areas disproportionately affected by tsunamis.
3. **Sign...

tsunami, coastal area, evacuation plan, tsunami alert, ocean behavior

Tsunami Awareness and Preparedness for Coastal Residents

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Identify tsunami risks: If you live in a coastal area, especially near large bodies of water, be aware that tsunamis can occur due to earthquakes.
2. Monitor seismic activity: Stay informed about earthquake events that...

tsunami,coastal safety,evacuation drill,sea level warning,emergency kit

Understanding Tsunamis and Their Dangers

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. A tsunami is a Japanese word meaning *harbour wave*.
2. These huge waves are caused during an earthquake when plates along the ocean floor push up against each other, generating a series of ocean waves that race outward in all...

tsunami, wave height, ocean floor, danger zones

Determine Local Evacuation Routes for Tsunamis

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

If you live in a tsunami zone, take the following actions:

• Identify and familiarize yourself with local evacuation routes that lead to higher ground.

• Ensure these routes are accessible and well-known by all household members.

• Check with...

evacuation routes, tsunami warning, higher ground

Identify Tsunami Risk Areas in Your Province

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

To prepare for a tsunami, follow these steps:

• Review the outline map provided in your province’s emergency preparedness materials to identify coastal areas shaded as being at risk of experiencing damaging tsunamis generated by either close or...

tsunami, risk areas, map, coastal regions

Access Historical Tsunami Runup Data from NOAA Database

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Visit the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website.
2. Navigate to the National Geophysical Data Center or the World Data Service Global Historical Tsunami Database.
3. Locate the dataset titled...

tsunami data, NOAA database, historical runup points, CSV format, tsunami event ID

Access Tsunami Loss Quantification Data from FEMA Study (P-2426)

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Visit the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) website.
2. Locate and access the study titled 'Estimated Average Annualized Tsunami Losses for the United States (P-2426)'.
3. Review the data provided in this study,...

FEMA tsunami loss data, Hazus 6.1 software, economic loss quantification, P-2426 study

Understand Exclusions in Tsunami Risk Assessment from FEMA Study (P-2426)

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the documentation or metadata provided with the FEMA P-2426 study.
2. Identify the following exclusions:
- **Tsunamis generated by landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacial calving, near-earth objects, and weather...

FEMA study exclusions, non-earthquake tsunamis, Hazus software limitations, risk assessment gaps

Understand Limitations of Historical Tsunami Data from the National Risk Index 2025

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Review documentation or metadata associated with the Global Historical Tsunami Database.
2. Identify known limitations, such as:
- Fewer gauges in Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands, leading to potential...

tsunami data limitations, historical underrepresentation, probabilistic modeling, NOAA dataset

Coastal Flooding (10)

Respond to Coastal Flooding Events

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Respond effectively to coastal flooding events.

Procedure:
1. Monitor coastal flood warnings issued by the government and local authorities.
2. Evacuate immediately if advised, especially during the holiday season when more...

coastal flooding,evacuation,response plan,natural disaster

Calculate Annualized Frequency for NOAA High Tide Flooding Subtypes

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) High Tide Flooding subtypes:

1. Identify the intersection of each NOAA High Tide Flooding subtype layer with the **Census block developed area...

NOAA,High Tide Flooding,midpoint probability,Census block,frequency calculation

Calculate Annualized Frequency for Special Flood Hazard Area 0.2% Annual Chance

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency for Special Flood Hazard Area 0.2% annual chance:

1. Identify the Census block level intersection with the Special Flood Hazard Area 0.2% annual chance floodplain delta layer.
2. Apply a constant value of...

annualized frequency,Special Flood Hazard Area,0.2% annual chance,floodplain delta layer,Census block

Calculate Coastal Flooding Sub-Type Building Exposure

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the estimated building value exposed to the Coastal Flooding sub-type in a specific Census block:

1. Determine the intersected developed area of the Coastal Flooding sub-type with the Census block (in square kilometers). This is...

coastal flooding, building exposure, census block, developed area, value calculation

Calculate Exposure Value for Buildings and Population in Coastal Flooding Zones

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Calculating Exposure Value for Buildings and Population:

1. Multiply Intersected Areas by Density Values:
- For each coastal flooding sub-type:
- Multiply the intersected area (in square kilometers) by the developed...

exposure calculation, building value density, population density, Hazus 6.0, Value of Statistical Life

Identify Coastal Flooding Exposure Areas

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Identifying Coastal Flooding Exposure Areas:

1. Intersect Event Sub-Type Layers with Census Block Developed Area Polygons:
- Use the following layers:
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Minor,...

coastal flooding, exposure areas, NOAA, FEMA, Census block, flood hazard zones

Prepare for Coastal Flooding Using Advanced Forecasting

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor flood forecasts from the Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC).
2. Expect 5-7 days of flood forecasts showing medium and then high risk of coastal flooding.
3. Be prepared for Severe Flood Warnings, which will be...

coastal flooding,flood forecasting,environment agency,severe flood warnings

Use NOAA HTF Probability Data for Coastal Flooding Risk Assessment

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:
1. Access the High Tide Flooding (HTF) Probability dataset from [NOAA Office for Coastal Management](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/sealevelrise/noaa-nos-techrpt01-global-regional-SLR-scenarios-US.pdf).
2. Analyze three...

NOAA,HTF,flood probability,coastal flooding

Utilize CoreLogic Special Flood Hazard Area Layer for Data Supplementation

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:
1. Access the CoreLogic digitized floodplain boundaries dataset.
2. Use this data to supplement FEMA’s National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) in areas where only paper Flood Insurance Rate Maps exist.
3. This dataset has been compiled by...

CoreLogic,flood hazard layer,coastal flooding,data supplementation

Utilize Local and National Response Resources for Coastal Flooding

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Local response teams will have access to operational resources such as:
- Temporary flood barriers
- Mobile pumps
- Logistical support for deployment
2. Flood rescue teams (over 100 specialist teams) are on...

flood response,flood rescue teams,military assistance,national coordination

Landslide Risk Assessment (10)

Calculate Exposure Value for Landslide Hazard Modeling

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Sum the intersected areas of the Landslide-susceptibility polygons for each Census block.
2. Multiply this sum by the average weighted grid percentage of the Census block to determine a base exposure value.
3....

exposure value, census block density, developed area, statistical life

Calculate Landslide Exposure Using Census Block Data

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Intersect the Landslide-susceptibility polygons with Census block polygons within the processing database.
2. Create a resulting table containing:
- The polygon’s unique identifier (_LandslideGridCellID_)
-...

census block, landslide exposure, intersection data, susceptibility polygon

Determine Landslide Hazard Potential Based on Grid Code

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify any county that contains a Census block intersecting a Landslide-susceptibility polygon.
2. Check the grid code of the intersected polygon.
3. If the grid code is 1 or higher, assume the county has potential...

grid code, landslide hazard, census block, susceptibility polygon

Process Non-Spatial Data for Landslide Frequency Estimation

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. For the Continental United States, Alaska, and Hawai‘i, use a statistical model to estimate county-level landslide frequency.
2. Do not calculate historical occurrence count or period of record for these states, as it...

non-spatial data, landslide frequency, puerto rico, hurricane maria

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Landslide Events at Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain the annualized frequency of Landslide events per county, as determined by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
2. Calculate the area-weighted average for USGS Susceptibility values over the area of the Census...

annualized frequency, landslide events, census tract, usgs data, expected annual loss

Calculate Population Equivalence Value Exposed to Landslide Susceptibility at Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify all Census blocks within a specific Census tract that are exposed to Landslide susceptibility.
2. Sum the total population equivalence value for these blocks in dollars.
3. This sum represents the...

population equivalence, landslide susceptibility, census tract, usgs data, national risk index

Create Landslide Susceptibility Models Using Slope Relief Threshold Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain high-resolution 10-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data.
2. Access a historical record of over 600,000 landslides across the continental United States, Alaska, Hawai‘i, and Puerto Rico.
3. Use slope and relief variables...

landslide susceptibility model, slope relief threshold, DEM data, landslide risk assessment, USGS data release

Calculate Landslide Historic Loss Ratio at County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Calculating Landslide Historic Loss Ratio:

1. Source Data Collection:
- Use SHELDUS data from 1996 through 2023, which includes loss records categorized by peril type (e.g., Debris Flow, Landslide, Mudslide, etc.).
-...

landslide,historic loss ratio,SHELDUS,Hurricane Maria,National Risk Index

Determine Minimum Annual Frequency for Landslides in Puerto Rico

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

For Puerto Rico, if a Census tract’s historical Landslide event count is 0, but the Census tract is part of a county that was designated as one in which Landslides are possible, the Census tract is assigned the Minimum Annual Frequency....

minimum annual frequency, landslide risk assessment, puerto rico, census tract, natural disaster

Use Landslide Annualized Frequency Map for Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Figure 77 displays Landslide annualized frequency at the Census tract level, providing a visual representation of landslide risk across regions.

This map is used to:
• Identify areas with high landslide potential
• Support land-use...

landslide frequency map, risk assessment, census tract, natural disaster

Tsunami Risk Assessment (10)

Understanding Tsunami Generation and Behavior

Critical Source: US National Risk Index 2025

A tsunami is a wave or series of waves generated by gravitational displacements of bodies of water. These displacements can be caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or even large meteors hitting the ocean and causing a rise or...

tsunami generation, gravitational displacement, ocean wave speed, tsunami behavior, coastal risk

Updating Tsunami Hazard Data for High-Risk Areas

Critical Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The data development team collaborated with the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S. Geological Survey to replace Expected Annual Loss data for Tsunami with results based on...

tsunami hazard data, high-risk areas, noaa collaboration, usgs guidance, building and population risk estimation

Determine Tsunami Hazard Occurrence Areas Using P-2426 Dataset

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use the results from P-2426 as the basis for identifying areas where tsunami occurrence is possible.

2. Include Census tracts that meet either of the following criteria:
- Located within 300 feet of the coast.
-...

tsunami hazard occurrence, P-2426 dataset, census tracts, coastal proximity, annualized loss value, regional guidance, U.S. Geological Survey report, seiche events, Lake Pontchartrain, Great Lakes, tsunami regions

Calculate Historic Loss Ratio for Tsunami by County

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To calculate the Historic Loss Ratio (HLR) for a county based on tsunami risk, follow these steps:

1. Obtain the Expected Annual Loss (EAL) values for each consequence type (e.g., building value or population) from the...

historic loss ratio, tsunami risk calculation, county-level disaster assessment, expected annual loss, census block exposure

Calculate Probabilistic Annualized Frequency for a Census Block

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the probabilistic annualized frequency ($𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑁𝑁𝐶$) for a specific Census block:

1. Use geological science data to identify tsunami events that are known to occur but have not been recorded historically (since...

probabilistic annualized frequency, census block, tsunami risk assessment, geological science

Calculate Tsunami Annualized Frequency from Historical Data

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain Regional Event Count:
- Use the historical occurrence count of tsunami events for a specific region (as calculated in Section 20.2.2).

2. Determine Period of Record:
- The period of record is fixed at...

annualized frequency, historical data, period of record, tsunami regions, geographic units

Combine Historical and Probabilistic Annualized Frequency for Tsunami Risk Assessment

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Calculate Historical Annualized Frequency:
- Use the historical event count divided by the period of record (222.15 years) to compute a frequency value.

2. Determine Probabilistic Annualized Frequency:
- Obtain the...

annualized frequency, historical data, probabilistic return periods, tsunami risk assessment, surrogate value

Inherit Historical Annualized Frequency to Census Blocks

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Tsunami Region Containing the Census Block:
- Determine which of the seventeen defined Tsunami Regions contains a specific Census block.

2. Retrieve Regional Historical Annualized Frequency:
- Obtain the...

census block, historical annualized frequency, tsunami region inheritance, equation 127

Calculate County Tsunami Annualized Frequency

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the County Tsunami Annualized Frequency, follow these steps:

1. Identify the historical and geological tsunami frequencies for each Census block within the county.
2. Sum the historical and geological frequencies for all Census...

tsunami, annualized frequency, county level, risk assessment

Understand Limitations of Tsunami Expected Annual Loss Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To understand the limitations of the current methodology and data for estimating tsunami Expected Annual Loss, follow these steps:

1. Review Non-Hazard-Specific Assumptions and Limitations: Refer to Section 3.3 of the National...

tsunami data limitations, risk assessment accuracy, modeling assumptions

Avalanche Prevention (9)

Assess Seasonal Avalanche Risk Factors

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Assess Seasonal Avalanche Risk Factors

• Once an avalanche path has begun to slide in a season, other avalanches may occur along the same path.
• Be aware that once an area becomes unstable, it can remain so for the rest of the season.

seasonal avalanche risk, repeated avalanches, path instability

Assess Slope Orientation for Avalanche Risk

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Assess Slope Orientation for Avalanche Risk

• Leeward, wind-loaded slopes tend to increase the stress on the snow pack.
• Snow packs moderately hit by the sun can strengthen and stabilize the snow pack.
• Direct sunlight has the...

slope orientation, avalanche risk, snow pack stability, shaded slopes, leeward slopes

Conduct Hazard Evaluation Before and During a Mission

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Conduct Hazard Evaluation Before and During a Mission

• Before: Gather information on the weather such as new snowfall, high winds, snow advisories, and topography of the terrain. Find out any past history of the area and recent or past...

hazard evaluation, avalanche prevention, decision-making, mission planning

Cross Avalanche Prone Slopes Only as a Last Resort

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Cross Avalanche Prone Slopes Only as a Last Resort

• Certain requirements may make it necessary to cross a suspected slope.
• This should be done only after all alternatives have been exhausted.

crossing avalanche slopes, last resort, alternative routes

Determine Safe Route Considerations in Avalanche Prone Areas

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Determine Safe Route Considerations in Avalanche Prone Areas

• Determine starting zones of probable avalanche prone slopes and cross as high as possible, preferably above natural anchors.
• Travel on high points and ridges, especially...

route considerations, avalanche prone areas, safe travel, U-shaped valleys

Evaluate Elevation Differences for Avalanche Conditions

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Evaluate Elevation Differences for Avalanche Conditions

• Temperature, wind and precipitation often vary significantly with elevation.
• Common differences include:
- Rain at lower elevations.
- Differences in precipitation amounts.
-...

elevation differences, avalanche conditions, weather variation

Evaluate Terrain Roughness for Avalanche Risk

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Evaluate Terrain Roughness for Avalanche Risk

• Slopes with anchors are less likely to avalanche than open slopes.
• Anchors refer to natural features such as rocks, trees, or other obstructions that can stabilize the snow pack and reduce...

terrain roughness, anchors, avalanche risk, slope stability

Identify Avalanche Activity Through Vegetation Signs

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Identify Avalanche Activity Through Vegetation Signs

• The most convincing evidence of past avalanche activity is a path of fallen trees, aligned in the same direction and sheared at the height above the ground.
• Look for:
- **Flagged...

vegetation signs, avalanche activity, flagged trees, cleared strips

Use Local Population Knowledge for Avalanche Awareness

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Use Local Population Knowledge for Avalanche Awareness

• A good source of information but beware of short-term observations, i.e., 10 years.
• Use local knowledge to understand historical avalanche patterns and current conditions, but be...

local population, avalanche awareness, short-term observations

Flood Response (9)

Respond During Flooding

Critical Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Objective: Take immediate action during a flood to protect your family and property.

Steps to Take:
1. Turn off basement furnaces and the outside gas valve – To prevent gas leaks or fires.
2. Turn off electrical power – If the area...

flood response, water purification, electrical safety, gas valve shutdown

Evacuate to High Ground During a Flood

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

If you are outdoors and flooding occurs:

• Immediately climb to high ground and remain there until the floodwaters recede.

• Avoid walking through any floodwaters, as even shallow water can be dangerous and sweep you away.

evacuate to high ground, avoid floodwater

Respond to Flooding and Stay Safe During Rising Waters

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

If flooding becomes a threat:

• Obey all officials involved in rescue or flood control operations, including those directing traffic.

• Never attempt to drive through flooded areas as water can be deeper than it appears. It only takes 60...

flood response, stay safe, water depth

Respond to a Flood Emergency

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:
1. Evacuate immediately if advised by authorities or if the situation becomes life-threatening.
2. Take only essential items with you, such as identification, medications, and emergency supplies.
3. **Avoid flooded roads and...

flood response,emergency evacuation,natural disaster

Make Repairs to the Levee and Consider Permanent Flood Protection

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Make repairs to the levee as soon as possible in preparation for a future flood incident.
2. Initiate actions to provide permanent flood protection measures if the existing system relies heavily on temporary solutions during...

levee repair, permanent flood protection, infrastructure improvement

Record High Water Marks and Gather Data for Future Planning

Standard Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Locate and keep records of the flood’s high water marks.
2. Store these records along with any rainfall and river data gathered during the event.
3. Use this information to improve future planning and response...

high water marks, data collection, flood planning, river data

Manage Closure Structures and Temporary Protection Measures

Standard Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Open all closure structures after the flood has subsided.
2. Properly store all components of these structures.
3. Remove and properly dispose of all temporary protection measures, such as sandbags and materials used during...

closure structures, temporary protection, sandbags, flood response

Reopen Sluice Gates After Flooding

Standard Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Wait until the water level on the river side has receded to three inches (3") below the pond level on the protected side.
2. Reopen any sluice gates that were closed during the flood event.

Notes: This step is critical...

sluice gates, flood response, water level, post-flood activities

Salvage and Reuse Materials After Flooding

Standard Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Salvage any materials and supplies that may still be usable, such as wood from flashboards.
2. Identify whether remaining materials can be reused within the community.
3. Coordinate with local organizations or groups to...

salvage materials, reuse, flashboards, post-flood recovery

Landslide Preparedness (9)

Landslide Safety Outdoors

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Landslide Safety Outdoors

If you are outdoors during a landslide:
1. Move to high ground: Try to run to the nearest high ground in a direction away from the path of the landslide.
2. Seek shelter: If rocks and debris are approaching,...

landslide,safety,outdoors,emergency preparedness

Preparing Your Home/Property for Landslide/Avalanche Risk

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Preparing Your Home/Property for Landslide/Avalanche Risk

• Learn about the local geology, specifically the area around your home site, to identify landslide risks.
• If your home is in a landslide area, determine whether you can limit...

landslide,avalanche,home,preparation,retaining,walls,drainage,flexible,pipes,construction

Expand Landslide Risk Assessment to U.S. Territories

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To expand landslide risk assessments to all U.S. territories:

1. Obtain high-resolution (10-m) DEM data for the following territories: American Samoa, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
2. Once...

U.S. territories, landslide risk assessment, DEM data, susceptibility map

Improve Landslide Frequency Estimations with Spatially Varying Triggers

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To improve landslide frequency estimations:

1. Move from spatially homogeneous triggering thresholds to models that consider spatial variations in landslide probabilities.
2. Incorporate data on the magnitude of triggering events, such as...

triggering thresholds, spatial variation, storm severity, ground motion

Improve Landslide Susceptibility Map Resolution

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To improve landslide susceptibility map resolution:

1. Downsample a high-resolution (10-m) binary identification system (susceptible or not) to a 90-m grid.
2. Use a gradational approach that incorporates additional landslide triggering...

landslide, susceptibility map, resolution, gradational approach, runout areas

Incorporate Multiple Triggering Events in Landslide Assessments

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To improve landslide risk assessments:

1. Consider multiple triggering events such as earthquakes, rainfall, and volcanic activity in the assessment process.
2. Currently, the Continental U.S., Alaska, and Hawai‘i focus on seismically induced...

triggering events, earthquake, rainfall, volcanic activity, landslide assessment

Incorporate Runout Areas in Landslide Risk Assessments

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To improve the accuracy of landslide risk assessments:

1. Explicitly consider runout areas during the mapping process.
2. These are the areas where landslides or debris flows may travel and deposit after initiation.
3. Including runout areas...

runout area, landslide risk assessment, geographic extent, loss estimation

Pre-Landslide and Debris Flow Protective Measures

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Take steps to reduce risk from landslides and debris flows.

Steps:
1. Avoid high-risk areas: Do not build or live near steep slopes, close to mountain edges, near drainage ways, or natural erosion valleys.
2. **Conduct a...

landslide, debris flow, mudslide, preparedness, risk reduction, home safety, flexible fittings

Refine Landslide Frequency and Type Estimations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To refine landslide frequency and type estimations:

1. Differentiate between types of landslides (e.g., rock falls, debris flows, shallow vs deep landslides) in the Expected Annual Loss calculations.
2. Use additional information on predicted...

landslide frequency, landslide types, expected annual loss, risk assessment

Hurricane Preparedness (9)

Prepare for Hurricanes and Cyclones

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand hurricane risks:
- Hurricanes primarily affect the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the U.S., but can travel inland and cause severe damage.
- They also influence weather patterns across the U.S. east of the...

hurricane, cyclone, preparedness, evacuation plan, emergency kit

Secure Property Before a Hurricane

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Before a hurricane, take the following steps to secure your property:

1. Install permanent storm shutters on windows for maximum protection.
2. If shutters are not available, use 5/8" marine plywood cut to fit and ready for...

hurricane preparation, securing property, storm shutters, marine plywood, roof reinforcement, trimming trees, gutter maintenance, boat security, safe room

Understand Hurricane Classification and Impact

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Understanding the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is crucial for assessing potential damage and preparing accordingly.

### Categories and Their Impacts:
1. Category 1 (74-95 mph): Minimal damage, including unanchored mobile homes,...

hurricane classification,Saffir-Simpson scale,storm surge,flood preparation,hurricane season

Prepare for Hurricane Evacuation and Sheltering

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Before hurricane season begins, make plans for both evacuation and sheltering in place.

Steps:
1. Become familiar with your evacuation zone, evacuation route, and shelter locations.
2. Practice going to a safe shelter for high...

hurricane, evacuation plan, sheltering in place, storm shelter, preparedness, home preparation

Analyzing Historical Hurricane Tracks for Pacific Territories

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use the Historical Hurricane Tracks Viewer:
- Access the Historical Hurricane Tracks viewer to analyze hurricane data from 1949-2024.
- Focus on the Pacific Territories: Guam, American Samoa, and Northern Mariana...

historical hurricane tracks, Pacific territories analysis, storm count within 1 mile

Categorizing Storm Observations by Wind Speed Using Saffir-Simpson Scale

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Download and Load HURDAT2 Data:
- Download hurricane data for both the Pacific and Atlantic basins.
- Load the data into a processing database.
- Create a record for every storm observation point, assigning each to...

storm categorization, hurricane wind scale, buffer radius, HURDAT2 data processing, Saffir-Simpson Scale

Creating Hurricane Event Path Polygons from Storm Observations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Connect Storm Observation Points:
- After processing HURDAT2 data, connect storm observation points to create multi-segment lines representing the path of each storm.
- Each line segment between two consecutive...

storm path polygon creation, buffered shapes, union-dissolve, historical hurricane event paths

Understanding Hurricane Wind Hazard Limitations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The Hurricane hazard assessment focuses only on wind-related risks and does not account for inland or coastal flooding. This is done to avoid overestimating risk, as water-related hazards are already considered separately. However, due to the...

hurricane,wind hazard,limitations,data accuracy,flood risk

Alaska Hurricane Wind Hazard Designation

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Alaska has been designated as 'Hazard Not Possible' for hurricane wind. This decision was made despite a single historical event impacting the area, due to the lack of sufficient data on tropical storm impacts in Alaska compared to the rest of the...

alaska,hurricane,wind hazard,not possible,data limitations

Weather Forecasting (8)

Monitor Mountain Weather Changes for Accurate Forecasting

High Priority Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Procedure:

1. Observe natural signs of weather changes, such as dark clouds, unexpected wind shifts, and other atmospheric indicators.
2. Consciously track weather patterns over time to improve forecasting accuracy in mountainous...

mountain,weather,forecasting,monitoring,altitude,latitude,air masses

Reading a Barometer for Weather Forecasting

High Priority Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:

1. Understand Barometric Pressure Indications:
- A rising barometer usually indicates less wind or rain, fine weather, and stable air pressure.
- A falling barometer suggests more rain, wind, or both, and unstable air...

barometer, weather forecasting, pressure reading, wind direction, humidity, thermometer, hygrometer, cloud observation, animal behavior

Interpreting Weather Signs Using Nautical Couplets

Standard Source: the ten bushcraft books

Procedure:

1. Observe the order of rain and wind:
- If rain comes before wind, expect a long period of bad weather with high winds and heavy rain.
- If wind comes before rain, fine weather will follow shortly after.
2. Use...

weather signs,nautical couplet,forecasting,bad weather

Constructing Barometers

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

### Constructing Barometers

1. Sealing the tubes: The tubes intended for barometers must be sealed hermetically on both ends immediately after they are made at the glass-house and kept in this state until they are fitted up.

2. **Cleaning the...

barometer construction, mercury purity, glass tubes, weather forecasting

Interpret Barometer Behavior for Weather Forecasting

Standard Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

1. Monitor rapid falls in pressure:
- Rapid drops in barometric pressure usually precede rain, storms, changes in wind direction, squalls, or the arrival of a cold front.
2. Check temperature and humidity:
- If the...

barometer behavior, weather forecasting, pressure changes, temperature, humidity, rapid rise, cold front

Interpret Sky Signs for Weather Forecasting

Standard Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

1. Observe the sky at sunset:
- A red or clear sky usually predicts a fine day ahead.
- A grey, dark cloudy evening or a diffuse watery sky suggests wet or windy weather tomorrow.
2. Observe the sunrise:
- If clouds...

sky signs, weather forecasting, sunset sky, sunrise sky, halos, barometer, weather prediction

Interpret Slow Barometric Falls for Weather Forecasting

Standard Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

1. Monitor slow barometer falls after a steady period:
- A slow fall in pressure following a spell of steady readings indicates unsettled and wet weather is likely.
2. Look for halos around the sun or moon:
- The...

barometer fall, weather forecasting, halos, unsettled weather, high pressure, settled conditions

Obtaining Pure Mercury from Cinnabar

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

### Obtaining Pure Mercury from Cinnabar

1. Materials required:
- 1 pound of cinnabar (ground into powder)
- 5 to 6 ounces of iron or steel filings
- Iron retort
- Reverberatory furnace
- Earthen receiver half-filled with...

purifying mercury, cinnabar, distillation, barometer materials

Avalanche Preparedness (8)

Avalanche Safety Rules for Travelers

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Avalanche Safety Rules for Travelers

• Check current weather forecasts and inquire about avalanche conditions.
• Dress appropriately for the environment.
• Obey all warning signs: do not stop in an avalanche area, and do not go into...

avalanche,safety,equipment,traveler,weather,forecast,winter,hypothermia

Identify Types of Avalanches

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Types of Avalanches: There are four types of avalanches: Loose-snow, Slab, cornice collapse and Ice.

### Loose-Snow Avalanches
• Sometimes called point release slides, they start when a small amount of cohesionless snow breaks away and...

avalanche types, loose-snow avalanche, slab avalanche, cornice collapse, ice avalanche, slope angle, crown face, fracture line, stauchwall

Understand Avalanche Triggers

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Avalanche Triggers: There are two types: natural and artificial.

### Natural Triggers
• These are not triggered directly by man or his equipment. A falling cornice, sluffing snow, stress change due to metamorphism, avalanche, etc., can all...

avalanche triggers, natural avalanche trigger, artificial avalanche trigger, falling cornice, sluffing snow, explosive blast

Identify Avalanche Susceptibility Areas Using Slope and Snow Depth Data

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Collect slope data: Obtain topographic maps or digital elevation models (DEMs) to determine the steepness of slopes in the area of interest.
2. Gather snow depth data: Use remote sensing technologies, ground-based...

avalanche,slope analysis,snow depth,geographic information system,GIS,risk assessment

Identify Potential Avalanche Prone Areas

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Identifying Potential Avalanche Prone Areas:

1. Assess Topography and Slope Characteristics:
- Identify areas with steep slopes that are prone to snow accumulation.
- Exclude areas such as river valleys, southern states...

avalanche, hazard identification, slope assessment, risk mapping, NAPADS, topography, snow stability

Process Slope Data for Avalanche Hazard Mapping

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Processing Slope Data:

1. Obtain digital elevation model (DEM) data: Use the U.S. Geological Survey's 1/3 arc-second (~10-meter) nationwide digital elevation model.
2. Upscale DEM to 100 meters: Create a coarser-resolution...

slope processing, DEM data, ArcGIS Pro, avalanche mapping

Recommended Equipment for Avalanche Areas

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Recommended Equipment for Avalanche Areas

• Avalanche shovel: lightweight, collapsible, and strong.
• Survival woodsaw: useful for cutting through snow or debris.
• Emergency probe: used to locate buried individuals.
-...

avalanche,equipment,shovel,probe,transceiver,woodsaw

Refine Avalanche Hazard Maps for Accuracy

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Refine Avalanche Hazard Maps:

1. Incorporate Gradational Scale:
- Implement a gradational scale on the avalanche hazard map to identify areas within susceptible regions that are more or less likely to experience avalanche...

hazard map refinement, gradational scale, historical data accuracy, regional sources, event cause differentiation

Animal Disease Outbreaks (8)

Implement Surveillance and Disease Control for HPAI Outbreaks

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Conduct surveillance of all susceptible livestock to detect early signs of HPAI.
2. Immediately report any suspected cases of HPAI in poultry or captive birds to the Animal Plant and Health Agency (APHA).
3. Monitor...

HPAI,surveillance,disease control,culling,trade restrictions,PPE,RPE

Coordinate Local Authority Enforcement During HPAI Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Train and equip local authority staff to conduct enforcement activities during an HPAI outbreak.
2. Ensure that enforcement is conducted on a national scale, especially at the outset and peak of the outbreak.
3. Enforce...

HPAI,enforcement,local authority,biosecurity,movement restrictions,inspections

Implement Disease Control Measures for Avian Influenza Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify and isolate infected birds or mammals immediately to prevent further transmission.
2. Deploy specialist staff, including vets, poultry catchers, and personnel trained in culling, disposal, and...

avian influenza,disease control,culling,disinfection,PPE,epidemiology

Manage PPE and Disinfectant Supplies During HPAI Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Ensure that approved personal protective equipment (PPE) is available in sufficient quantities for all personnel involved in the response to an HPAI outbreak.
2. Provide respiratory protective equipment (RPE) to protect...

HPAI,PPE,RPE,disinfectant,supply management,decontamination

Prepare Specialist Staff for HPAI Response

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assemble a team of specialist staff including:
- Vets
- Animal technicians
- Licensed slaughterers
- Carcass disposal logistics experts
2. Ensure availability of sufficient resources for:
- Carcass transport
...

HPAI,response capability,staff preparation,PPE,disinfectant,laboratory capacity

Respond to African Horse Sickness Outbreaks in the UK

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediately report suspected cases of African horse sickness (AHS) to the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA).
2. Isolate infected animals to prevent further spread of the disease.
3. **Implement vector control...

African horse sickness,vector control,biosecurity,reporting protocol

Prepare for Vaccination Policy Implementation During HPAI Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Stockpile vaccines in anticipation of a vaccination policy being introduced.
2. Ensure capacity to roll out vaccination programs across affected areas, including:
- Training personnel on vaccine administration
-...

HPAI,vaccination policy,stockpile vaccines,distribution,surveillance,PPE,RPE

Resume International Trade After Avian Influenza Outbreak

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Complete secondary culling and disposal of all infected premises in the affected region.
2. Wait a minimum of 28 days from the completion of these activities before considering international trade resumption.
3. **Conduct...

trade resumption,culling timeline,surveillance,export regulations

Weather Patterns (7)

Identify and Understand Fronts in Meteorology

Standard Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Fronts occur when two air masses of different moisture and temperature contents meet. One of the indicators that a front is approaching is the progression of the clouds. The four types of fronts are:

1. Warm Front: Occurs when warm air...

fronts, warm front, cold front, occluded front, stationary front, weather patterns, meteorology

Recognize and Interpret Cloud Formation Indicators

Standard Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Clouds as Weather Indicators:

• Clouds are formed when air is lifted or cooled beyond its saturation point (100% relative humidity).
• Observing cloud shapes and patterns can help forecast weather without additional equipment like...

cloud formation, weather forecasting, frontal lifting, cyclonic lifting, orographic lifting

Understand General Weather Influences in Western Australia

Reference Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

1. High-pressure systems:
- A belt of high-pressure systems crosses the north of Western Australia in winter and brings fine weather as long as it remains.
2. Seasonal movement of pressure belts:
- This belt drifts...

western australia weather, high pressure systems, winter, summer, cyclones, low pressure systems

Understand Humidity and Its Effects on Weather

Reference Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Understanding Humidity:

• Humidity refers to the amount of moisture in the air.
• All air contains some water vapor, even if it cannot be seen.
• The warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold. When air holds all the moisture it can, it is...

humidity, condensation point, adiabatic lapse rate, weather patterns, air saturation

Understand Weather Patterns in Western Australia - January to March

Reference Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

1. January:
- Low-pressure troughs bring hot continental winds.
2. February:
- Great contrasts in rainfall occur, with occasional tropical cyclones and heavy rain.
- The month is generally dry, but humidity can be...

western australia weather, january, february, march, rainfall, cyclones, humidity, flooding

Understand Weather Patterns in Western Australia - September to November

Reference Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

1. September:
- Low-pressure systems are more southerly.
- Winds move westerly in both the north and south, but easterly in central coastal areas.
- Some gales may occur in the southwest, but little rain.
2....

western australia weather, september, october, november, low pressure systems, high pressure belt, westerly winds, showers

Understanding Air Pressure and Weather Patterns

Reference Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

### Understanding Air Pressure and Weather Patterns

Air pressure plays a crucial role in weather patterns. Here's how to interpret its effects:

Key Concepts of Air Pressure:
• High-pressure areas: These are regions where the atmosphere is...

air pressure, high pressure area, low pressure area, isobars, humidity, elevation, weather patterns

Wildfire Preparedness (7)

Forest Fire and Interface Fire Preparedness

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Forest Fire and Interface Fire Preparedness

• Fires cause extensive damage in our province every year.
• Common causes of fires include:
- A lightning strike
- A carelessly discarded cigarette
- An abandoned campfire
• When the fire...

forest_fire,wildfire,interface_fire,cigarette,campfire,safety,outrun

Create a Wildfire Defense Zone Around Your Home

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Set up defense zones around your home and property to reduce wildfire risk.
2. Remove gas, oil, propane, and other flammable sources from within 30 feet of your property.
3. Clear items likely to catch fire, such as...

wildfire, defense zone, fire-resistant materials, evacuation, N95 respirator

Calculate Wildfire Exposure Value for a Census Block

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the wildfire exposure value for a Census block:

1. Sum the intersected areas of all Wildfire raster cells that intersect with the Census block developed area or agriculture area.
2. Multiply this total by the following values to...

wildfire exposure value, Census block, building value density, population density, agriculture area value density

Identify Wildfire Exposure Areas Using Raster-Vector Intersection Tool

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To identify wildfire exposure areas:

1. Use the Wildfire raster cells and intersect them with Census block developed area and agriculture area polygons.
2. Utilize a custom raster-vector intersect tool to perform this...

raster-vector intersection, wildfire exposure areas, Census block developed area, agriculture area polygons

Determine Wildfire Exposure Areas for Agriculture Consequence Type

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine wildfire exposure areas for the agriculture consequence type:

1. Identify Census block developed area and agriculture area.
2. Use a Fire Intensity Level (FIL) threshold corresponding to FLP4, which corresponds to **flame...

wildfire exposure, agriculture consequence type, FIL threshold, FLP4, Census block developed area

Determining Possibility of Wildfire Occurrence by County

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the possibility of wildfire occurrence in counties:

1. Assess all counties covered by the Wildfire probability raster to identify if they have at least some possibility of wildfire occurrence.
2. Include U.S. territories...

wildfire occurrence, county assessment, U.S. territories, data insufficiency

Processing Wildfire Raster Data with Census Blocks

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the intersections of the raster cells with Census blocks, follow these steps:

1. Use a custom raster-vector intersect tool that allows for the direct intersection of high-resolution burn probability and Flame Length Probability...

wildfire, raster data processing, census blocks, burn probability, flame length probability

Earthquake (7)

Drop, Cover, and Hold On During an Earthquake

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: When indoors during an earthquake, drop, cover, and hold on.

Steps:
1. Drop to your hands and knees to minimize injuries from falling objects.
2. Cover your head and neck with your arms or other objects. If...

earthquake safety, drop cover hold on, natural disaster, emergency procedure

Evacuate Damaged Buildings After an Earthquake

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: If you are in a damaged building after an earthquake and it is safe to do so, evacuate immediately.

Details:
• Move to an open space outside. Do not return inside until authorities declare it safe.

evacuation procedure, earthquake safety, building damage

Move to Higher Ground After an Earthquake in Tsunami-Prone Areas

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: If you are in a tsunami-prone area and experience an earthquake, move inland or to higher ground immediately.

Details:
• Do not wait for official warnings. Tsunamis can strike quickly after an earthquake.

tsunami preparedness, earthquake safety, evacuation

Send a Text or Use a Whistle If Trapped During an Earthquake

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: If trapped during an earthquake, send a text or use a whistle to signal for help.

Details:
• Cover your mouth with a cloth or handkerchief to protect against dust and debris.
• Avoid shouting as it can cause further injury. Use a...

trapped during earthquake, signaling for help, emergency communication

Stay Indoors During an Earthquake Unless in a Vehicle

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: Stay indoors during an earthquake unless you are in a vehicle.

Details:
• If outdoors, move to a clear area away from buildings, trees, overpasses, underpasses, or utility wires.
• In vehicles, stop safely and remain inside until...

earthquake safety, staying indoors, natural disaster

Earthquake Hazard Modeling Overview

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Understanding how earthquake hazards are modeled is essential for assessing seismic risk.

• An Earthquake is a shaking of the earth’s surface by energy waves emitted by slowly moving tectonic plates overcoming friction with one another...

earthquake, hazard modeling, seismic frequency, FEMA Hazus, risk calculation

Secure Household and Workplace Items During an Earthquake

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: Secure household and workplace items to prevent injury from falling debris.

Details:
• Secure heavy objects such as bookshelves, light fixtures, mirrors, televisions, computers, and refrigerators.
• Consider professional structural...

earthquake preparedness, securing furniture, natural disaster

Radiological Incident Recovery (7)

Establish Criteria for Returning to Restricted Areas After a Radiological Incident

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify criteria that must be met for relaxing protective actions and allowing the public to return to previously restricted areas.
- These criteria are based on:
- Federal guidance
- Collected environmental...

returning to restricted areas, radiological incident recovery, public reentry criteria, radiation protection considerations

Develop Recovery Plans with Specific Actions and Responsible Organizations

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify all recovery-specific actions that need to be taken following a radiological incident.
2. Assign each action to an organization or individual responsible for carrying it out.
3. Document these assignments in the ORO...

recovery plans,actions,assign responsibilities,organization,document,update

Establish Process for Creating Restricted Areas

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify areas that may be affected by a radiological incident based on the nature and extent of the release.
2. Conduct environmental monitoring to determine radiation levels in potential restricted zones.
3. Consult with public...

restricted areas,environmental monitoring,boundaries,documentation,notification,stakeholder consultation

Establish Process for Reoccupancy Decisions

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Define the criteria that must be met before allowing reoccupation of an area affected by a radiological incident.
2. Develop a process to assess whether these criteria have been satisfied, including environmental monitoring and...

reoccupancy,criteria,monitoring,safety standards,communication,long term health

Initiate Recovery Actions During Radiological Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Establish the recovery phase process:
- Define clear steps for transitioning from emergency response to recovery actions.
- Ensure continuity of operations during the transfer of responsibility between phases.
-...

recovery actions,transition process,chain of command,continuity,communication

Prioritize Restoration of Vital Services and Facilities During Recovery

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Prioritize the restoration of vital services and facilities during the recovery process.
2. Ensure that these services are taken into account to provide populations adequate resources when they are ultimately allowed to...

vital service restoration, recovery prioritization, radiological incident recovery

Relax Protective Actions and Allow Public Return

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Define criteria for relaxing protective actions:
- Establish measurable conditions under which protective actions (e.g., evacuation, shelter-in-place) can be relaxed.
- Ensure that these criteria are based on...

protective actions,public return,vital services,facility restoration

Coastal Flooding Risk Assessment (7)

Assess Coastal Flooding Risk Using National Flood Hazard Layer Data

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL):
- This dataset provides detailed information on flood zones, including areas at risk from coastal flooding and storm surges.
-...

coastal flooding,flood risk assessment,NFHL,NOAA,SLOSH,FEMA,Great Lakes

Apply Bayesian Adjustment to Historic Loss Ratios for Coastal Flooding

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To apply Bayesian adjustment to historic loss ratios for coastal flooding, follow these steps:

1. Use the Loss Ratio per Basis sets defined by consequence type (building or population), Bayesian level, and any refinement filters.
2. Apply...

bayesian adjustment, historic loss ratio, coastal flooding, risk assessment

Determine Possibility of Coastal Flooding in Different Regions Using SLOSH and Flood Hazard Layers

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To determine the possibility of coastal flooding in different regions, follow these steps:

1. Identify the region: Determine which geographic area you are assessing for coastal flooding.
2. **Use appropriate criteria based on...

coastal flooding, SLOSH layer, flood hazard assessment, risk determination, Great Lakes, Hawaii, Gulf Coast, Northern Mariana Islands

Calculate Expected Annual Loss Rate for a Community Due to Coastal Flooding

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To calculate the Expected Annual Loss (EAL) Rate for a community due to coastal flooding, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the total Building EAL by dividing the Coastal Flooding Expected Annual Loss for buildings by the...

expected annual loss rate,community,coastal flooding,building value,population

Extract and Analyze Coastal Flooding Hazard Data for Risk Assessment

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Extract and analyze coastal flooding hazard data to assess risk.

Procedure:
1. Identify Data Sources:
- Use the following sources for annualized frequency data:
- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
-...

coastal flooding,hazard data,risk assessment,FEMA,SHELDUS,National Risk Index

Calculate Coastal Flooding Expected Annual Loss for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine the area weighted average annualized frequency of the Coastal Flooding subtype (𝐹𝐹𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿). This value is derived from historical data and represents how frequently a specific type of coastal...

Procedure:

1. Determine the area weighted average annualized frequency of the Coastal Flooding subtype (𝐹𝐹𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿). This value is derived from historical data and represents how frequently a specific type of coastal flooding occurs in the area.

2. Identify the consequence type exposure value (𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉) for the Coastal Flooding subtype in the Census block. This is measured in dollars and represents the economic exposure of the area to potential flooding events.

3. Obtain the historic loss rate by subtype (𝐻𝐻𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉) for the consequence type from the Census Block’s parent county. This value is derived from historical records and represents the average loss per event in the area.

4. Use Equation 31 to calculate the Coastal Flooding Expected Annual Loss (𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉) for the Census block:

$$𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐹𝐹𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿 × 𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉 × 𝐻𝐻𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉$$

5. Repeat the calculation for each Coastal Flooding sub-type (e.g., Minor, Moderate, Major, 100-year, and 500-year flood events) using Equation 32:

• $𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑁 𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉$: Expected Annual Loss derived from Minor National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration High Tide Flooding events.
• $𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑁 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑𝑉 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉$: Expected Annual Loss derived from Moderate National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration High Tide Flooding events.
• $𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑁 𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉$: Expected Annual Loss derived from Major National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration High Tide Flooding events.
• $𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶100𝑌𝑌𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉$: Expected Annual Loss derived from the 100-year Special Flood Hazard Area Federal Emergency Management Agency floodplain layer.
• $𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶500𝑌𝑌𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝑉$: Expected Annual Loss derived from the 500-year Special Flood Hazard Area Federal Emergency Management Agency floodplain layer.

6. Sum all sub-type losses to get the total Coastal Flooding Expected Annual Loss for the Census block.

7. Aggregate results at higher levels (Census tract and county) by summing the aggregated building and population equivalence Expected Annual Loss values from individual Census blocks, as in Equation 33.

coastal flooding, expected annual loss, census block, risk assessment, flood hazard area, NOAA high tide flooding, FEMA floodplain

Understand Limitations of Coastal Flooding Expected Annual Loss Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To understand the limitations and assumptions in Coastal Flooding Expected Annual Loss (EAL) calculations, follow these steps:

1. Recognize that the Geospatial Flood Risk Assessment assumes all buildings are single-story,...

limitations,expected annual loss,geospatial flood risk assessment,assumptions

Heat Wave Preparedness (7)

Determine Possibility of Heat Wave Occurrence in a County

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Understand Local Definitions: Recognize that the definition of a Heat Wave varies by location and is determined by local weather forecast offices.
2. Assess All Counties as Possible: Since definitions are locally defined,...

heat wave occurrence,determination of hazard,local definitions,national risk index

Understand Heat Wave Definitions and Local Criteria

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Understanding what constitutes a heat wave in your area is critical for preparedness.

A heat wave is defined as:
1. A period of abnormally hot and humid weather that typically lasts two or more days.
2. Temperatures must be **outside...

heat wave, definition, local criteria, NWS, preparedness

Access Historical Weather Alert Data from Iowa Environmental Mesonet

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To access historical weather alert data:

1. Visit the [Iowa Environmental Mesonet website](https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/request/gis/watchwarn.phtml).
2. Navigate to the 'GIS' section and select the 'WatchWarn' dataset.
3. Download the...

weather alerts, historical data, Iowa Environmental Mesonet, shapefile, heat wave

Access the Zone-County Correlation File for Detailed Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To correlate Public Forecast Zones with counties:

1. Visit the [National Weather Service GIS page](https://www.weather.gov/gis/ZoneCounty).
2. Download the 'Zone-County Correlation File' in shapefile format.
3. This file allows users to determine...

Zone-County Correlation File, geographic mapping, weather alerts, heat wave analysis

Calculate Average Coverage for Heat Wave Event-Day

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify intersected areas:
- Use the Heat Wave event-day polygons (Heat Wave Date Expansions) and intersect them with Census block polygons within the processing database.
- The resulting table will contain the...

Heat Wave, Exposure Calculation, Census Block, Average Coverage, Developed Area Density, Agriculture Value Density

Understand the Composition of Public Forecast Zones

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Public Forecast Zones vary in their relationship to county boundaries:

• 70% of zones cover a single county.
• 20% are subdivisions within a single county.
• 10% span multiple contiguous counties.

For zones covering a single county,...

forecast zone composition, county boundaries, TIGER data, geographic analysis

Use Simplified Mesonet Boundaries When Detailed Zone Shapes Are Unavailable

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

When detailed National Weather Service Public Forecast Zone shapes are not available:

1. Use the simplified Mesonet boundary version shape instead.
2. These boundaries are derived from the same data as the NWS forecast zones but with reduced...

Mesonet boundary, simplified shapefile, NWS zone unavailable, heat wave mapping

Radiation Contamination (6)

Handling Decedents Contaminated with Radioactive Materials

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess the situation: Determine if the decedent is contaminated with radioactive materials based on incident type (e.g., nuclear detonation, RDD scenario, or public place radioactive source).
2. **Implement protective...

radioactive materials, decedents, radiation safety, PPE, transportation guidelines, morgue procedures

Medical Examiner/Coroner’s Guide for Contaminated Deceased Body Management

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess contamination levels: Use radiation detection equipment to determine the level of contamination on the deceased.
2. Implement decontamination procedures: Follow specific protocols developed for medical examiners and...

contaminated remains, decontamination procedures, PPE, morgue protocols, transportation guidelines

Model Procedure for Medical Examiner/Coroner on the Handling of a Body/Human Remains that are Potentially Radiologically Contaminated

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess potential contamination: Use radiation detection equipment to determine if remains may be contaminated with radioactive material.
2. Implement protective precautions: Ensure all personnel wear appropriate PPE,...

potentially contaminated remains, radiation safety, PPE, transportation guidelines, morgue procedures

NCRP Report No. 161 - Handling Persons Contaminated with Radionuclides

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess contamination levels: Use radiation detection equipment to determine the level of radionuclide exposure.
2. Implement decontamination procedures: Follow established protocols for safely removing radionuclides from...

radionuclide contamination, decontamination procedures, PPE, transportation guidelines, exposure monitoring

Establish Reentry Authorization Process

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for authorizing reentry into restricted areas:

1. Identify the individual(s), by title/position, who are authorized to grant access into a restricted area.
2. Develop and document the process that these individuals will...

reentry, authorization process, exposure control, contamination control, restricted areas, access control, decontamination

Supervise Unit Crossing Nuclear Contaminated Area - Before Crossing

High Priority Source: STP 21 24 Army Warrior Leader Skills Level 2 3 and 4

Steps to Take Before Crossing a Nuclear Contaminated Area:

1. Provide shielding for personnel. Use vehicles if possible. Place sandbags on the floor and sides of all vehicles (within reason for nonarmored vehicles).
2. **Tell vehicle...

nuclear contamination, radiation protection, shielding, METT-TC, radiac sets

Extreme Heat (6)

Never Leave Children or Animals in a Vehicle During Heat

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: Never leave a child, adult, or animal alone inside a vehicle on a warm day.

Details:
• Temperatures can rise rapidly inside a vehicle, leading to heat stroke and potentially death.
• This applies even for short periods of time.

heat stroke, vehicle safety, children, animals, emergency

Check on Family and Neighbors During Extreme Heat

Standard Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: Check on your family and neighbors during extreme heat.

Details:
• This is especially important for elderly individuals, young children, or those with medical conditions who may be more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses.

community support, extreme heat, neighbor check, emergency preparedness

Outdoor Safety During Extreme Heat

Standard Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: If outdoors during extreme heat, take the following steps:

Steps:
1. Seek shaded areas to avoid direct sun exposure.
2. Wear a wide-brimmed hat to protect your face from the sun.
3. Avoid overexertion and physically demanding...

outdoor safety, heat exposure, sun protection, extreme heat

Recognize Signs of a Heat Wave

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Understand what a heat wave is: A prolonged period of excessive heat, often combined with high humidity.
2. Monitor weather forecasts: Stay informed about temperature and humidity levels through reliable sources like the...

heat wave, extreme heat, urban heat island effect, humidity, weather forecast

Stay Indoors During Extreme Heat

Standard Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Action: Stay indoors in a place with working air conditioning.

Details:
• Avoid direct sunlight by using shades to block the sun.
• Wear light-colored and loose-fitting clothing to reduce heat impact.
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of...

heat, extreme heat, air conditioning, hydration, preparedness

Understand the Heat Index

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Learn what the heat index is: A number in degrees Fahrenheit (F) that tells how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to the air temperature.
2. Account for sunlight exposure: Exposure to full sunshine can increase...

heat index, temperature, humidity, sunlight exposure, risk assessment

Hurricanes Tropical Storms (6)

Understand Hurricane/Tropical Storm Watch

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Definition: A hurricane/tropical storm watch indicates that hurricane/tropical storm conditions are possible in the specified area, usually within 36 hours. Action Required: Tune in to NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio, or television for...

watch, hurricane warning, emergency alert

Understand Short Term Watches and Warnings

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Definition: These warnings provide detailed information about specific hurricane threats, such as flash floods and tornadoes.

short term warning, flood alert, tornado alert

Understand Storm Tide Characteristics

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Definition: A storm tide is a combination of storm surge and the normal tide. Example: A 15-foot storm surge combined with a 2-foot normal high tide over the mean sea level creates a 17-foot storm tide.

storm tide, normal tide, hurricane impact

Understand Hurricane Definitions

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Definition: A hurricane is an intense tropical weather system of strong thunderstorms with a well-defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of 74 MPH (64 knots) or higher.

hurricane, wind speed, weather definition

Understand Tropical Depression Definitions

Reference Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Definition: A tropical depression is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with a defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of 38 MPH (33 knots) or less. Measurement: Sustained winds are defined as one-minute average...

tropical depression, wind speed, weather definition

Understand Tropical Storm Definitions

Reference Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Definition: A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of 39-73 MPH (34-63 knots).

tropical storm, wind speed, weather definition

Earthquake Response (6)

Indoor Safety During an Earthquake

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

During an earthquake, if you are indoors:

1. Take cover under a sturdy desk, table, or bench or against an inside wall and hold on.
2. If no table is available, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of...

indoor earthquake safety, stay inside, avoid glass

Outdoor Safety During an Earthquake

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

During an earthquake, if you are outdoors:

1. Stay where you are and move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires.
2. If you are in a moving vehicle:
- Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay inside the vehicle.
-...

outdoor earthquake safety, vehicle during quake

Surviving Trapped Under Debris During an Earthquake

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

If you are trapped under debris during an earthquake, follow these steps:

1. Do not light a match or use any open flame.
2. Avoid moving about or kicking up dust, as this can make it harder for rescuers to locate you.
3. **Cover your...

trapped under debris, earthquake survival

Identify and Practice Safe Spots During an Earthquake

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Before an earthquake, identify safe spots in each room:

1. Locate sturdy tables or inside walls where you can take cover during shaking.
2. Reinforce this information by practicing drills with your family members, using the **Drop,...

safe spots, earthquake drills, drop cover hold on

Be Prepared for Aftershocks After an Earthquake

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

After the main earthquake, be prepared for aftershocks:

1. Aftershocks are usually less violent than the main quake but can still cause damage to weakened structures.
2. Stay alert and remain in a safe location until all shaking has...

aftershocks, earthquake safety

Emergency Response to an EMS 8 Earthquake in the UK

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Scenario: An earthquake with intensity up to EMS 8 occurs in the UK, causing:

• Damage to buildings and infrastructure.
• A small number of fatalities or casualties due to falling masonry or interior damage.
• Moderate to severe damage to...

EMS 8 earthquake response, building damage assessment, infrastructure inspection, emergency coordination, BGS seismic monitoring

Volcanic Eruption Response (6)

Avoid Mudflows During a Volcanic Eruption

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: Be aware of mudflows and avoid areas near stream channels and low-lying areas.

Details:
• Mudflows can move faster than you can run or walk.
• Look upstream before crossing any bridge to check for approaching mudflow.
• Do not cross...

mudflow, volcanic eruption, stream channels, low-lying areas, bridge safety

Evacuate Immediately During a Volcanic Eruption

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: Evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot gases, lateral blast, and lava flow.

Details:
• Leave the area as soon as an eruption is detected or warned about.
• Do not delay evacuation in hopes that...

evacuation, volcanic eruption, debris, hot gases, lava flow, emergency response

Protect Yourself from Volcanic Ash Exposure

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, use goggles, wear eyeglasses instead of contact lenses, and use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face.

Details:
• Cover all exposed skin to protect against ash particles that can...

volcanic ash, protective clothing, goggles, dust mask, respiratory protection

Responding to a Volcanic Eruption Impacting UK Airspace

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor volcanic activity: Track seismic activity, gas emissions, and ground deformation in Iceland and other regions that could affect the UK.
2. Prepare for ash-rich eruptions: Develop contingency plans for scenarios...

volcanic eruption,ash cloud,flight disruption,stranded passengers,air traffic control,early warning signs

Stay Indoors During Volcanic Ashfall

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is danger of the roof collapsing.

Details:
• Close all doors, windows, and ventilation systems (chimneys, furnaces, air conditioners, fans, etc.) to prevent ash from entering your...

ashfall, indoor shelter, roof safety, ventilation closure, vehicle usage

Drive Safely During Volcanic Ashfall

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required.

Details:
• If you must drive during volcanic ashfall, keep your speed down to 35 MPH or slower.
• Be cautious of reduced visibility and the potential for engine damage from...

driving in ashfall, vehicle safety, speed limit, engine damage, visibility reduction

Earthquake Risk Assessment (6)

Determine Possibility of Earthquake Hazard Occurrence at the County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. In the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hazus Earthquake Analysis, assess earthquake risk for every county.
2. Determine that all counties have some degree of earthquake risk, and therefore, all counties are...

earthquake risk,HAZUS analysis,county-level assessment

Use FEMA Hazus Earthquake Analysis for Expected Annual Loss Values

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Purpose: To extract and use the final Expected Annual Loss (EAL) values at the Census tract and county level from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hazus Earthquake Analysis.

Steps:
1. Access the **FEMA Hazus Earthquake...

fema,hazus,expected annual loss,eal,risk modeling

Calculate Annualized Earthquake Loss Using Riemann Sums Method

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Collect Data: Gather exposure data, annualized frequency of earthquakes, and historic loss ratios at the Census tract and county levels.

2. Estimate Annualized Earthquake Losses: Use the Federal Emergency Management...

earthquake, annualized loss, Riemann sums method, FEMA Hazus, Expected Annual Loss, Census tract, population loss estimation

Understand Earthquake Historic Loss Ratio Definition

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Definition: The Earthquake Historic Loss Ratio represents the percentage of a location’s hazard exposure that experiences loss due to an earthquake occurrence, or the average rate of loss associated with an earthquake occurrence.

Purpose:...

earthquake,historic loss ratio,natural disaster,risk assessment,fema

Calculate Area-Weighted Fishnet Earthquake Annualized Frequency for a Census Block

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the area-weighted fishnet earthquake annualized frequency for a specific census block, follow these steps:

1. Identify intersecting grid cells: Determine which fishnet grid cells intersect with the census block.
2. **Calculate...

area-weighted, fishnet grid, earthquake probability, census block, annualized frequency

Understand Limitations of Earthquake Risk Assessment Methodology

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To understand the limitations and implications of the current Earthquake risk assessment methodology, follow these steps:

1. Recognize that earthquake risk is based on probabilistic data for earthquake events, not...

earthquake risk limitations, probabilistic data, mmi6 frequency, hazard assessment

Heat Wave Risk Assessment (6)

Aggregate Heat Wave Exposure Values at the Census Tract and County Levels

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine Building Value Exposed to Heat Waves at the Census Tract Level:
- Calculate the total building value exposed to Heat Wave event-days for each Census tract, measured in dollars.
- This is done by summing...

heat wave, exposure calculation, census tract, county level, risk assessment

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Heat Waves at Census Block Level

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Collect Data on Heat Wave Event-Days:
- Gather historical data on the number of recorded Heat Wave occurrences, measured in event-days, over a period of record (e.g., 19.0 years).
- A Heat Wave event can last for several...

heat wave, annualized frequency, census block, risk assessment, exposure calculation

Understanding Heat Wave Methodology Limitations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Overview: This procedure outlines key limitations in the methodology used for assessing heat wave risks as presented by the US National Risk Index 2025.

### Key Limitations:
1. Inconsistent Reporting of Heat Events:
- National Weather...

heat wave, methodology limitations, risk assessment, data suppression, mortality statistics

Calculate Heat Wave Expected Annual Loss for Injuries

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Heat Wave Expected Annual Loss for injuries within a specific Census block, follow these steps:

1. Identify the following variables from the data source:
- **Baseline population Expected Annual Loss value due to Heat...

heat wave,expected annual loss,injuries,census block,risk assessment,national risk index

Estimate Historical Event-Day Count for Heat Wave Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To estimate the historical event-day count for heat wave events within a specific time range, follow these steps:

1. Extract the Heat Wave event-day count from SHELDUS using the intersection between the Heat Wave event-day polygons (from...

event-day count, historical event, sheldus, annual rate, census blocks

Heat Wave Hazard Data Collection and Analysis Procedure

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Collect and analyze heat wave hazard data for risk assessment.

Steps:
1. Data Sources: Use the following sources:
- Annualized Frequency: Iowa Environmental Mesonet (2005-2024)
- Exposure Extent: Iowa Environmental...

heat wave hazard, data collection, risk assessment, Iowa Environmental Mesonet, SHELDUS, Bayesian settings

Ice Storms (6)

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Ice Storm Event-Days for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency of ice storm event-days for a census block, follow these steps:

1. Prepare Data: Obtain historical data on ice storm footprints and their corresponding duration days from pre-processed source data.
2....

annualized frequency, ice storm event-days, census block, fishnet grid, area-weighted average

Calculate Building Expected Annual Loss Rate for a Community

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Building Expected Annual Loss Rate for a community based on ice storm data:

1. Determine the total Expected Annual Loss (EAL) to ice storms for buildings in the community: This is calculated by summing losses across all...

building loss rate, ice storms, calculation

Calculate Expected Annual Loss to Ice Storms for a County

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Expected Annual Loss to ice storms for a specific county, follow these steps:

1. Identify the total Expected Annual Loss (EAL) for each census block within the county: This includes both building and population equivalence...

expected annual loss, county, ice storms, calculation

Determine Population Equivalence Value Exposed to Ice Storm Event-Days at the Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the population equivalence value exposed to ice storm event-days at the census tract level, follow these steps:

1. Identify Population Data for Each Census Block: Locate and quantify the population equivalence value (a measure...

population equivalence, census tract, ice storm exposure, population valuation

Recognize Data Age Limitations in Ice Storm Occurrences

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The underlying data for ice storm occurrences used in the National Risk Index is sourced from the United States Army Corps of Engineers’ Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, but it has not been updated since 2014:

• This means that...

data age, ice storm trends, outdated information

Understand Limitations of Ice Storm Data in SHELDUS Database

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The SHELDUS database includes multiple peril hazards that may be classified as either ice storms or winter weather, which can lead to ambiguity in categorization:

• The current methodology defines and separates these hazards based on the data...

data limitations, sheldus database, ice storm classification

Heat Stress (5)

WBGT Kit Setup and Use (NSN 6665-00159–2218)

Standard Source: NAVMED P 5010 US Navy Manual of Preventive Medicine

Kit Components:
• Aluminum case with three thermometers:
- Stationary wet bulb thermometer exposed to the sun and prevailing wind.
- “Black globe” thermometer with a black sheath over the bulb, inside a transparent perforated plastic...

wbgt kit setup, heat stress meter use

WBGT Meter (NSN 7G 6685-01-055-5298) Setup and Use

Standard Source: NAVMED P 5010 US Navy Manual of Preventive Medicine

Instrument Description:
• Also known as the Heat Stress Meter, this is a compact electronic instrument that independently measures:
- Dry-bulb temperature
- Wet-bulb temperature
- Globe temperature

Functionality:
• The meter...

wbgt meter setup, heat stress monitor use

WBGTI Calculation Formula

Standard Source: NAVMED P 5010 US Navy Manual of Preventive Medicine

Formula:

The Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Index (WBGTI) is calculated as follows:

• Dry-Bulb Temperature × 0.1
• Wet-Bulb Temperature × 0.7
• Globe Temperature × 0.2

Total: WBGTI = Sum of the above values.

**Usage...

wbgti formula, heat stress index calculation

Assemble WBGT Station

Standard Source: NAVMED P 5010 US Navy Manual of Preventive Medicine

Materials Required:
• Clamps
• Stoppers
• Flasks (not explicitly detailed but required)
• Shelter Instrument Thermoscreen (Stock Number: 5410-00-267-8898, ML-41)
• Copper Hemispheres (6 inches in diameter), obtained in pairs from Arthur Harris...

wbgt station, installation, heat stress, thermometer setup

Maintain WBGT Station Instruments

Standard Source: NAVMED P 5010 US Navy Manual of Preventive Medicine

Globe Thermometer Maintenance:
• Keep the surface of the globe free of dust and streaks.
• Repaint the globe each year to maintain its matte black finish.
• After rain, remove the thermometer, turn the globe upside down to empty...

wbgt maintenance, globe thermometer care

Chemical Attack (5)

Decontamination After Chemical Exposure

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Assess the situation:
- If medical help is not immediately available, proceed with decontamination.
- Use extreme caution when helping others who have been exposed to chemical agents.

2. **Remove contaminated clothing...

decontamination, chemical attack, first aid, emergency response, hazardous materials

Detect Chemical Agents Using the Five Senses and General Indications

High Priority Source: FM 21 76 1 Survival Evasion and Recovery Multiservice Procedures

Procedure:

1. (1) Use smell to detect chemical agents: Many agents have little or no odor.
2. (2) Use sight: Many agents are colorless:
- (a) Look for yellow, orange, or red smoke or mist.
- (b) Look for oily, dark patches...

detecting chemical agents, signs of chemical attack, smell sight sound feel taste

Detect Chemical Agents by Sound and Feel

High Priority Source: FM 21 76 1 Survival Evasion Recovery

Procedure:

1. Detect chemical agents using the following methods:
- Sound: Muffled explosions are possible indications of chemical agent bombs.
- Feel: Irritation to the nose, eyes, or skin and/or moisture on the skin are danger...

detect chemical agents, muffled explosions, skin irritation, moisture on skin

Protect Yourself from Chemical Agents

High Priority Source: FM 21 76 1 Survival Evasion Recovery

Procedure:

1. Use protective equipment.
2. Avoid contaminated areas by:
- Exiting contaminated area by moving crosswind.
- Selecting routes on high ground.
- Avoiding cellars, ditches, trenches, gullies, valleys, etc.
- Avoiding...

protect from chemical agents, decontamination, protective equipment, crosswind exit, high ground routes

Self-Aid in Chemically Contaminated Areas

High Priority Source: FM 21 76 1 Survival Evasion Recovery

Procedure:

1. If a chemical defense ensemble is available:
- Use all protective equipment.
- Follow antidote directions when needed.
2. If a chemical defense ensemble is not available:
- Remove or tear away contaminated clothing.
-...

self-aid chemical contamination, breathing filter, improvised protection, rinsing contaminated areas

Uxo Hazard (5)

React to UXO Hazard

Critical Source: STP 21 1 Warrior Skills Level 1

Do not touch or disturb the UXO or any wires, parachutes, or anything attached or surrounding the UXO. Do not move any closer to the UXO.

If any peculiar smells, liquids, or dead animals are present, **chemical or biological agents may be...

UXO hazard, chemical agent, biological agent, MOPP gear, do not touch

Report the UXO Hazard Using the 9-Line Explosive Hazard Spot Report

Critical Source: STP 21 1 Warrior Skills Level 1

Report UXO hazard to your chain of command. You or your chain of command should request explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) support using the 9-Explosive Hazard Spot Report:

(1) Date and time of the fall, impact, or finding of the UXO...

report UXO hazard, EOD support, 9-line report, CBRN contamination

Mark the UXO Hazard

Critical Source: STP 21 1 Warrior Skills Level 1

Mark the location (without approaching any closer) with some sort of recognizable material such as white engineer tape, marking ribbon, clothing, or signs.

**Place marker above ground at waist level if possible. Note physical terrain features...

mark UXO hazard, EOD team, terrain features, marker placement

Brief Soldier for UXO Hazard Evaluation Task

High Priority Source: STP 21 1 Warrior Skills Level 1

Tell the Soldier that he/she will be evaluated on his/her ability to properly recognize, react, mark, and report a UXO hazard and also determine the appropriate evacuation distance.

**The Soldier will identify the UXO by type and subgroup, take...

brief soldier, UXO evaluation task, 9-line report

Evaluation Preparation for UXO Hazard Recognition and Reporting

High Priority Source: STP 21 1 Warrior Skills Level 1

Setup: Do not evaluate this task using live UXO. Use training items from your local installation training support center.

**Preliminary instruction of this task can be obtained by requesting support from the nearest Army EOD company. Evaluate...

evaluation preparation, UXO training aid, EOD company support

Avalanche Survival (5)

Actions to Take if Caught in an Avalanche

Critical Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

If caught in an avalanche, follow these steps:

1. Attempt to remove skis or snowshoes to reduce drag and allow for better movement.
2. Assess the best line of escape based on terrain and direction of the flow.
3. Delay departure if...

avalanche survival, escape from avalanche, actions during avalanche

Avalanche and Ice Hazard Awareness

Critical Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Objective: Understand avalanche and ice hazards, their characteristics, dangers, and how to protect yourself from them.

Details:
• Avalanches can occur suddenly and are often triggered by natural or human factors.
• Ice hazards include...

avalanche hazards, ice hazards, survival in snow

Evaluate Avalanche Hazard Using the Four Variables

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Procedure:

1. Snow Pack:
- Assess whether the snow is capable of sliding.
- Look for weak layers in the snow pack that may not bond well with other layers.
- Estimate how much snow could be released if triggered.

2. Weather:
...

avalanche hazard evaluation, snow pack analysis, weather factors, terrain assessment, human factor

Identify Parts of an Avalanche

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Procedure:

1. Starting Zone:
- Locate the steep area (usually over 30 degrees) where snow begins to slide.
- This zone receives large amounts of snow and is where instability starts.

2. Avalanche Track:
- Identify the path...

avalanche parts, starting zone, avalanche track, run out zone, terrain features

Recognize Signs of Avalanche Instability

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Procedure:

Look for the following signs that indicate unstable snow conditions:

1. Recent avalanche activity on similar slopes or small avalanches underfoot.
2. Booming – an audible collapse of snow layers, indicating instability.
3....

avalanche signs, instability indicators, snow pack instability, weather effects on avalanches

Shelter Operations (5)

Establishing Mass Care Shelters in Radiation Emergencies

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Pre-Existing Plans: Jurisdictions should have pre-existing plans and procedures for establishing all-hazards, general population mass care shelters.
2. Mutual Aid Agreements: Neighboring jurisdictions should also have...

Procedure:

1. Pre-Existing Plans: Jurisdictions should have pre-existing plans and procedures for establishing all-hazards, general population mass care shelters.
2. Mutual Aid Agreements: Neighboring jurisdictions should also have plans to provide mutual aid to impacted jurisdictions, including provisions for mass care shelters for people evacuating the impacted area.
3. CDC Shelter Guide Considerations: CDC _A Guide to Operating Public Shelters in a Radiation Emergency_ recommendations may apply to emergency or temporary mass care shelters in areas with elevated radiation, but these types of mass care shelters are not the guide’s focus. The mass care shelters described in the CDC Shelter Guide are long-term mass care shelters in areas where radiation levels are at or near natural background levels.
4. Suitability of Facilities: Many organizations have mass care shelter plans for facilities in their communities. Depending on the nature of the radiation emergency, some of these facilities may not be suitable locations for mass care shelter operations due to utility outages, infrastructure damage, or elevated environmental radiation levels.
5. Environmental Radiation Levels: Mass care shelters should be established in uncontaminated or low background radiation areas with environmental radiation levels below 1 µSv/h (0.1 mR/hr).
6. Access to Maps and Guidance: In the first 24‒48 hours after the incident, emergency managers and radiation control officials are likely to have access to detailed maps identifying radiation control zones, and they can help mass care shelter operators determine if their existing or proposed mass care shelter locations are in low background radiation areas.
7. Relocation Plans: Mass care shelters may be considered short-term operations initially until environmental monitoring activities near the incident site are completed and radiation control zones are established. Mass care shelters require relocation plans in the event they must move to lower background radiation areas.
8. ADA Compliance: Mass care shelters must prepare for residents with disabilities, functional needs, or access needs in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). For examples of how to make mass care shelters more accessible, visit the CDC’s Disability and Health Emergency Preparedness page, particularly the section on Resources to Assess Shelters.
9. Animal Considerations: Planners should also reference Appendix 5.3: Screening and Decontaminating Service Animals and Pets, to develop plans for people arriving with animals.

mass care shelters,radiation emergency,ADA compliance,animal screening,shelter relocation

Identifying Alternate Mass Care Shelter Locations in Radiation Emergencies

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess Existing Locations: If previously established mass care shelter locations are not suitable due to their proximity to the impacted areas, identify alternate locations.
2. Consider Environmental Radiation Levels:...

alternate shelter locations,radiation control zones,shelter relocation,environmental radiation assessment

Coordinate Evacuee Decontamination and Monitoring

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Coordinating Evacuee Decontamination and Monitoring:

1. Ensure coordination among congregate care facilities and mass care operations for evacuees who have been monitored and, if necessary, decontaminated.

2. Identify a system or...

evacuee,decontamination,monitoring,registration,shelter operations

Establish Shelter Operations for Evacuees

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Establishing Shelter Operations:

1. Determine if evacuees, service animals, and pets have been monitored for contamination, decontaminated as appropriate, and registered before entering the facility.

2. Ensure that staff check...

shelter operations,evacuee,decontamination,monitoring,resource planning

Manage Congregate Care Center Operations

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Managing Congregate Care Center Operations:

1. Identify the agency or agencies responsible for managing the congregate care center.

2. Determine the capacity of the congregate care center to ensure it can accommodate the expected...

congregate care,resource management,evacuee capacity,shelter operations

Storm Preparedness (5)

Respond to Severe Storms in the UK

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor Weather Warnings:
- Use the Met Office National Severe Weather Warning Service for advance notice of storms up to 7 days ahead.
- Pay close attention to warnings about wind speeds, directions, and potential...

severe storms, wind speed, emergency supplies, power outages

Assess Ramifications of Severe Thunderstorm Outage

High Priority Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Step 1: Identify the potential effects of a thunderstorm with an electrical outage lasting between 2 (average) to 48 hours (severe).

Ramifications include:
• Food spoilage possible due to lack of refrigeration.
• **Lack of air...

thunderstorm,flooding,electrical outage,storm preparedness

Prepare for Severe Storms

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Stay safe during severe storms by following these guidelines:

• Stay indoors during a severe storm if possible.
• If outdoors, take shelter wherever you can find it.
• Learn the meanings of weather terminology and listen to daily weather...

severe storms,weather reports,shelter,outdoors,travel warning

Storm Monitoring and Preparedness Procedure

High Priority Source: US Antarctic Continental Field Manual

Purpose: Prepare for potential storms by monitoring weather patterns.

Procedure:
1. Monitor surroundings and weather patterns daily for indications of coming storms.
2. Use available tools such as barometers, wind speed meters, or...

storm monitoring, weather patterns, preparedness

Prepare for Storm-Related Infrastructure Damage

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor weather forecasts closely to anticipate storm activity.
2. Coordinate with local authorities, industry, and government to prepare for potential damage.
3. Ready engineers and other workers for deployment.
4....

storm preparation, infrastructure damage, welfare stations, backup generators, urban response, rural response

Levee Management (5)

Evacuation Plan Activation for Levee Personnel

Critical Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Coordinate evacuation with police, fire department, and first responders immediately.
2. Follow the predetermined routes.
3. Meet in predetermined locations and immediately confirm the safety of all levee personnel.

evacuation plan,police coordination,safety confirmation

Maintaining Pumping Stations During Flooding Events

Critical Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Ensure competent pumping station operators are on duty whenever it appears that an operation is imminent during flooding events, even when station operation has been automated.
2. Operators should thoroughly understand the...

pumping station operators,portable pumps,manual operation,flooding events

Continuous Patrol During High Water Events

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Patrol continuously, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week (as the situation requires), especially if there are ponding areas during high water.
2. Ensure all of the closures and gates are in place, and all maintenance is complete...

continuous patrol,high water,padlock removal,equipment inventory

Monitoring and Maintaining Debris Basins and Trash Racks

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Monitor debris basins and trash racks for sediment and accumulated debris.
2. Remove debris from trash racks at pumping stations periodically when the station is in operation.
3. As debris and sediment continue to be...

debris basins,trash racks,erosion,monitoring

Assigning a Safety Officer for Public Interaction on Levees

Standard Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. If there are many observers on the levees or at floodwalls, assign an additional person to each patrol team to act as a safety officer.
2. The patrol team is not responsible for ordering observers off the levees and...

safety officer,public interaction,evacuation plan,instruction cards

Radiation Safety (5)

Determining When It Is Safe to Go Outside After Fallout

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

The radiological team must determine when it is safe to leave the shelter:

• A person can withstand up to 6 R of radiation per day in a nuclear war context without serious ill effects.
• Once the outside radiation dose rate has fallen to...

safe exposure time, radiation levels, fallout safety

Checking Radiation Levels in Upper Bunks for Safety

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Title: Checking Radiation Levels in Upper Bunks for Safety

Procedure:
1. If using bunk beds in a shelter, check the radiation dose levels of the upper bunks.
2. Initially place all individuals on the floor until it is safe to sleep at...

radiation, bunk beds, shelter safety, preparedness

Determine Maximum Stay Time Based on Radiation Dose Rate

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Use the following guidelines to determine how long individuals can safely stay outside during radiation exposure:
- 2.00 R/hr: 3 hours/day
- 1.00 R/hr: 6 hours/day
- 0.50 R/hr: 12 hours/day
- 0.25 R/hr:...

radiation,dose rate,stay time,safety guidelines

Use of Portable Survey Instruments for Radiation Monitoring

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Ensure that portable survey instruments are equipped with earphones or speakers and a covered detector/probe.
2. The detector/probe must be covered with thin, transparent plastic wrap that fits tightly and can be easily...

radiation monitoring,portable instruments,detector probe,plastic wrap,beta radiation

Use of Portal Monitors for Radiation Monitoring

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Use portal monitors for individuals standing inside or passing through the monitoring framework.
2. The individual must remain inside or pass through the portal monitor for a specified period of time.
3. During this time,...

portal monitors,radiation integration,background radiation,detection level

Energy Infrastructure Failure (5)

Initiation of Electricity Supply Emergency Code (ESEC)

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Trigger Condition:
- The Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero will initiate the ESEC if demand disconnections continue for more than 48 hours.
2. Action by NESO:
- The National Energy System Operator...

ESEC, electricity supply emergency code, power outages, NESO, energy planning

Prioritization of Gas Supply During Infrastructure Failure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Affected Regions and Customers:
- Large industrial users will be the first to lose gas supply.
- Critical sites (e.g., hospitals, emergency services) may be prioritized for continued supply if possible.
2....

gas supply failure, prioritization, emergency services, domestic customers, energy infrastructure

Gas Infrastructure Recovery Timeline

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Initial Restoration:
- Restoration of the affected gas infrastructure could take approximately 3 months.
2. **Power Station Resumption:
- After 3 months, rolling power cuts would no longer be required as gas supplies to...

gas recovery timeline, infrastructure restoration, power station resumption, industrial gas, domestic gas

Preparation for Recovery and Sector Continuity During Gas Supply Failure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. **Key Requirements:
- Functioning telecoms networks must be in place.
- Emergency services must remain operational.
- Fuel distribution systems must continue to function.
2. **Additional Support:
- Mutual aid...

recovery preparation, telecoms, emergency services, fuel distribution, mutual aid agreements

Assumptions for Gas Supply Failure Scenario

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. **Scenario Context:
- The scenario assumes that the impacts would be greatest during a severe winter.
2. **Conditions:
- High consumer demand and low supplies from other sources are expected to exacerbate the situation.

severe winter, high demand, low supply, energy scenario assumptions

Plant Health Emergency (5)

Remove and Dispose of Infected Ash Trees

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify infected or suspect trees through surveillance and diagnostic reports.
2. Coordinate with tree-felling services to remove seriously damaged or infested ash trees promptly.
3. Ensure that removed trees are disposed of...

infected tree removal, ash tree disposal, beetle control, Forestry Commission

Apply Pesticides by Registered Spray Operators to Control Beetle Vectors

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Engage registered spray operators who are trained and licensed to apply pesticides in accordance with national regulations.
2. Select appropriate insecticides that have been approved for use against *Agrilus planipennis*...

pesticide application, beetle control, registered spray operators, Forestry Commission

Diagnose and Report Suspected Cases of Emerald Ash Borer Beetle Infestation

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Train personnel in the identification of symptoms caused by *Agrilus planipennis*, including bark splitting, D-shaped exit holes, canopy dieback, and woodpecker activity.
2. Use diagnostic tools such as DNA testing or...

emerald ash borer, beetle diagnosis, plant pest reporting, Forestry Commission

Implement Surveillance for Emerald Ash Borer Beetle Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Establish a surveillance program to monitor the spread of *Agrilus planipennis* (emerald ash borer beetle) in affected areas.
2. Conduct regular inspections of ash trees, focusing on signs of infestation such as bark...

emerald ash borer, beetle outbreak, plant pest, surveillance, Forestry Commission

Conduct Research and Development for Improved Detection and Management of Emerald Ash Borer Beetle

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Fund research initiatives aimed at improving detection methods, such as DNA testing or remote sensing technologies.
2. Support the development of biological control agents (e.g., parasitic wasps) that can help manage beetle...

emerald ash borer research, beetle management, biological control agents, Forestry Commission

Environmental Management (5)

Handling and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Antarctica

Reference Source: US Antarctic Continental Field Manual

Procedure for Handling and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Antarctica:

1. Definition of Hazardous Waste:
- Includes fuel-contaminated material, lab waste, chemical containers, aerosols, radioactive material, and any other materials deemed...

hazardous waste, ACA guidelines, McMurdo Station, waste management, environmental compliance

Preventing Introduction of Non-Native Species in Antarctica

Reference Source: US Antarctic Continental Field Manual

Procedure for Preventing the Introduction of Non-Native Species in Antarctica:

1. Prohibition on Introducing Non-Native Species:
- No non-native species of animal or plant may be introduced onto land, ice shelves, or into water in the...

non-native species, ACA permit, environmental compliance, gear cleaning

Interacting with Wildlife in Antarctica

Reference Source: US Antarctic Continental Field Manual

Procedure for Interacting with Wildlife in Antarctica:

1. Permits and Training Requirements:
- Personnel must not interfere with wildlife unless they have an ACA permit and are specifically trained for the activity being...

wildlife interaction, ACA permit, environmental compliance, animal disturbance

Proper Disposal of Human Waste and Gray Water in Antarctica

Reference Source: US Antarctic Continental Field Manual

Procedure for Proper Disposal of Human Waste and Gray Water in Antarctica:

1. Permitted Areas for Discharge:
- Releases of human waste or gray water are only permitted in accumulation zones, i.e., areas where snow and ice are...

waste management, human waste disposal, gray water, accumulation zones, McMurdo Station, pee-bottle cleaning

Submitting the Environmental End-of-Season (EOS) Report in Antarctica

Reference Source: US Antarctic Continental Field Manual

Procedure for Submitting the Environmental End-of-Season (EOS) Report in Antarctica:

1. Purpose of the EOS Report:
- To meet Antarctic Conservation Act (ACA) reporting requirements.
- Information gathered on the report is used in...

EOS report, ACA compliance, NSF reporting, environmental management

Heat Wave Analysis (5)

Combining Heat Wave Event Areas for Daily Impact Analysis

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Group event areas by day (Year, Month, Day):
- Combine all heat wave event areas that occur on the same calendar day into a single representative shape.

2. Create a unified impact area per day:
- This results in one...

event area combination, daily impact polygon, spatial intersection

Converting Heat Wave Events into Event-Day Records

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Split multi-day alerts into daily records:
- Each alert with a duration greater than one day is split into multiple records, one for each day of the event.

2. Handle events with less than 6 hours on a given day:
-...

event-day records, duration handling, daily assignment

Correcting Data Quality Issues in Heat Wave Records

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify invalid date records:
- Look for alerts where the expiration date is prior to the issue date.

2. Assign default dates when necessary:
- For such cases, use the issue date as the valid record date instead of...

data correction, invalid dates, issue date assignment

Substituting High-Resolution Shape Data for Heat Wave Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify event areas with simplified shapes:
- Use the National Weather Service Public Forecast Zone shape associated with the alert record.

2. Use county boundary data when applicable:
- If the forecast zone is for...

shape substitution, high resolution, NWS forecast zone, county boundary

Extracting Heat Wave Alerts from National Weather Service Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Filter alerts by significance code (SIG):
- Only include Warning alerts (`SIG = 'W'`) and Advisory alerts (`SIG = 'Y'`).
- Exclude Watch alerts (`SIG = 'A'`).

2. Filter alerts by phenomena type:
- Include alerts...

heat wave, alert extraction, NWS data, significance code, phenomena type

Hurricane Risk Assessment (5)

Understanding Hurricane Hazard Methodology

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Overview: This procedure outlines the methodology used to assess hurricane risks as presented by the US National Risk Index 2025.

### Definition of a Hurricane:
• A Hurricane is defined as a tropical cyclone or localized, low-pressure...

hurricane, risk assessment, wind-related risks, storm tracks, windfields

Calculate Area-Weighted Hurricane Annualized Frequency for County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the area-weighted Hurricane annualized frequency at the county level, follow these steps:

1. Gather data: Obtain the annualized frequency of Hurricane events for each individual Census block within the county.
2....

area-weighted,hurricane,county level,annualized frequency,national risk index

Determine Counties with Hurricane Occurrence Probability

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine which counties have some probability of Hurricane occurrence:

1. Generate a control table to designate counties with potential Hurricane events.
2. Buffer historical Hurricane event path polygons by an additional 100 miles.
3....

Hurricane, risk assessment, county mapping, historical data, SHELDUS

Assign Minimum Annual Hurricane Frequency to Census Blocks with Zero Historical Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

When a Census block has zero historical Hurricane events but is located in a county where Hurricanes are possible, follow these steps:

1. Verify the location: Confirm that the Census block is within a county designated as one where...

census block,hurricane,annualized frequency,risk assessment,national risk index

Calculate Expected Annual Loss for Hurricane Risk at Census Block Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Compute Exposure Metrics: Calculate the building value exposed to Hurricane occurrences in the Census block (in dollars). This includes all structures and their estimated worth.
2. Determine Annualized Frequency: Identify...

expected annual loss, hurricane risk assessment, census block calculation, natural disaster modeling

Lightning Risk Assessment (5)

Analyze Lightning Hazard Characteristics for Risk Assessment

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To analyze lightning hazard characteristics for risk assessment, follow these steps:

1. Identify Data Sources:
- Use NOAA/Vaisala NLDN Annual Lightning Climatology Data for annualized frequency.
- Use **Total...

lightning, hazard characteristics, risk assessment, NOAA, SHELDUS, Bayesian settings

Calculate Loss Ratio per Basis for a Single Lightning Strike Event

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Loss Ratio per Basis for a single lightning strike event, follow these steps:

1. Identify the loss value by consequence type (building or population) experienced from the lightning strike event-day in the county.
- This...

loss ratio, lightning strike, risk assessment, exposure calculation, building loss, population impact

Develop Bayesian Credibility Weighting Factors for Lightning Loss Ratios

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To develop Bayesian credibility weighting factors for lightning loss ratios:

1. Use the Loss Ratio per Basis Set statistics to determine how much weight each set should have in the Bayesian credibility process.
2. Apply these weighting...

bayesian credibility, lightning loss ratio, census block inheritance, risk refinement

Estimate Historical Event-Day Count for Lightning in a County

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To estimate the historical event-day count for lightning in a county:

1. Extract the historical event-day count using the intersection between Lightning polygons and Census block polygons.
2. Calculate an area-weighted count of all...

historical event-day count, lightning risk, census block intersection, SHELDUS period of record

Calculate Lightning Historic Loss Ratio

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Calculate Lightning Historic Loss Ratio:

1. Obtain Data Sources:
- Retrieve loss data from SHELDUS (Storm Hazard and Event Loss Database) at the county level for Lightning events between 1996 and 2023.
- Access Hazus 6.0...

lightning,historic loss ratio,loss data,SHELDUS,Hazus 6.0,event-day basis

Wind Events (5)

Calculate Scaled Strong Wind Event Fishnet Count

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the scaled strong wind event fishnet count, follow these steps:

1. Identify the number of Strong Wind event polygons that intersect a 49-by-49 km fishnet grid cell.
2. Multiply this count by the strong wind scaling factor...

scaled,strong,wind,event,fishnet,count,formula

Calculate Strong Wind Event Frequency at Census Tract and County Levels

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate Strong Wind event frequency at the Census tract and county levels:

1. Use historical event counts that are scaled and area-weighted for each level.
2. For a Census tract, compute the scaled, area-weighted count of...

strong,wind,event,frequency,census,tract,county,scaled,area,weighted

Calculate Strong Wind Exposure at Census Block Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate Strong Wind exposure for a Census block:

1. Consider the entire building, population, and agriculture value of the Census block as exposed to Strong Wind events.
2. Include agriculture value in the risk assessment because...

strong,wind,exposure,census,block,population,equivalence,value

Create an 80-km Buffer for Strong Wind Event Points

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Filter source data: Remove any events that:
- Occur outside the period of record
- Have wind speeds less than 50.4 knots (58 mph)
2. Project points: Use start coordinates (or end coordinates if they match start)...

strong wind, buffer creation, spatial data processing, wind event polygons

Determine Period of Record for Strong Wind Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine the period of record for Strong Wind data:

1. Identify the time range of wind speed data used in the analysis.
2. The period of record is from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2023.
3. Calculate the total number of years...

period,record,strong,wind,data,years

Cold Wave Risk Assessment (5)

Aggregate Expected Annual Loss Values at the Census Tract and County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate total expected annual loss values at the Census tract and county level, follow these steps:

### Steps:
1. Calculate the expected annual loss for each consequence type (building, population, agriculture) at the **Census...

expected annual loss, census tract, county level, aggregation, risk index

Calculate Census Block Expected Annual Loss to Cold Wave for Fatalities

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Census Block Expected Annual Loss to Cold Wave for Fatalities, follow these steps:

1. Identify the following variables:
- $\text{EAL}_{\text{fatality}}$: Baseline Expected Annual Loss fatality value due to Cold Wave for a...

To calculate the Census Block Expected Annual Loss to Cold Wave for Fatalities, follow these steps:

1. Identify the following variables:
- $\text{EAL}_{\text{fatality}}$: Baseline Expected Annual Loss fatality value due to Cold Wave for a specific Census block.
- $\text{P}_{\text{exposed}}$: Population value exposed to Cold Wave occurrences for a specific Census block.
- $\text{F}_{\text{annualized}}$: Cold Wave annualized frequency for the Census block (event-days per year).
- $\text{HLR}_{\text{Bayesian}}$: Bayesian-adjusted fatality Historic Loss Ratio for Cold Wave for the Census block.
- $\text{P}_{\text{impacted}}$: Proportion of the national total impacted people due to Cold Wave reported in the SHELDUS period of record.
- $\text{F}_{\text{national}}$: National total number of fatalities due to Cold Wave reported in the SHELDUS period of record.
- $\text{EAL}_{\text{fatality, baseline}}$: Baseline population Expected Annual Loss value attributed to the fatality consequence subtype due to Cold Wave for a specific Census block.
- $\text{F}_{\text{annualized, national}}$: Annualized national total fatalities due to Cold Wave reported in National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality data.
- $\text{EAL}_{\text{fatality, total}}$: Sum of baseline Cold Wave fatality Expected Annual Loss values across all Census blocks in the nation.
- $\text{R}_{\text{national}}$: Ratio between annualized national fatality totals from National Center for Health Statistics and the baseline Cold Wave Expected Annual Loss fatality calculation.
- $\text{EAL}_{\text{fatality, scaled}}$: Scaled population equivalence Expected Annual Loss fatality value due to Cold Wave for a specific Census block.
- $\text{V}_{\text{life}}$: Inflation adjusted value of a statistical life as measured in 2024 USD.

2. Use the following formula:
$$
\text{EAL}_{\text{fatality}} = \text{P}_{\text{exposed}} \times \text{F}_{\text{annualized}} \times \text{HLR}_{\text{Bayesian}} \times \frac{\text{P}_{\text{impacted}}}{\text{P}_{\text{national}}} \times \text{V}_{\text{life}}
$$

3. For the Cold Wave injury consequence subtype, use Equation 41 to calculate Expected Annual Loss using the Bayesian-adjusted population Historic Loss Ratio and the proportion of impacted people reported in SHELDUS associated with injuries.

Note: This calculation is based on data from the National Risk Index Technical Documentation (December 2025) and uses variables derived from SHELDUS and National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality data.

census block, cold wave, expected annual loss, fatality calculation, risk index

Calculate Cold Wave Historic Loss Ratio

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Calculate Cold Wave Historic Loss Ratio:

1. Access SHELDUS Data: Retrieve loss data from the SHELDUS database at the county level for the period 1996 through 2023.

2. Identify Relevant Event Types: Map the following...

Cold Wave,Historic Loss Ratio,SHELDUS,Freeze,Frost,Wind Chill,Risk Assessment,National Risk Index

Create Loss Ratio per Basis Sets for Bayesian Credibility Process

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To create Loss Ratio per Basis Sets for use in the Historic Loss Ratio Bayesian credibility process, follow these steps:

1. Define sets based on consequence type (agriculture, population, building), Bayesian level (county, neighbor...

loss ratio sets, bayesian credibility process, cold wave risk assessment, sheildus

Inherit Bayesian-Adjusted Historic Loss Ratio Values to Subdivisions

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To inherit the Bayesian-adjusted Historic Loss Ratio values from counties to smaller geographic subdivisions (Census blocks and Census tracts), follow these steps:

1. After calculating the final, **Bayesian-adjusted county-level Historic Loss...

bayesian adjusted loss ratio, census blocks, census tracts, risk inheritance

Dangerous Animals (4)

Identify a Bushmaster Snake

High Priority Source: Dangerous Animals

Description:

• The body hue is rather pale brown or pinkish, with a series of large bold dark brown or black blotches extending along the body.
• Its scales are extremely rough.

Characteristics:

• The World's largest pit viper has a bad...

bushmaster, identification, snake, venom, tropical forest

Identify a Coral Snake

High Priority Source: Dangerous Animals

Description:

• Beautifully marked with bright blacks, reds, and yellows.
• To identify the species, remember that when red touches yellow it is a coral snake.

Characteristics:

• Common over range, but secretive in its habits, therefore...

coral snake, identification, neurotoxic venom, residential areas

Identify a Cottonmouth Snake

High Priority Source: Dangerous Animals

Description:

• Colors are variable.
• Adults are uniformly olive brown or black.
• The young and subadults are strongly crossbanded with dark brown.

Characteristics:

• These dangerous semiaquatic snakes closely resemble harmless water...

cottonmouth, identification, hemotoxic venom, swamps

Identify an Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake

High Priority Source: Dangerous Animals

Description:

• Not explicitly detailed in the provided text.

Characteristics:

• A large venomous snake with a distinctive rattle on its tail.
• Its venom is hemotoxic and potent.
• It is known for its aggressive behavior when...

eastern diamondback rattlesnake, identification, hemotoxic venom, rattle

Water Management (4)

Constructing Main Drains with Bricks and Stones

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:

1. In soft or springy ground, lay the bottom of the drain with bricks placed across.
2. On each side of these, place two bricks flat on top of one another to form a drain six inches high and four inches wide.
3. Cover this...

main drain construction, brick and stone drains, drainage system design

Drain Lands to Remove Water Accumulation

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:

1. Identify the location of water accumulation (burst or spring).
2. Dig hollow drains to a depth sufficient for the fall/level and expected water volume.
3. Take necessary levels and clear a mouth/loading passage for the water.
4....

drain lands, water drainage, land management, soil erosion, water removal

Mr. Bayley's Method for Constructing Main Drains

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:

1. Dig main drains along the slope or fall of the field.
2. For very wet land or fields with minimal fall, two main drains per statute acre are recommended.
3. Trenches should be 30 inches wide at the top, with bottom width...

main drain construction, Mr. Bayley's method, drainage system, brick dimensions

Pit Draining Method for Water Removal

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:

1. Determine the location of the water bed using an auger.
2. Dig a pit large enough to allow a person to work comfortably inside.
3. Continue digging until reaching the water bed, which is indicated by rising water.
4. Fill the pit...

pit draining, water removal, land drainage, soil management

Lightning Safety (4)

How to Escape the Effects of Lightning During a Thunderstorm

Critical Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:

1. If caught in a thunderstorm and no shelter is available:
- Avoid taking refuge under trees, hay-stacks, pillars, walls, or hedges.
- These objects can attract lightning and increase danger.
2. Instead of seeking cover under...

lightning safety, thunderstorm survival, metal objects danger, indoor lightning precautions

Prevent Lightning Injuries During Thunderstorms

Critical Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Procedure:

1. Stay inside during thunderstorms; do not go outside unless absolutely necessary.
2. If you are indoors:
- Stay away from open doors, windows, and any metal objects (e.g., plumbing fixtures, telephones).
3....

thunderstorm safety,lightning prevention,indoor lightning protection

Seek Shelter During Outdoor Lightning Strike

High Priority Source: Family Emergency Handbook

If you are outdoors during a lightning storm:

1. Seek shelter in a building, hollow, or ditch.
2. If shelter is unavailable:
- Kneel on the ground and lean forward with your head lower than your back (but not touching the ground).
-...

lightning safety, outdoor lightning strike, shelter during storm, avoid metal objects

Stay Safe in a Vehicle During Lightning Strike

High Priority Source: Family Emergency Handbook

If you are in a vehicle during a lightning storm:

1. Stay in your vehicle.
2. DO NOT touch metal surfaces inside the vehicle.
3. DO NOT park near trees or other high objects.

vehicle lightning safety, avoid metal in car, storm driving precautions

Weather Prediction (4)

Identify Air Masses and Their Behavior

Standard Source: US Marine Corps Wilderness Medicine

Understanding air masses and their behavior is crucial for predicting weather changes.

• Air masses will not mix with another air mass of a different temperature and moisture content.
• When two different air masses collide, they form a...

air masses,fronts,anabolic wind,catabolic wind,weather prediction

Recognize and Interpret Cloud Types for Weather Forecasting

Standard Source: US Marine Corps Wilderness Medicine

Clouds are important indicators of weather changes. Here is how to recognize and interpret different cloud types:

• Cirrus clouds: Formed at very high altitudes (20,000 to 35,000 feet) from ice crystals. They appear as thin, feathery clouds...

cirrus clouds,cumulus clouds,stratus clouds,cloud types,weather forecasting

Understand Lifting and Cooling of Air for Precipitation Formation

Standard Source: US Marine Corps Wilderness Medicine

Air can be lifted and cooled beyond its saturation point in three ways:

1. Orographic uplift: This occurs when an air mass is pushed up and over higher ground, such as a mountain. Due to the adiabatic lapse rate, the air cools with...

orographic uplift,convection effects,frontal lifting,precipitation formation

Use Pressure Indicators to Predict Weather Changes

Standard Source: US Marine Corps Wilderness Medicine

Pressure changes are a key indicator of weather patterns. Here's how to use them:

• Barometer: Measures atmospheric pressure using mercury in a tube. Rising mercury indicates high pressure (good weather), while falling mercury suggests low...

barometer,altimeter,contrail lines,lenticular clouds,pressure indicators

Chemical Decontamination (4)

Decontaminate the Patient's Hood

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure for Decontaminating the Patient's Hood:

1. Prepare decon solution: Use either an IEDK or a 5 percent chlorine solution (or household bleach) to wipe down the front, sides, and top of the hood.

2. Remove the hood:
- Remove...

decon,decontaminate,hood,mask,protective gear,chemical agent

Decontaminate the Patient's Mask and Exposed Skin

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure for Decontaminating the Patient's Mask and Exposed Skin:

1. Prepare decon solution: Use an SDK or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

2. Protect mask filters: Cover the mask’s air inlets with gauze or your hands to keep the mask...

decon,decontaminate,mask,face,exposed skin,chemical agent

Remove Gross Contamination From the Patient's Protective Overgarment

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure for Removing Gross Contamination from the Patient's Protective Overgarment:

1. Use decon solution: Remove all visible contamination spots from the overgarment by using an SDK (preferred method) or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

overgarment,decon,gross contamination,SDK,chemical agent

Remove and Decontaminate the FMC (Face Mask Cover)

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure for Removing and Decontaminating the FMC:

1. Cut the FMC tie wire: Cut the patient's FMC tie wire, allowing the FMC to fall into a plastic bag.

2. Seal the plastic bag: Seal the plastic bag and rinse the outside of the bag...

FMC,face mask cover,remove,decon,plastic bag,chemical agent

Radiation Protection (4)

Prepare for an Imminent Nuclear Attack at Home

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Order of Importance:

1. Do not panic.
2. Think through the consequences of all your actions.
3. Gather your family together.
4. Turn on a television or battery powered radio (for official broadcasts).
5. **Begin taking a...

nuclear attack, home preparation, radiation fallout, emergency sheltering

Minimize Radiation Dose from Fallout by Taking Shelter

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Identify a protective structure such as a building or shelter to take cover in during fallout exposure.
2. Enter the structure immediately to reduce external radiation exposure.
3. Close all windows and doors to...

fallout, radiation exposure, sheltering, protective structure, ground shine dose

Detecting Fallout Particles

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

To detect the arrival of fallout particles:

1. Place a white plate or sheet of paper outside on the ground and check it every few minutes.
2. When fallout arrives, it will appear as a sprinkling of grit on the paper or plate.
3. At night,...

fallout detection, radiation monitoring, nuclear emergency, fallout particles

Determine Safe Radiation Dosage Levels for Humans

High Priority Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

The following table outlines the maximum average radiation dosage (r.) that various organisms can withstand:

| Organism | Maximum Average Radiation Dosage |
|---|---|
| Animals & Plants | See below |
| Pig, Dog, Cat | 300 |
| Goat | 350 |
|...

radiation dosage, human radiation tolerance, nuclear fallout, radiation safety

Emergency Response (4)

Contacting the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in an Antarctic Emergency

Critical Source: US Antarctic Field Manual

Procedure for contacting the Emergency Operations Center (EOC):

1. Identify the emergency situation: Determine if it is an injury or illness, spill, aircraft mishap, vehicle accident, loss of shelter, or any other urgent issue.
2. **Contact...

EOC, emergency contact, SAR, Antarctica, USAP, JSART

Decide to Stay or Change Location During Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

When an unexpected event occurs, take a few seconds to assess the situation and determine your next steps. Identify the type of event that has occurred and whether there is immediate danger, such as damaged buildings or downed power lines. The goal...

emergency response, stay or leave, tornado, active shooter

Implement Protective Actions for Populations in Plume Phase Exposure Pathways

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Implement precautionary protective actions, including evacuation or sheltering, for all populations within the plume and ingestion exposure pathway exclusion protection zones (EPZs). This includes individuals with access and...

protective actions,evacuation,sheltering in place,epz,plume phase,nureg-0654,fema-rep-1

Responding to Emergency Warnings

High Priority Source: Be Prepared Estonia Crisis Guide Paasteamet ERB

Procedure:

• Always take warnings seriously and follow official instructions. They are prompted by real danger.
• If you are outdoors and hear a siren, go inside and stay there.
• Follow the media and other reliable sources of information.
• If...

emergency warnings, official instructions, siren response, media sources, verification of information, be prepared app

Tsunamis (4)

Respond to Tsunami Warnings and Evacuate Immediately

Critical Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. If you are in a tsunami area and experience an earthquake:
- Protect yourself from the earthquake as outlined in the earthquake section of this guide.
2. When the shaking stops, if there are natural signs or official warnings...

tsunami warning,evacuation,higher ground,emergency alerts

Survive in Water During a Tsunami

Critical Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. If you are in the water during a tsunami:
- Grab onto something that floats (e.g., a raft, tree trunk, dislodged floating door or piece of furniture).
2. If you are in an operational boat:
- Direct it toward the approaching...

surviving tsunami,water safety,floating objects

Take Protective Measures During a Tsunami

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Ensure safety during a tsunami by taking immediate protective actions.

Procedure:
1. Monitor for warnings: Turn on your radio or use emergency alerts to stay informed about tsunami advisories, watches, and warnings.
2....

Tsunami safety, evacuation, warning signs, coastal hazards

Understand Tsunami Warning Levels

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Recognize the different levels of tsunami alerts and their implications.

Procedure:
1. Advisory: An earthquake has occurred in the Pacific basin that might generate a tsunami. This is not an immediate threat, but it indicates...

Tsunami warning levels, advisory, watch, warning

Weather Alerts (4)

Understand Weather Alerts

High Priority Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Procedure:

1. Learn the difference between a watch and a warning:
- A watch means conditions are favorable for a severe weather event to develop.
- A warning indicates that a severe weather event is imminent or already...

weather watch,weather warning,emergency alerts

Register for Heat-Health and Cold Weather Alert Systems

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the alert registration system provided by UKHSA in collaboration with the Met Office.
2. Complete the registration process to receive impact-based alerts during summer (Heat-Health Alert System) and winter (Cold...

heatwave,cold weather,alert registration,UKHSA,Met Office

Handle Changes in National Weather Service Forecast Zones Over Time

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To manage changes in forecast zone definitions over time:

1. Recognize that the National Weather Service maintains a Change History log of modifications to Public Forecast Zones since 1997.
2. Access this file from NWS or contact them directly...

forecast zone changes, NWS change history, Mesonet boundary, historical data

Understand Forecast Zone Composition and County Correlation

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To analyze the relationship between National Weather Service Public Forecast Zones and counties:

1. Use the Zone-County Correlation File, available at [https://www.weather.gov/gis/ZoneCounty](https://www.weather.gov/gis/ZoneCounty).
2. This...

forecast zone composition, county correlation, TIGER boundaries, NWS zones

Flood Safety (4)

Pump Out Flooded Basements Safely

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:
1. If your basement has flooded, pump out the water slowly, removing about one third of the water per day.
2. Avoid pumping out the basement while the surrounding ground is still saturated to prevent structural damage such...

basement flooding,pumping water,structural damage

Seek High Ground During Flooding

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

If you expect flooding, seek high ground immediately. Avoid basements and lower floors if trapped in a building. Do not climb into a closed attic as it may trap you if floodwater rises. Go onto the roof only if necessary and signal for help.

high ground, flooding, safety, attic, roof

Avoid Wading in Floodwater After a Flood

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

After a flood, avoid wading in floodwater. It may contain dangerous debris and be contaminated. Underground or downed power lines can electrically charge the water.

floodwater, contamination, debris, safety

Do Not Enter Flooded Buildings Until Authorized

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Do not enter flooded buildings until an authority figure tells you it is safe to do so.

flooded buildings, safety, authority, entry

Earthquake Recovery (4)

Management of Aftershocks After Major Earthquake

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor Seismic Activity: Continuously monitor for aftershocks following a major earthquake (magnitude 5 or higher).
2. Prepare for Disruption: Anticipate further damage and delays in recovery efforts due to potential...

aftershock management, earthquake recovery, seismic monitoring, public information

Post-Earthquake Safety and Inspection Procedures

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

After an earthquake, follow these steps:

1. Open cabinets cautiously and be aware of objects that may fall from shelves.
2. Stay away from damaged areas unless you have been specifically asked to assist by police, fire, or relief...

post-earthquake safety, tsunami warning

Restoration of Essential Services After Earthquake

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Damage: Conduct a thorough assessment of damaged infrastructure, including gas, water, electricity, and communication networks.
2. Activate Plans: Implement pre-established plans by government departments and Local...

earthquake recovery, essential services restoration, LRFs, mutual aid agreements, specialist intervention

Temporary and Permanent Rehousing After Earthquake

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Residential Properties: Evaluate residential properties for safety and habitability after an earthquake.
2. Identify Unsafe Properties: Determine which homes are unsafe or uninhabitable due to lack of access,...

temporary rehousing, permanent rehousing, earthquake recovery, infrastructure relocation

Explosions (4)

During an Explosion - Immediate Actions

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

- Get under a sturdy table or desk if things are falling around you.
• When they stop falling, leave quickly, watching for obviously weakened floors and stairways.
• As you exit from the building, be especially watchful of falling debris.
-...

explosion response, emergency evacuation, avoid elevators

Surviving While Trapped in Debris After an Explosion

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

- If possible, use a flashlight to signal your location to rescuers.
• Avoid unnecessary movement so you don’t kick up dust.
• Cover your nose and mouth with anything you have on hand. (Dense-weave cotton material can act as a good...

trapped in debris, signaling for help, breathing protection

After Exiting a Building Following an Explosion

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

- Do not stand in front of windows, glass doors, or other potentially hazardous areas.
• Move away from sidewalks or streets to be used by emergency officials or others still exiting the building.

post-explosion safety, evacuation protocol

Responding to a Telephoned Bomb Threat

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

- Get as much information from the caller as possible.
• Keep the caller on the line and record everything that is said.
• Notify the police and the building management.

bomb threat, emergency response, recording call, notify authorities

Levee Emergency Management (4)

Designate an Incident Commander for Levee Emergencies

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Identify and formally designate one individual as the Incident Commander responsible for managing all emergency response activities related to levees.
2. The Incident Commander may be a senior manager or another...

incident commander,emergency response,levee system,emergency management,nims/ics

Establish Safety Responsibilities During Levee Emergencies

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Designate a safety officer who is responsible for all employee and public safety during levee-related emergencies.
2. Ensure that the safety officer reports directly to the Incident Commander.
3. The safety officer should be...

safety officer,emergency response,safety protocols,levee system

Assign and Train Public Information Officers for Levee Emergencies

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Identify individuals to serve as Public Information Officers (PIOs) during levee-related emergencies.
2. Ensure that PIOs have experience or training in effective communication, particularly in high-stress, emergency...

public information officer,emergency communication,levee system,incident commander

Coordinate with Emergency Management Agencies Before Emergencies

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Levee owners and operators should establish relationships with State and local emergency management agencies, public safety officials, and other relevant entities before an emergency occurs.
2. Coordinate with these agencies...

emergency management,coordination,levee system,preparedness planning

Radiological Incident Preparedness (4)

Develop Dose Assessment Plans/Procedures

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Create detailed plans/procedures for dose assessment as required by Evaluation Criterion I.8.

Steps:
1. Describe personnel and equipment involved in dose assessment, including roles, responsibilities, and the types of...

dose assessment, radiological incident, EPA PAGs, FDA DILs, software documentation, field data verification

Developing and Modifying Sampling Plans for Radiological Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Establish a process for developing and modifying sampling plans:
- Ensure that the plan includes provisions for ongoing sampling throughout all three phases of a radiological incident (initial, intermediate, late).
-...

sampling plan, radiological incident, laboratory analysis, public health, contamination levels, strontium analysis

Establishing Periodic Radiological Assessments for Public Exposure

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Develop a method for periodically conducting radiological assessments of public exposure:
- Ensure that the plan includes provisions for regular and ongoing monitoring of radiation levels in areas where the public may be...

radiological assessment, public exposure, monitoring, radiation levels, protective actions

Plan for Airborne Radioactive Plume Tracking and Characterization

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Develop procedures to locate, track, and characterize airborne radioactive plumes as required by Evaluation Criterion I.9.

Steps:
1. Identify resources available for plume tracking, including:
- Federal agencies (e.g.,...

airborne plume tracking, radiological incident, peak plume measurement, background radiation comparison

Maritime Pollution (4)

Manage a Major Oil Spill Scenario

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Managing a Major Oil Spill Scenario:

1. Assume the scenario involves the spillage of 100,000 tonnes of crude oil into UK coastal waters due to causes such as vessel collision, fire, or grounding.
2. **Estimate the impact...

oil spill scenario,shoreline cleanup,fishing restrictions,vessel integrity,port access

Respond to Major Maritime Pollution Incident

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Responding to a Major Maritime Pollution Incident:

1. Assess the risk of major maritime pollution in UK waters, which may result from accidental spillage of oil from tankers or leakage from pipelines.
2. **Implement existing...

oil spill,pipeline leakage,response planning,environmental impact,monitoring

Coordinate Local Level Response to Casualty Landing

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Coordinating Local Level Response to Casualty Landing:

1. Activate local level plans to coordinate the response to provide medical assistance, decontamination, accommodation, and repatriation to people landed.
2. **Ensure...

casualty triage,decontamination,family reunification,port security,language interpretation,FCDO,border force,communications capability,casualty tracking

Manage Recovery from Shoreside Impacts

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Managing Recovery from Shoreside Impacts:

1. Initiate recovery operations in the order of days and weeks following the incident, managed through existing local level plans and recovery arrangements.
2. **Provide support to...

recovery operations,port access,vessel recovery,pollution management,community support

Communication Failure (4)

Prepare for Simultaneous Loss of All Fixed and Mobile Communication

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the risk of severe weather events (e.g., storms, flooding) that could cause a simultaneous loss of all fixed and mobile communication services in your area.
2. Ensure emergency communication systems are not reliant...

fixed and mobile communication loss, severe weather, emergency response, backup power

Respond to Simultaneous Communication Outage Caused by Severe Weather

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Activate emergency communication protocols immediately upon detecting a loss of all fixed and mobile communication services in the affected region.
2. Deploy backup generators at mobile cell sites to restore temporary...

severe weather, communication outage, emergency protocols, Ofcom guidelines

Implement Resilient Backup Systems for PNT Services

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify critical infrastructure that relies on Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services, such as transportation systems, power grids, and financial institutions.
2. Deploy resilient backup systems, including...

PNT services, backup systems, space situational awareness, communication failure

Mitigate PNT Service Disruption from Jamming or Spoofing Activities

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor for signs of jamming or spoofing activities, such as unexpected signal interference or GPS anomalies, using space situational awareness tools.
2. Implement anti-jamming and anti-spoofing technologies, including...

jamming, spoofing, PNT disruption, anti-jamming technology

Drought Management (4)

Prepare for and Respond to Severe Drought Conditions in South and East England

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Mitigate the impacts of severe droughts on water supply, economy, and environment.

Procedure:
1. Monitor weather patterns and water levels closely using systems managed by the Environment Agency (EA) and water companies.
2. In...

severe drought,response planning,national coordination

Enforce Temporary Water Usage Bans During Severe Drought Conditions

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Limit water abstraction to ensure sustainable use during severe droughts.

Procedure:
1. Monitor water levels and usage patterns through the Environment Agency (EA) and water companies.
2. In the event of a severe or emergency...

water bans,drought response,regulatory measures

Implement Water Efficiency Campaigns During Drought Conditions

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Reduce water demand during drought periods.

Procedure:
1. Launch public awareness campaigns through media, social platforms, and community outreach to educate citizens on reducing water usage.
2. Encourage the use of water-saving...

water conservation,drought management,campaigns,public awareness

Support Farmers During Drought Conditions

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Mitigate the economic and environmental impacts of drought on agriculture.

Procedure:
1. Provide financial assistance to farmers affected by drought through government grants or subsidies.
2. Offer research funding for water...

farmer support,drought relief,agricultural water use

Data Analysis (4)

Calculate Historical Occurrence Count of Strong Wind Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Create fishnet grid: Use a 49-by-49-km fishnet grid to spatially analyze Strong Wind event data.
2. Count intersections: Calculate the number of distinct Strong Wind event polygons that intersect each grid cell.
3....

historical occurrence, strong wind events, fishnet grid, scaling factor

Access and Utilize Storm Events Database for Historical Loss Data

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Locate the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Storm Events Database:
- Visit the official NCEI website to access the database.
2. Understand the Data Scope:
- The database includes historical loss...

storm events database, historical loss data, NCEI, risk assessment, natural disaster analysis

Direct Calculation of Annualized Frequency at the County Level for Specific Hazard Types

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

For a few hazard types, annualized frequency is calculated directly at the Census tract level, after which the Census block simply inherits the value from its parent Census tract (see Table 5).

• Avalanche and Inland Flooding are...

avalanche,inland flooding,county level,data analysis

Calculate Historical Drought Occurrence Count

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Compute the historical occurrence count of drought in event-days at the Census tract level.
2. Use the number of distinct drought event-week polygons that intersect a Census tract, multiplied by seven (to...

historical occurrence count, event-day calculation, census tract analysis, county-level data

Cold Wave Preparedness (4)

Determine Possibility of Cold Wave Occurrence

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Understand Local Definitions: Recognize that a Cold Wave is locally defined by each area’s Weather Forecast Office. For example, definitions may vary between Texas and New York.
2. Assess All Counties: Since Cold Waves can...

Cold Wave, local definition, Weather Forecast Office, preparedness

Understand Cold Wave Definitions and Local Criteria

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

A Cold Wave is defined as a rapid fall in temperature within 24 hours, followed by extreme low temperatures for an extended period. The specific temperature thresholds that classify an event as a Cold Wave are location-dependent and...

cold wave, temperature thresholds, national weather service, hazard modeling, mesonet data

Review Cold Wave Hazard Modeling Data Sources

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The Cold Wave hazard model uses the following key data sources:

1. Mesonet data: Used to identify impact areas based on NWS warnings and advisories.
2. SHELDUS data: Historical loss data for cold wave events, used to calculate...

hazard modeling, sheldus data, hazus 6.0, cold wave risk assessment, mortality data

Access Hazard Data Characteristics for Cold Wave Analysis

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

For a detailed understanding of the data characteristics used in Cold Wave hazard modeling, refer to Appendix B – Hazard Data Characteristics Comparison in the US National Risk Index 2025. This section provides a comprehensive overview...

hazard data characteristics, risk assessment, expected annual loss, cold wave modeling

Cold Wave Processing (4)

Convert Cold Wave Event Duration to Event-Days

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. For each Cold Wave event record with a duration greater than one day:
- Split the original alert into multiple records, one for each day of the event’s duration.
2. If an event lasts less than 6 hours on any given day:
-...

event-day conversion, duration processing, cold wave alerts

Extract Cold Wave Weather Events from Dataset

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Filter dataset records based on the following criteria:
- Valid Time Extent Code (SIG field): Only include records with SIG = ‘W’ (Warning) or SIG = ‘Y’ (Advisory).
- Phenomena type (PHENOM or TYPE field): Include...

Cold Wave, data filtering, SIG field, PHENOM field, weather alerts

Handle Data Quality Issues in Cold Wave Records

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify records where the expiration date is earlier than the issue date.
2. For these invalid records:
- Use a single record and assign it to the issue date instead of the expiration date.
3. Ensure that all Cold Wave...

data quality, invalid dates, cold wave records

Replace Low-Resolution Event Areas with Higher Resolution Shapes

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify event areas in the dataset that use simplified shapes from Mesonet data.
2. Replace these low-resolution shapes with higher resolution versions:
- Use National Weather Service Public Forecast Zone shape associated...

event areas, shape substitution, forecast zone, county boundary

Tornado Data Processing (4)

Calculate Tornado Buffer Radii for Spatial Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine buffer radius options: Use one of the following methods to calculate a buffer radius for tornado event path polygons:
- Option 1: Half of the tornado width as specified in Table 70 (converted from yards to...

buffer radii,tornado spatial processing,impact area estimation,f-scale categories

Create Additional Buffer for Annualized Frequency Estimation

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Apply 80-km buffer: Create an additional 80-km buffer around the category-buffered tornado event path polygons.
2. Intersect with fishnet grid: Intersect these buffered polygons with a 49-by-49-km fishnet grid to estimate...

80-km buffer,frequency estimation,fishnet grid,census tract analysis

Create Tornado Event Path Polygons for Spatial Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Buffer tornado paths and touchdown points: Use the selected buffer radius (from previous step) to create tornado event path polygons from both path lines and touchdown points.
2. Intersect with Census blocks: Determine...

event path polygons,census block intersection,historic loss ratio,spatial analysis

Process Tornado Spatial Data to Create Complete Geometries

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify incomplete geometries: Check the path shapefile provided by the Storm Prediction Center for tornado records with empty geometries.
2. Replace missing geometries: Replace any path records with empty geometries...

spatial data processing,tornado geometries,storm prediction center,point shapefile,path shapefile

Winter Weather (4)

Calculate Historical Occurrence Count for Winter Weather Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use area-weighted sum of distinct Winter Weather event-day polygons that intersect a Census block to compute the historical occurrence count in event-days.
2. Ensure this method uses the same **Winter Weather...

historical occurrence count, winter weather events, census block, area-weighted sum

Determine Period of Record for Winter Weather Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify that the National Weather Service (NWS) has been recording Winter Weather Warnings (WWA) since the 1990s, but automated processing was difficult until 2005.
2. Note that in 2005, the **Valid Time Extent Code...

period of record, winter weather data, nws, valid time extent code

Recognizing Delineation of Winter Weather vs Other Cold-Based Hazards

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Important Consideration:

• The data development team made several decisions regarding the delineation between what is considered Winter Weather versus other cold-based hazards.

• These decisions have been outlined in this Technical...

Winter Weather,Cold-Based Hazards,Delineation,Technical Documentation

Understanding Limitations of Winter Weather Data from NWS Warnings

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Important Consideration:

• National Weather Service (NWS) Warnings and Advisories are issued at the discretion of each individual National Weather Service Forecast Office, based on regionally determined criteria.

• This results in an...

NWS,Winter Weather,Data Limitations,Regional Criteria

Hazard Identification (3)

Identify and Assess Hazards Specific to Armed Conflicts

High Priority Source: First Aid in Armed Conflicts

Procedure:

• Hazards specific to armed conflicts or other situations of violence have warning signs.
• You must learn to pay attention to and assess what you hear and what you see.

armed conflict hazards, warning signs, hazard assessment

Identify and Distinguish Natural Hazards from Human-Caused Hazards

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Understand the difference between natural hazards and human-caused hazards.

• Natural Hazard Example: A flood caused by changes in river flows is a natural hazard.
• Human-Caused Hazard Example: A cyber-attack is considered a...

natural hazard, human-caused hazard, distinction, flood, cyber attack

Understand the Difference Between Natural Hazards and Disasters

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Recognize when a natural hazard becomes a disaster.

• Natural Hazard Definition: A threat of an event that will likely have a negative impact.
• Disaster Definition: A natural hazard becomes a disaster when it significantly...

natural hazard, disaster definition, social vulnerability, community resilience

Radiofrequency Emissions (3)

Applications of RF Radiation Emission Devices

Standard Source: Medical NBC Battlebook

Applications of RF Radiation Emission Devices

RF radiation is emitted by various devices for different purposes:

1. Information Gathering Devices: Include radar (air and ground), transponders, motion detectors, projectile tracking systems,...

RF applications, information gathering devices, radar, transponders, motion detectors, surveillance, broadcast devices, satellite communication

Components of RF Radiation Transmission Systems

Standard Source: Medical NBC Battlebook

Components of RF Radiation Transmission Systems

RF radiation requires the following components for transmission:

1. Generator: Converts electrical power into RF radiation using technologies such as oscillators or magnetrons.
-...

RF transmission, generator, oscillator, magnetron, waveguide, coaxial cable, collinear wires, antenna design, omnidirectional, directional

Understand RF Frequency Ranges and Definitions

Standard Source: Medical NBC Battlebook

Understanding RF Frequency Ranges and Definitions

1. RF Definition: The current army definition of Radiofrequency (RF) applies over the range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
2. Wavelengths: The wavelengths associated with this...

RF, radiofrequency, frequencies, electromagnetic spectrum, ELF, VLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, EHF

Avalanche Rescue (3)

Avalanche Rescue Procedures

Critical Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

If someone is buried in an avalanche, follow these steps:

1. Note the last seen location and mark it clearly.
2. Conduct a quick visual search for signs such as avalanche cord, body parts, or equipment.
3. If nothing is found, perform a...

avalanche rescue, search procedures, avalanche victim recovery

Fine Probe Technique for Avalanche Victims

Critical Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Fine Probing:

• Used as the concluding measure to almost guarantee finding the body.
• Has an essentially 100% chance of locating the body.

Steps for Fine Probing:

1. Spacing:
- Probers are spaced the same as in coarse probing:...

fine probe technique, avalanche rescue, survival procedure

Setting Up and Using Probe Lines for Avalanche Victims

Critical Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Probe Poles:

• Use rigid steel tubing approximately 3/4-inch in diameter and 10 feet long as the primary probe pole.
• Longer poles are difficult to manage, especially in high wind.
• Each person operating in avalanche areas should...

probe poles, avalanche rescue, probing lines, probe technique, survival equipment

Chemical Biological Hazards (3)

React to Chemical or Biological (C/B) Hazard/Attack

Critical Source: STP 21 1 Warrior Skills Level 1

Procedure:

Step 1: Identify the C/B hazard or unknown toxic industrial chemical automatic-masking criteria. This includes:

• A chemical alarm sounds.
• A positive reading is obtained on detector paper.
• Individuals exhibit symptoms of C/B...

chemical,biological,hazard,attack,decontamination,masking,protective,equipment,emergency,response

Evacuate Immediately During Biological or Chemical Dispersion

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. Evacuate the area immediately when an official evacuation is declared.
2. If an industrial accident, terrorist attack, or similar event occurs:
- Pay attention to broadcasts on the EAS (Emergency Alert System) via radio,...

evacuation, chemical dispersion, biological hazard, emergency alert system, PPE, gas mask, shelter in place

In-Place Sheltering During Biological or Chemical Dispersion

High Priority Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. If evacuation is not possible and you are instructed to “shelter in place”, follow these steps:
2. Choose an upstairs, interior room for sheltering (avoid basements as some chemical hazards are heavier than air and travel...

shelter in place, chemical dispersion, biological hazard, quarantine, sealing room, emergency sheltering

Emp Attack Impact On Satellites (3)

Assess Satellite Damage After an EMP Event

High Priority Source: DTRA Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack

To evaluate the damage caused by an EMP event to a satellite, follow these steps:

1. Monitor operational status:
- Check if the satellite has stopped transmitting or is experiencing intermittent operation.
- Look for signs of complete...

satellite damage,EMP event,operational status,power system,radiation effects,encoder malfunction

Identify Satellite Vulnerability Based on Orbital Parameters

High Priority Source: DTRA Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack

To assess the vulnerability of a satellite to an EMP attack, follow these steps:

1. Gather orbital parameters: Collect data on the satellite's perigee (lowest point in orbit), apogee (highest point in orbit), and inclination (angle relative to...

satellite,vulnerability,orbital parameters,EMP attack,shielding,STARFISH PRIME

Mitigate Satellite Vulnerability to EMP Attacks

High Priority Source: DTRA Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack

To reduce the risk of satellite failure due to an EMP attack, follow these steps:

1. Enhance shielding: Implement robust shielding for critical components such as transistors and solar cells.
2. Design redundancy: Incorporate redundant...

satellite shielding,EMP attack mitigation,redundancy,battery capacity,radiation-hardened components,recovery protocols

Wildfire Response (3)

Preparation During a Wildfire Threatening Your Home

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

If a wildfire threatens your home and time permits, take the following precautions:

1. Shut off gas at the meter. Only a qualified professional can safely turn the gas back on.
2. Seal attic and ground vents with pre-cut plywood or...

wildfire preparation, home safety, fire prevention, evacuation plan

Fire and Rescue Response to Wildfire

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Initial Response:
- Fire and rescue services will lead the response, including:
- Putting out the fire using high-volume pumps and urban search and rescue capabilities.
- Conducting emergency evacuations and...

wildfire response, fire evacuation, rescue operations, debris clearance, mental health services

Prepare for Interface Fire Emergencies

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Take the following precautions to protect your home during an interface fire:

• Take down flammable drapes and curtains and close all venetian blinds or noncombustible window coverings.
• Turn off all pilot lights as well as the gas valves.
-...

interface fire,emergency response,drapes,curtains,gas valves,lights,valuables,pool,pond,sprinklers

Mushroom Poisoning (3)

Identify and Avoid Emetic Russula Mushroom

High Priority Source: Boy Scout Handbook 1911

Procedure:

1. Recognize the mushroom:
- The emetic russula (Russula emetica) has a short stem, 2 to 4 inches high.
- Its cap is rosy red when young, turning dark red as it ages and fading to straw color over time.
- Gills and...

emetic russula, mushroom poisoning, identification, avoid, toxic mushroom

Identify and Avoid Toxic Mushrooms

High Priority Source: Boy Scout Handbook 1911

Procedure:

1. Recognize common toxic mushrooms:
- Emetic russula (Russula emetica): Short-stemmed, rosy red cap that fades to straw color.
- Clavaria dichotoma: White, with branches divided in pairs at each fork; slightly poisonous...

toxic mushrooms, identification, avoid, safe consumption, mushroom poisoning

Recognize and Handle Inky Coprinus Mushroom

High Priority Source: Boy Scout Handbook 1911

Procedure:

1. Identify the inky coprinus (Coprinus atramentarius):
- Cap is grayish or grayish brown, sometimes tinged with lead color.
- Diameter of cap ranges from 1 to 3 inches.
- Gills turn black as the mushroom ages,...

inky coprinus, mushroom preparation, safe consumption, identification, toxic mushrooms

Earthquake Safety (3)

Earthquake Safety Outdoors

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Take cover under sturdy objects, such as picnic tables or bus benches, and hold on until the shaking stops.
2. **Stay clear of tall buildings, brick walls, street lamps, overhead signs, hydro lines, or other falling...

outdoor earthquake safety, power line hazards, landslides

Earthquake Safety Procedures

Critical Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Objective: Stay safe during an earthquake by following proper procedures.

Procedure:
1. If in a vehicle:
- Find a clear area away from buildings, utility lines, and overpasses.
- Stop your vehicle.
- Do not get out of the...

earthquake safety,drop cover hold on,indoor safety,outdoor safety

Earthquake Safety in High-Rise Buildings

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Duck, cover, and hold on as you would in any other building.
2. Wait 60 seconds after the shaking has stopped before moving from your position.
3. Do not rush for exits or use elevators when leaving the building.
4....

high-rise earthquake safety, building evacuation, elevator safety

Floods (3)

Avoid Flood Waters and Stay Safe During Flooding

Critical Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Do not walk, swim, or drive through flood waters.
2. Avoid bridges over fast-moving water as they may be unstable.
3. If your vehicle becomes trapped in rapidly moving water:
- Stay inside the vehicle.
- If water rises...

flood safety,flood waters,vehicle trapped,roof signaling

Understand Flood Hazards and Risks

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Understanding Flood Hazards:

• Types of Floods:
- *Slow-Flooding:* Develops over days, often associated with heavy rainfall or snowmelt.
- *Flash Flooding:* Can develop in minutes with little warning, often caused by sudden intense...

flood hazards,flood risks,flash flood,overland flooding,dam failure,levee breach

Evacuate to a Pre-Identified Safe Location During Flooding

High Priority Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Identify the safe location you previously determined based on your location, flood impact severity, and warning time.
2. Proceed immediately to this safe location if advised by local authorities or emergency alerts.
3. Follow...

evacuation,flooding,safe location,emergency alerts

Tornado Sheltering (3)

Avoid Dangerous Areas During a Tornado

Critical Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Procedure:

1. Do not stay in mobile homes during a tornado; treat them as vehicles and evacuate immediately.
2. Do not attempt to outrun the tornado on foot or in a vehicle; you are unlikely to escape its path.
3. **Do not open...

mobile home safety,tornado outrunning,windows danger

Take Shelter During a Tornado in a High-Rise Building

Critical Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Procedure:

1. If you are in a high-rise building during a tornado:
- Do not use the elevator; it may become inoperable or trap you.
- Move to the central part of the building, such as stairwells, restrooms, or interior...

high-rise tornado safety,stairwell shelter,building security instructions

Take Shelter During a Tornado in a Vehicle

Critical Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Procedure:

1. If you are in a vehicle during a tornado:
- Stop immediately and get out of the car.
- Move to a safe location, such as a ditch or low-lying area, at a right angle from the tornado's path.
2. Lie down in the...

vehicle tornado safety,ditch shelter,head and chest protection

Winter Storms (3)

Respond to Winter Storms and Blizzards

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Action: Take immediate steps during a winter storm or blizzard to ensure safety.

Steps:
1. Stay indoors and avoid unnecessary travel unless absolutely necessary.
2. Keep your phone charged and have a backup power source (e.g., portable...

winter storms,blizzard survival,stranded in airport,cold exposure

Prepare for Winter Storms and Severe Weather Conditions

High Priority Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Winter weather conditions can become severe or hazardous with little or no warning.

• Severe winter weather forms include:
- Blizzards: A combination of falling, drifting snow and high winds with visibility less than one km and...

winter storm preparation, severe weather conditions, blizzard definition, ice storm dangers

Understand Winter Storm Terminology

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Purpose: Recognize winter storm hazards and their implications.

Procedure:
1. Identify Freezing Rain: Understand that freezing rain is rain that freezes upon contact with surfaces, creating a layer of ice on roads, walkways, trees, and...

winter storm terminology, freezing rain, sleet, blizzard warning, frost freeze warning

Thunderstorms Lightning (3)

Avoid Dangerous Locations During Thunderstorms

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

- Avoid natural lightning rods such as a tall, isolated tree in an open area.

• Avoid hilltops, open fields, the beach, or a boat on the water.

• Avoid isolated sheds or other small structures in open areas.

• **Avoid anything...

dangerous locations, thunderstorm safety, lightning rods, avoid metal

Prepare for Thunderstorms by Taking Precautions

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

- Postpone outdoor activities if a thunderstorm is likely in your area.

• Get inside a home, building, or hard-top automobile (not a convertible). Although you may be injured if lightning strikes your car, you are much safer inside a...

thunderstorm, lightning, safety, precautions, outdoor activities, secure objects, unplug appliances

Seek Shelter in Different Environments During Thunderstorms

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

|If you are:|Then:|
|---|---|
|In a forest|Seek shelter in a low area under a thick growth of small trees.|
|In an open area|Go to a low place such as a ravine or valley. Be alert for flash floods.|
|On open water|Get to land and find shelter...

seek shelter, thunderstorm safety, lightning strike, low area

Terrorism (3)

Responding to a Malicious Rail Incident

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Responding to a Malicious Rail Incident

1. Immediate Response by Emergency Services:
- Deploy specialist emergency response teams, including police and fire services, to the scene of the incident.
- Ensure that all...

rail incident, terrorist attack, emergency response, medical care, recovery, security measures

Respond to a Malicious Maritime Incident

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Overview: A malicious maritime incident involves a terrorist attack on a vessel in or near UK waters. This could result in casualties, structural damage, and potentially the sinking of the vessel.

Steps to Respond:
1. **Activate Passenger...

malicious maritime incident, terrorist attack on vessel, evacuation protocols, HM Coastguard, VOTU, mental health support

Respond to an Explosion at Work

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Immediately seek shelter behind a sturdy object or in a doorway if possible.
2. Protect your head and neck with whatever is available (e.g., helmet, backpack).
3. Stay away from windows and glass to avoid injury from...

explosion,workplace,shelter,emergency,response

Radiological Emergencies (3)

Perform Radiological Analyses for Protective Action Decision-Making

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Collect samples: Gather environmental, food, and drinking water samples from affected areas.
2. Transport samples: Ensure samples are transported securely to the laboratory under conditions that prevent contamination or...

radiological analysis, protective action decision-making, environmental sampling, drinking water testing, food testing

Understand the Types of Ionizing Radiation and Their Hazards

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

There are three basic types of ionizing radiation that can pose a radiological hazard during an unexpected release at a nuclear power plant (NPP):

1. Alpha radiation:
- Comes from the ejection of alpha particles, which consist of two...

alpha,beta,gamma,radiation types,hazards

Distinguish Between Radiation Exposure and Contamination

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Understanding the difference between radiation exposure and contamination is critical for effective response during a radiological emergency.

• Direct radiation exposure occurs when a person is exposed to ionizing radiation, such as from a...

radiation exposure,contamination,differentiation,radiological emergency

Evacuation Planning (3)

Determine Appropriate Protective Action Based on Evacuation Time Estimate (ETE)

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Select the most appropriate protective action based on ETE data.

Procedure:
1. Assess ETE for the population:
- For areas within 0 to 2 miles:
- If the 90% ETE is 2 hours or less, immediate evacuation is...

evacuation time estimate, ETE, protective action, shelter-in-place, staged evacuation, wind persistence, site meteorology

Identify and Protect Residents with Access and Functional Needs

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify residents who would have difficulty implementing protective actions without assistance, such as:
- Individuals with access and functional needs
- Transportation-dependent residents
- Those in special...

access and functional needs,plume exposure pathway,evacuation planning,transportation-dependent residents,special facilities

Incorporate Latest ETE Analysis into Emergency Plans

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

To meet the intent of Evaluation Criterion J.8.b, ORO plans/procedures must include:

1. A reference or summary of the latest ETE (Evacuation Time Estimate) analysis used for evacuation planning.
2. Time estimates for...

ETE,evacuation planning,emergency plan,protective action recommendations,protective action decisions

Radiation Decontamination (3)

Decontamination Capabilities at Reception Centers

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure reception centers are equipped with necessary decontamination tools.

Procedure:
1. Provide the following minimum decontamination capabilities at all reception centers:
- Sinks and showers with soap and water
- A...

reception center, decontamination equipment, radiation emergency

Decontamination Methods for Equipment and Vehicles

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Provide effective methods for decontaminating equipment and vehicles.

Procedure:
1. Use vacuum cleaners with high-efficiency particle filters to remove contaminants from surfaces.
2. Scrub contaminated areas with soap and...

equipment decontamination, vehicle cleaning, radiation emergency

Decontamination of Individuals, Vehicles, Service Animals, and Pets

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure proper decontamination procedures for individuals, vehicles, service animals, and pets.

Procedure:
1. Implement quality health physics practices aligned with the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principle.
2....

decontamination, radiation, emergency response, service animals, pets, ALARA principle

Target Areas (3)

Identify Primary Targets in Rhode Island

Standard Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:
1. Identify the primary target areas in Rhode Island:
- There are no primary targets listed for Rhode Island.
2. Identify the secondary target areas in Rhode Island:
- Newport
- Quonset Point
3. Identify the...

Rhode Island,targets,secondary,tertiary

Identify Primary Targets in South Dakota

Standard Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:
1. Identify the primary target areas in South Dakota:
- Grand Forks Air Force Base complex (Minuteman missiles, including the entire area within a line connecting Wahalla, Grand Forks, Tower City, Valley City, Devil's Lake,...

South Dakota,targets,primary,secondary,tertiary

Identify Primary Targets in Texas

Standard Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:
1. Identify the primary target areas in Texas:
- Amarillo Air Force Base
- Dyess Air Force Base at Abilene (heavy bombers)
- Bergstrom Air Force Base at Austin
- Sheppard Air Force Base at Wichita Falls
- Carswell...

Texas,targets,primary,secondary,tertiary

Wildlife Identification (3)

Identify Gray Wolf by Physical Characteristics

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Observe the animal's tail position:
- Gray wolves carry their tails straight out.
- Coyotes hold their tails at a downward angle.
- Domestic dogs curve their tails upward.
2. Note the **size...

gray wolf, identification, wildlife, physical characteristics, tail position

Identify Kit Fox by Physical Characteristics

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Look for size and weight: Kit foxes weigh between 3 to 5 pounds.
2. Observe body length and tail: They are 24 to 31 inches long, with a 9 to 12-inch tail.
3. Check for coloration: Yellowish above, lighter...

kit fox, identification, wildlife, physical characteristics, habitat

Identify Marten by Physical Characteristics and Behavior

Reference Source: Student manual 2005

Procedure:

1. Look for physical features:
- Small, weasel-like body.
- Coloration: Light to dark brown with a bushy tail and orange throat.
- Weight: Ranges from 1 to 3.5 pounds, with males being larger than...

marten, identification, wildlife, physical characteristics, behavior

Cyber Security (3)

Implementing Recovery Plans for Cyber Attacks on Infrastructure

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Patching Vulnerabilities: Apply patches to address known security vulnerabilities in systems.
2. Implement Security Controls: Introduce additional security measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and...

recovery plans,cyber attacks,patching,vulnerabilities,security controls,data remediation

Update Cyber Attack Scenario for Health and Social Care System

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current scenario description for cyber attacks targeting the health and social care system in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Incorporate new information based on recent incidents, particularly those...

cyber attack, health and social care system, scenario update, NSRA, NRR

Update Cyber Attack Scenario for Transport Sector

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current scenario description for cyber attacks targeting the transport sector in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Incorporate new information based on recent incidents and threat intelligence.
3. **Revise...

cyber attack, transport sector, scenario update, NSRA, NRR

Energy Security (3)

Update Likelihood Score for Disruption to Global Oil Trade Routes

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current risk assessment for disruption to global oil trade routes in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Reassess the likelihood score based on updated threat intelligence and risk analysis from the NSRA.
3....

disruption, global oil trade routes, likelihood score update, NSRA, NRR

Update Scenario for Disruption of Russian Gas Supplies to Europe

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current scenario description for disruption of Russian gas supplies to Europe in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Incorporate new information based on recent geopolitical developments and energy market...

disruption, Russian gas supplies, Europe, scenario update, NSRA, NRR

Update Scenario for Failure of Gas Supply Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current scenario description for failure of gas supply infrastructure in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Incorporate new information based on recent incidents and risk assessments.
3. **Revise the scenario...

failure, gas supply infrastructure, scenario update, NSRA, NRR

Flooding (3)

Check Long Term Flood Risk and Sign Up for Warnings

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:
1. Research your area’s long-term flood risk using official resources or local government websites.
2. If you live in a high-risk area, sign up for flood and weather warnings through official channels (e.g.,...

flood risk, flood warnings, preparedness

Understanding Inland Flooding Hazards

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Inland Flooding occurs when streams and rivers exceed the capacity of their natural or constructed channels to accommodate water flow, causing water to overflow the banks and spill into adjacent low-lying, dry land (fluvial flooding). It can...

inland flooding, fluvial flooding, pluvial flooding, risk assessment, building risk, population risk, agriculture risk

Understand Limitations of Inland Flooding Risk Assessment Methodology

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Important Considerations for Using Inland Flooding Risk Data:

• The Geospatial Flood Risk Assessment loss rates are based on an assumed building type: slab-on-grade, single-family home, with a replacement cost value of $250,000.
• This...

inland flooding, flood risk assessment, limitations, building type, loss rates

Terrorism Recovery (3)

Manage Public Outrage Following High-Profile Terrorism Incidents

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Mitigate public outrage and community tensions following the assassination of a high-profile public figure.

Procedure:
1. Immediate Communication: Issue clear, factual statements from government officials to address the...

public outrage management, community tensions, terrorism response, high-profile incident

Plan for Psychological Impact of High-Profile Terrorism Attacks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Prepare for the psychological impact on society following an assassination of a high-profile public figure.

Procedure:
1. Scenario Planning: Develop response plans that account for the large-scale psychological impact and...

psychological impact, terrorism preparedness, public awareness, trauma response

Provide Long-Term Support for Victims of Terrorism-Related Trauma

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Ensure long-term psychological and physical support for individuals affected by terrorism-related trauma.

Procedure:
1. Assess Needs: Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the mental and physical health needs of all impacted...

mental health support, terrorism recovery, victim support, long-term trauma care

Cbnr Incidents (3)

Initial Operational Response for CBRN Incidents

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate lifesaving actions by emergency services:
- Provide immediate medical care to those in need.
- Ensure the safety of the public and first responders.
- Minimise preventable deaths and harm in smaller-scale...

initial response, cbrn incident, emergency services, decontamination

Specialist Operational Response for CBRN Incidents

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Arrival of specialist CBRN response teams:
- Arrive at the scene to manage the hazard and provide further lifesaving actions.
- Use appropriate CBRN kit and equipment to ensure safety.

2. **Mass decontamination...

specialist response, cbrn decontamination, medical treatment

Recovery from CBRN Incidents

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess long-term environmental impact:
- Evaluate the extent of contamination and potential for long-term hazards.
- Determine if decontamination of land, property, or infrastructure is required.

2. **Support affected...

recovery, cbrn incident, environmental impact, mental health

Cyber Attack Infrastructure (3)

Cyber Attack on Electricity Infrastructure Response Procedure

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Impact of Cyber Attack:
- A malicious cyber attack on a critical electricity system could lead to an instantaneous and total failure of the National Electricity Transmission System (NETS).
- All consumers...

cyber attack, electricity grid failure, backup generators, winter demand, critical utilities

Implement Emergency Gas Supply Prioritization During Cyber Attack

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Managing Gas Supply During a Cyber Attack on Critical Infrastructure

1. Identify and isolate affected systems: Immediately assess the scope of the cyber attack to determine which parts of the gas transmission system are...

gas supply,cyber attack,priority domestic users,rolling power cuts,emergency protocols

Prepare for Recovery After Cyber Attack on Gas Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Post-Cyber Attack Recovery of Gas and Electricity Systems

1. Assess damage: Conduct a thorough assessment of the cyber attack's impact on gas transmission systems and electricity generation infrastructure.
2. **Restore gas...

recovery,gas infrastructure,cyber attack,electricity restoration,domestic users

Cyber Attack (3)

Respond to Ransomware Attack in Health and Care IT Estate

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

### Procedure

Steps to Respond to a Ransomware Attack in Healthcare Systems:
1. Isolate affected systems immediately to prevent the ransomware from spreading further across the network.
2. **Activate the Cyber Incident Response Retainer...

ransomware,cyber attack,healthcare IT,national risk register,NHS response,CIRR,offline services,data loss,recovery plan

Assessing and Mitigating Cybersecurity Risks in Telecommunications Networks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Assessing and Mitigating Cybersecurity Risks in Telecommunications Networks

1. Identify Critical Infrastructure Components:
- Identify all components of the telecommunications network, including fixed-line communications,...

telecommunications,cyber attack,network security,risk assessment,incident response

Responding to a Cyber Attack on Civil Nuclear Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Response:
- Initiate a controlled shutdown of the affected civil nuclear generating site as a protective measure.
- Ensure that all safety and security protocols are followed during the shutdown process.

2....

cyber attack,civil nuclear infrastructure,response capability,nuclear power,emergency shutdown,power grid

Systems Failure (3)

Activate DHSC MPF Contingency Plan for Insolvency of Critical Service Supplier

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the insolvency event: Confirm that a major supplier of critical services (e.g., IT, banking, medical sterilisation) has entered insolvency.
2. Trigger activation of DHSC MPF Contingency Plan: This plan is designed...

insolvency,critical services,contingency plan,DHSC,public sector

Coordinate Response to Insolvency of Critical Service Supplier

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the impact: Determine which critical services are affected by the insolvency (e.g., IT systems, emergency communication systems, immigration processes).
2. Engage with local authorities: Ensure that local...

insolvency,critical services,coordination,response plan

Mitigate Impact of Insolvency on Critical Services

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Implement recovery measures: Ensure that government departments and other customers have reasonable recovery measures in place to reduce the impact of service loss.
2. Assess secondary risks: Monitor for potential...

insolvency,critical services,risk mitigation,strategic consequences

Pipeline Accidents (3)

Response to Accidental Fire or Explosion at Onshore Major Accident Hazard Pipeline (MAHP)

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Overview:
In the event of an accidental fire or explosion at a MAHP located near an urban area, immediate and coordinated emergency response is essential. The incident could result in casualties, fatalities, building damage, and require...

fire response, pipeline explosion, emergency services, evacuation, medical treatment, recovery planning

Emergency Plan Preparation for Onshore Major Accident Hazard Pipelines (MAHP)

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Overview:
Operators of onshore major accident hazard pipelines (MAHP) must prepare emergency plans in accordance with the Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996. These plans should be developed in collaboration with local authorities and...

emergency plan, pipeline accident, MAHP, Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996, evacuation, fire, explosion

Emergency Response Plan for Onshore Fuel Pipeline Accidents

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Actions Following an Incident:
- Activate the pipeline operator's emergency response plan.
- Isolate the affected section of the pipeline as quickly as possible to prevent further fuel release.
- Notify...

onshore fuel pipeline accident, emergency response plan, evacuation, decontamination, health support, recovery planning

Surface Water Flooding (3)

Coordinate Response to Surface Water Flooding Events

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Activate local flood management strategies: Lead Local Flood Authorities (LLFAs) must implement their local flood risk management plans in response to surface water flooding events.
2. Engage multi-agency collaboration:...

flood response, local flood authorities, multi-agency collaboration, mobile pumps, sandbags, infrastructure monitoring

Prepare for Surface Water Flooding in Urban Areas

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess flood risk: Identify areas within your community or home that are prone to surface water flooding, especially those with poor drainage systems.
2. Stay informed: Monitor weather forecasts and local alerts from the...

surface water flooding, urban areas, emergency plan, evacuation, flood barriers, sandbags, preparedness

Recover from Surface Water Flooding Events

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess damage: Conduct a thorough inspection of homes and businesses to identify the extent of flood-related damage, including structural issues and contaminated areas.
2. Document all losses: Take photographs or videos of...

flood recovery, damage assessment, disinfection, utility restoration, financial assistance, mental health support

Plant Health Outbreaks (3)

Implement Surveillance and Control Measures for Xylella Fastidiosa Outbreaks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Conduct surveillance in areas with 3 to 5 plant nurseries, focusing on plants and plant products that may be infected or contaminated.
2. Identify and isolate infected plants immediately upon detection of Xylella...

Xylella fastidiosa,surveillance,eradication,herbicides,insecticides,economic impact

Plan for High-Impact Xylella Fastidiosa Outbreaks in Large Nurseries

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess nursery locations that are highly susceptible to Xylella fastidiosa, such as those growing olive or rosemary.
2. Develop a contingency plan for large-scale eradication efforts if an outbreak occurs in areas with...

Xylella fastidiosa,large nurseries,high impact,outbreak contingency,laboratory accreditation

Prepare Specialist Staff for Xylella Fastidiosa Outbreak Response

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assemble a multidisciplinary team consisting of:
- Vets
- Wildlife experts
- Marksmen
- Licensed slaughterers
- Carcass disposal logistics experts
- Carcass transport personnel
- Rendering and incineration...

Xylella fastidiosa,plant pest,outbreak response,specialist staff,PPE,laboratory capacity

Industrial Action (3)

Preparing for Industrial Action in Critical Services

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Preparation Requirements:

• Duty Under the Civil Contingencies Act (2004): Certain organisations are legally required to have plans in place to maintain key services during significant workplace absences, including strikes.
-...

critical services, service continuity, preparation for strikes, civil contingencies act

Assessing Sector-Specific Risks of Industrial Action

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Key Assumptions and Risk Factors:

• Sector Variability: The impact and likelihood of industrial action vary across sectors in both the public and private domains, reflecting the industrial relations landscape.
• Increased Risk Factors:...

sector-specific risks, industrial relations, economic pressures, engagement framework

Understanding Legal Conditions for Industrial Action in the UK

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Legal Conditions for Industrial Action:

1. Trade Dispute: There must be a trade dispute between the union and the direct employer.
2. Notification of Ballot Intent: The union must notify the employer of its intention to ballot for...

industrial action, legal conditions, trade union, strike, work to rule

Data Sources (3)

Determine Urban-Rural Classification of Counties for Hazard Event Analysis

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the National Center for Health Statistics’ UrbanRural Classification Scheme for Counties to classify counties based on their urban or rural designation.
2. Apply this classification to hazard events occurring within...

urbanrural classification,county designation,hazard event analysis,natural disaster,data source

Use SHELDUS Data for Historical Hazard Event Loss Documentation

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the Spatial Hazard Event and Loss Database for the United States (SHELDUS) to retrieve historical data on hazard events and associated losses.
2. Extract relevant information, including event details, loss values,...

sheldus,hazard event loss documentation,natural disaster,data source,risk assessment

Utilize Storm Events Database for Tornado and Inland Flood Hazard Analysis

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the National Center for Environmental Information Storm Events Database to obtain detailed records of tornado and inland flood events.
2. Extract relevant data, including event dates, locations, intensity levels,...

storm events database,tornado,inland flood,hazard analysis,natural disaster,data source

Hail Risk Assessment (3)

Access and Analyze Historical Hail Event Records from the Storm Prediction Center

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To access historical hail event records and analyze them for risk assessment:

1. Visit the Warning Coordination Meteorologist’s website provided by the National Weather Service (NWS) to download CSV files containing hail event data.
2. **Review...

hail event records, storm prediction center, hail impact areas, expected annual loss, risk modeling

Interpret Hail Data from the Storm Prediction Center’s CSV Files

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To interpret hail data from the Storm Prediction Center’s CSV files:

1. Understand the structure of the dataset as outlined in Table 38 and Figure 40 of the National Risk Index Technical Documentation.
2. Identify key columns in the...

storm prediction center csv files, hail size data, property loss, crop loss, spatial analysis

Hail Hazard Data Collection and Analysis Procedure

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Collect and analyze hail hazard data for risk assessment.

Steps:
1. Data Sources: Use the following sources:
- Annualized Frequency: NOAA, SPC Severe Weather Database (1986-2023)
- Exposure Extent: Total county/census...

hail hazard, data collection, risk assessment, NOAA, SHELDUS, Bayesian settings

Hurricane Data (3)

Accessing HURDAT2 Best Track Data Archive

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To access the HURDAT2 Best Track Data Archive, visit the official website of the National Hurricane Center (NHC) under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The dataset contains comprehensive information on Atlantic...

HURDAT2,Best Track Data,National Hurricane Center,NOAA,hurricanes,data access

Accessing Tropical Cyclone Reports from NHC

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To access the National Hurricane Center's (NHC) Tropical Cyclone Reports, visit the official website of the NHC under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These reports contain:

• Synoptic history of each tropical...

Tropical Cyclone Reports,NHC,NOAA,hurricane data,shapefiles

Understanding HURDAT2 Dataset Structure

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Sample data from the HURDAT2 dataset includes the following fields:

• DateObs: Date and time of observation (e.g., Oct. 01, 2016 6:00 AM)
• Basin: Geographic region where the storm occurred (e.g., AL for Atlantic)
• HurricaneNumber:...

HURDAT2 dataset structure,hurricane data fields,National Hurricane Center,NOAA

Flooding Risk Assessment (3)

Aggregate Agriculture Value Exposed to Inland Flooding at County Level

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Agricultural Assets: Determine the agricultural value for each Census block that is exposed to inland flooding.
2. Sum Agricultural Values: Calculate the total agricultural value for each Census block by summing...

agriculture value, county level, inland flooding, risk assessment, economic impact

Aggregate Population Equivalence Value Exposed to Inland Flooding at County Level

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Population Equivalents: Determine the population equivalence value for each Census block that is exposed to inland flooding.
2. Sum Population Equivalents: Calculate the total population equivalence value for each...

population equivalence, county level, inland flooding, risk assessment, social impact

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Inland Flooding at County Level

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access Data Source: Retrieve the National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database Inland Flooding events for the specific county.
2. Count Eventdays: Count the number of unique days within the period of...

annualized frequency, inland flooding, risk assessment, county level, census tracts, census blocks

Lightning (3)

Extract Lightning Climatology Data from NetCDF Files

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) files containing gridded annual Lightning climatology data.
2. Extract the following data fields from each entry in the file:
- Latitude and longitude values
- Cloud-to-ground...

lightning, climatology, netcdf, data processing, buffering, spatial analysis

Intersect Lightning Data with Census Block Polygons for Exposure Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the gridded polygon dataset containing lightning climatology data (mean percent days per year and cloud-to-ground flash thresholds).
2. Retrieve the Census-block polygons for the geographic region of interest.
3....

census block, exposure analysis, lightning data intersection, spatial analysis, risk modeling

Prepare Lightning Hazard Data for Risk Modeling

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain the gridded polygon dataset containing mean percent days per year and cloud-to-ground flash thresholds.
2. Ensure that the data corresponds to the correct geographic region:
- For the Continental United States,...

lightning, hazard modeling, annualized frequency, spatial data, risk assessment

Volcanic Ashfall (3)

Create and Refine Ashfall Susceptibility Map

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To create and refine an ashfall susceptibility map:

1. Merge all individual volcano buffers into a single polygon to represent the overall ashfall susceptibility area.
2. Smooth the outer edges of the merged polygon using a **75km...

susceptibility map,buffer merging,map refinement,national volcanic threat layer,figure 109

Determine Ashfall Exposure Using Buffer Methodology

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To determine ashfall exposure using a buffer methodology:

1. Use wind rose data at elevations between 0 to 5 km above each volcano to identify prevailing wind direction and speed.
2. Apply a minimum buffer of 100km around the volcano based...

ashfall,buffer method,wind rose data,volcano exposure,national volcanic threat layer,susceptibility area

Identify Historical Ashfall Losses in SHELDUS Database

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To identify historical ashfall losses relevant to the buffer methodology:

1. Access the SHELDUS database and search for counties that have experienced historical ashfall losses.
2. **Cross-reference these counties with the generated ashfall...

sheLDUS,ashfall loss,historical data,bufffer extension,volcano mapping

Volcanic Risk Assessment (3)

Calculate Building Value Exposure to Volcanic Activity per Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To calculate the building value exposure to volcanic activity for a specific census block, use the following formula:

$$\text{Building Value Exposure} = \sum (\text{Intersected Area of Volcano Polygons}) \times \text{Developed Area...

building exposure, volcanic activity, census block, risk assessment, natural disaster

Calculate Population Equivalence Value Exposure to Volcanic Activity per Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To calculate the population equivalence value exposure to volcanic activity for a specific census block, use the following formula:

$$\text{Population Equivalence Value Exposure} = \sum (\text{Intersected Area of Volcano Polygons})...

population exposure, volcanic activity, census block, risk assessment, natural disaster

Compute Expected Annual Loss Score for a Community Based on Volcanic Activity

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Calculate the Total Expected Annual Loss (TEAL) for the community, which includes both building and population equivalence losses due to volcanic activity.
2. **Compare this TEAL value with all other communities at the same...

expected annual loss score, percentile ranking, volcanic activity, risk assessment

Winter Weather Risk Assessment (3)

Aggregate Winter Weather Exposure at Census Tract Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Building Values: Determine the building value exposed to Winter Weather event-days in a specific Census tract (in dollars). This is calculated by summing the values of all buildings within each Census block that are...

census tract,winter weather exposure,building value,population equivalence,agriculture value

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Winter Weather Events at Census Block Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Collect Data: Gather the number of recorded Winter Weather occurrences, measured in event-days, over a period of record (19.0 years).
2. Determine Event-Days: Identify and count each distinct Winter Weather event-day...

annualized frequency,winter weather,event-days,census block,expected annual loss

Winter Weather Hazard Modeling Overview

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Purpose: To understand the methodology used in modeling winter weather hazards as outlined by the US National Risk Index 2025.

Data Sources and Methodology:
1. Mesonet Data Usage: The Winter Weather hazard modeling uses Mesonet data to...

winter weather modeling, mesonet data, sheldus data, hazus exposure values, risk assessment winter weather

Ecology Environment (2)

Recognize the Impact of Introduced Species on Ecosystems

Standard Source: the ten bushcraft books

Procedure:

1. Understand how introduced species can disrupt ecosystems: For example:
- *Red clover* was introduced to New Zealand and supported a specific type of bee.
- This bee's hive attracted field mice, which in turn led to an...

invasive species,introduced species,ecological impact

Understand the Balance of Nature and Its Importance

Standard Source: the ten bushcraft books

Procedure:

1. Recognize that nature maintains a balance: Over time, ecosystems have reached an equilibrium between different forms of life.
2. Example of balance:
- *Grass-eating animals* would overpopulate if not for the presence of...

balance of nature,ecosystem,disruption,conservation

Plants (2)

Identify Poison Oak

Standard Source: The Complete Outdoorsmans Handbook

Procedure:

1. Look for plants with thick, small leaves that are rounded at the ends, not pointed.
2. Check for a triple-leaflet formation, though occasionally there may be five leaflets.
3. Note that the **outline of the leaves...

poison oak, identification, plants, outdoors, survival

Identify Stinging Nettle

Standard Source: The Complete Outdoorsmans Handbook

Procedure:

1. Look for a bushy plant with coarsely toothed leaves.
2. Check for stiff bristles on the leaves that cause a stinging sensation upon contact.
3. Note the height of the plant, which ranges from **six to thirty...

stinging nettle, identification, plants, outdoors, survival

Pyrotechnics (2)

Making Gun-cotton

Reference Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Ingredients: Clean cotton wool.

Steps:
1. Soak in acid mixture: Immerse the clean cotton wool in a mixture of equal parts of the strongest nitric and sulphuric acids.
2. Cool: Allow the mixture to cool for one minute.
3. **Wash...

gun-cotton,nitric acid,sulphuric acid,cotton wool,washing,drying,collodion

Making Gunpowder

Reference Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Ingredients:
• 75 parts refined nitre
• 10 parts sulphur
• 15 parts best refined willow charcoal

Steps:
1. Powder each ingredient separately: Ensure that each component is finely powdered.
2. Mix with water: Combine the...

gunpowder,nitre,sulphur,charcoal,mortar,rod,drying,polishing

Bushfire Survival (2)

Bushfire Survival: Immediate Action

Critical Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

• Take immediate action to leave an area as soon as you become aware of a fire.
• Every minute may be critical, especially if on foot.

bushfire survival, immediate action, fire escape

Bushfire Survival: Avoiding Panic

Critical Source: Aids to Survival

Procedure:

• Avoid panic as it causes energy loss and poor judgement.
• Act calmly and do not run.

panic, bushfire survival, calm response

Resource Management (2)

Critical Infrastructure and Supply Chain Depletion During PI Events

Critical Source: Mass Casualty Planning and Burial

Procedure:

1. Local jurisdictions must rely on local resources during PI events due to compromised national infrastructure.
2. Expect limited availability of essential supplies such as water, food, gasoline, and medical equipment.
3. Be...

infrastructure failure, supply chain depletion, just-in-time inventory, resource management, mass casualty event

Define and Apply the Concept of Utilitarian Value

Standard Source: Student manual 2005

Definition: Someone who believes that a value of a thing or animal depends on its usefulness.

Action Steps:
1. Evaluate the utility of natural resources, animals, or objects based on their practical applications.
2. Make decisions regarding...

utilitarian, resource management, value assessment, ethics

Biological Attack (2)

Recognize Clues Indicating a Biological Attack

High Priority Source: FM 21 76 1 Survival Evasion and Recovery Multiservice Procedures

Procedure:

1. Be alert for the following signs that may indicate a biological attack:
- (1) Enemy aircraft dropping objects or spraying.
- (2) Breakable containers or unusual bombs, particularly those bursting with little or no...

biological attack, signs of biological attack, enemy aircraft, muffled explosions, smoke mist

Survival Tips for Biological Conditions

High Priority Source: FM 21 76 1 Survival Evasion and Recovery Multiservice Procedures

Procedure:

1. (1) Keep your body and living area clean.
2. (2) Stay alert for clues of biological attack.
3. (3) Keep nose, mouth, and skin covered.
4. (4) Keep food and water protected. Bottled or canned foods are safe if...

survival tips, biological conditions, shelter construction, water safety, food protection

Desert Operations (2)

Manage Water Shortages in Desert Decontamination Operations

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Assess water availability: Determine the quantity of available water for decontamination operations.
2. Use nonwater-based decontaminants: When water is scarce, use natural solvents as an alternative to STB slurry and DS2...

water shortage, desert decon, STB slurry, DS2, contamination avoidance, field-expedient covers

Utilize Weathering for Natural Decontamination in the Desert

Standard Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Leverage high temperatures: Use desert heat to increase evaporation of liquid contamination, which can reduce vapor concentrations.
2. Monitor environmental conditions:
- High daytime temperatures may lead to rapid...

weathering, desert decon, evaporation, sandstorms, sunlight, chemical agents

Nuclear Threats (2)

Understanding Nuclear Weapons Effects

Critical Source: FM 5 103 Survivability

Nuclear weapons effects are classified as residual and initial.

• Residual effects, such as fallout, are primarily of long-term concern but may seriously alter operational plans in the immediate battle area.
• Initial effects occur...

nuclear weapons effects, blast, thermal radiation, nuclear radiation, electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

Understanding the Range and Impact of EMP from Nuclear Weapons

Critical Source: FM 5 103 Survivability

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) damages electrical and electronic equipment.

• It occurs at distances where other nuclear weapons effects produce little or no damage.
• It lasts for less than a second after the burst.
• For a 10-kiloton surface...

EMP effects, nuclear weapons, electrical damage, high-altitude burst

Human Remains Recovery (2)

Gather and Package Human Remains and Personal Effects

High Priority Source: STP 21 1 Army Warrior Skills Level 1 Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks

Procedure for Gathering and Packaging Human Remains and Personal Effects

1. Collect all portions of human remains, including dental appliances, teeth, and loose articles.
- Place each item in a separate container.
- Write a sequential...

human remains recovery, packaging human remains, personal effects, DD Form 567, weapon unloading, evacuation

Search for and Locate Human Remains

High Priority Source: STP 21 1 Army Warrior Skills Level 1 Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks

Procedure for Searching for and Locating Human Remains

1. Perform the search during daylight hours only, with other team members.
2. Question local inhabitants to gain information relevant to the loss using DD Form 1074 or a blank...

search for human remains, daylight search, local inhabitants, DD Form 1074, marking location

Communication Planning (2)

Establish Public Information Approval Chain for Nuclear Detonation Response

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Determine a public information approval chain within your organization. This should include key decision-makers who will be responsible for approving messages before they are disseminated to the public.

2. **Exercise the...

public information, approval chain, nuclear detonation, communication plan, message review, emergency preparedness

Incorporate Radiation Specialists in Communications Plan for Nuclear Detonation Response

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Anticipate technical support from radiation specialists. Ensure that radiation experts are included in the development and execution of your communications plan.

2. **Train personnel across all response positions in effective...

radiation specialists, communication plan, nuclear detonation, message review, training, emergency response

Public Alerting (2)

Implementing Public Alerting and Warning Systems in Nuclear Detonation Planning

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Use Multiple Systems and Platforms:
- Ensure that public alerting, warning, and notification (AWN) messages are delivered through multiple systems and platforms to guarantee clarity and trustworthiness.
- This includes...

public alerting,nuclear detonation,emergency support function,esf-15,response fiop,nria,federal interagency planning

Presidential to Public Alert (Pre-Detonation Scenario)

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. NAWAS Activation by President:
- A warning of an attack is delivered via a NAWAS (National Alert Warning and Advisory System) announcement from the FEMA Operations Center (FOC) or FEMA Alternate Operations Center...

presidential alert,emergency alert system,nawas,response fiop,fema operations center,pep conference

Mass Fatality Management (2)

Mass Fatality Management of Incidents Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Establish fatality management strategies: Coordinate with key agencies to develop a comprehensive plan for managing mass fatalities.
2. Mobilize FSLTT resources: Deploy Federal-State-Local-Tribal-Territorial (FSLTT)...

mass fatalities, WMD incidents, FSLTT resources, contaminated remains, ME/C coordination

Standard Operating Procedures for Mass Fatality Management

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Scene responsibilities: Assign roles and responsibilities to personnel involved in managing mass fatalities at the incident site.
2. Establish incident morgues: Set up temporary morgue facilities to handle remains...

mass fatality management, incident morgues, family assistance centers, identification procedures, death certification

Tsunami Response (2)

Evacuate to Higher Ground During a Tsunami

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

If you are on land near the ocean and receive a tsunami warning:

• Leave immediately for higher ground that is at least 15 metres (49 ft.) above sea level.

• Be aware that waves may be forced up to higher ground by the pressure of subsequent...

evacuation, higher ground, tsunami response

Follow Official Instructions During a Tsunami

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

During a tsunami:

• Listen to the radio for instructions from emergency officials.

• Wait for the “all clear” signal before returning to affected areas.

• Never attempt to watch or approach a tsunami, as waves are extremely dangerous and move...

radio instructions, all clear signal, tsunami safety

Wildfire Prevention (2)

Clear Yard for Fire Prevention

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Protect your property from fire by clearing flammable materials:

• Remove fallen needles, branches, and long grass that could cause a fire to spread to neighboring trees.
• Prune low-level branches up to at least 2.5 metres (8 ft.) above...

yard,cleaning,fire prevention,clearing,branches,grass,mulch,combustible items,slope,fire-safe materials

Wildfire Prevention and Risk Management Planning

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Risk Assessment:
- Fire and Rescue Authorities (FRAs) must conduct Integrated Risk Management Plans (IRMPs) to identify local wildfire risks.
2. Equipment Procurement:
- Based on IRMPs, FRAs should procure...

wildfire prevention, risk management plan, fire safety campaigns, equipment procurement, stakeholder roles

Thunderstorm Preparedness (2)

Take Shelter During a Thunderstorm

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:
1. Immediately seek shelter in a building or a depressed area such as a ditch or culvert.
2. Avoid approaching trees, especially those standing alone.
3. If you are swimming or in a boat, get to shore as quickly as possible.

thunderstorm, shelter, safety, ditch, culvert, trees, boat, shore

Prepare for Thunderstorms and Lightning

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Stay informed about weather conditions by monitoring NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio, or television.
2. Familiarize yourself with the following terms:
- *Severe Thunderstorm Watch*: Indicates that severe...

thunderstorms, lightning safety, severe thunderstorm watch, flash flooding, storm preparedness

Blizzard Preparedness (2)

Prepare for Blizzards and Extreme Cold

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand blizzard risks:
- Blizzards are common in northern states and can last several days, with digging out taking weeks.
- Severe cold snaps increase the risk of exposure, asphyxiation from tightly closed homes,...

blizzard, cold snap, preparedness, heating fuel, emergency kit

Surviving a Blizzard or Snowstorm

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Take shelter wherever possible. Visibility can be virtually zero and you may easily lose your way.
2. If travel during a blizzard is necessary:
- Do so during the day only.
- Inform someone of your **route and...

blizzard,snowstorm,shelter,vehicle,stranded,warmth,hazard lights,distress flag,exhaust pipe,battery conservation,body heat

Volcanic Eruption (2)

Understand the Effects of a Volcanic Eruption

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Recognize that volcanic eruptions can produce:
- Volcanic ash: This can suffocate plants and animals, collapse buildings, and choke machinery.
- Lahars (volcanic mudflows): These are fast-moving slurries of volcanic...

lahar,volcanic ash,effects of eruption,flood risk,natural disaster

Identify Active Volcanoes in British Columbia

Standard Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. Recognize that several volcanoes in British Columbia are considered active (but currently dormant), including:
- Garibaldi
- Cayley
- Meager (in the Whistler area)
- Nazko
- Kostal
- Tseax
- Lava Fork
-...

volcano,british columbia,mount baker,active volcanoes,natural disaster

Hurricanes Typhoons (2)

Evacuate Immediately During Hurricane/Typhoon

High Priority Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. If told to evacuate during a hurricane or typhoon, do so immediately.
2. Follow posted evacuation routes as directed by local authorities.
3. Listen for current emergency information and instructions through the Emergency Alert...

evacuation,hurricane,typhoon,emergency alerts

Shelter During High Winds from Hurricane/Typhoon

High Priority Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. If sheltering during high winds from a hurricane or typhoon:
- Go to a storm shelter if available.
- If no storm shelter is available, go to a small, interior, windowless room or hallway on the lowest floor that is not...

sheltering,hurricane,typhoon,windows

Hurricane Evacuation (2)

Evacuation Guidelines During a Hurricane

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

You should evacuate during a hurricane under the following conditions:

• If local authorities direct you to do so, and follow their instructions.
• If you live in a mobile home or temporary structure, as these are particularly hazardous...

evacuation criteria, hurricane safety, mobile homes, high-rise buildings, coastal areas, floodplain

Evacuate Immediately When Told to Do So

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

If told to evacuate, do so immediately.

Steps:
1. Do not drive around barricades.
2. Follow the evacuation route you have previously identified.
3. Ensure all family members, including pets, are accounted for and prepared to leave...

evacuation, hurricane, emergency response, barricades, preparedness

Pandemics (2)

Prevent the Spread of Pandemics

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Understand how viruses spread and take precautions to avoid exposure.
2. Wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after being in public places, blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing.
3....

hand hygiene, social distancing, pandemic prevention

Protect Yourself During a Pandemic

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Wear a cloth face covering that covers your mouth and nose when going out in public.
2. Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces daily, including tables, doorknobs, light switches, countertops, handles, desks,...

face covering, surface disinfection, pandemic safety

Volcano Preparedness (2)

Prepare for Volcanic Eruption Evacuation

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Learn about community warning systems and evacuation plans.
2. Sign up for the USGS Volcano Notification Service (VNS) to receive alerts.
3. Follow evacuation orders immediately if issued by authorities to avoid flying...

volcano, evacuation, volcanic ash, N95 respirator, shelter, preparedness

Understanding Volcanic Hazards and Safety

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

When dealing with volcanic hazards, it is important to understand the risks associated with volcanic activity:

1. Lava flows can destroy everything in their path but typically move slowly enough for people to escape.
2. Volcanic ash is...

volcanic hazards, volcanic ash, lava flows, volcano safety, emergency alerts

Flooding Preparedness (2)

Understand Flood Warnings and Watches

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Recognize flood warnings and watches to take appropriate action.

Steps:
1. Familiarize yourself with the following terms and their meanings:
- Flood Watch: Flooding is possible. Tune in to NOAA Weather Radio,...

flood warning understanding,flood watch recognition,flash flood response,NOAA Weather Radio use

Assess Personal Risk for Flooding

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Determine if you are at risk for flooding.

Steps:
1. Review local flood maps provided by your community or the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to identify if your property is located in a floodplain or high-risk...

flood risk assessment,flooding hazard identification,flood map review,topography analysis,historical flood data

Flood Recovery (2)

Recovery Operations Following Reservoir/Dam Collapse

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Conduct a thorough assessment of the damage to infrastructure, including motorways, energy systems, and buildings.

2. Begin long-term repairs to damaged infrastructure with prioritization based on criticality (e.g.,...

reservoir,dam,flood recovery,infrastructure repair,mental health support,economic impact

Post-Flood Safety and Recovery Procedures

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

• Listen for news reports to learn whether the community’s water supply is safe to drink.
• Avoid floodwaters, as they may be contaminated by oil, gasoline, or raw sewage. Water may also be electrically charged from...

flood recovery, water safety, sanitation, building inspection

Landslide Response (2)

Respond During a Landslide or Debris Flow

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Respond During a Landslide or Debris Flow:

• Move away from the path of a landslide or debris flow as quickly as possible.
• If escape is not possible, curl into a tight ball and protect your head to minimize injury from falling debris.

landslide,response,debris flow,safety during landslide

Recognize and Respond to Landslide Warning Signs

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Recognize landslide warning signs:

Warning signs include:
• New cracks in the ground or building foundations.
• Soaked ground.
• Soil moving away from foundations.
• Changes in stream water levels.
• Tilting objects indoors (such as...

landslide warning signs, evacuation, safety response, debris flow

Landslides (2)

Identify Potential Causes of Increased Landslides

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Understand factors contributing to the projected increase in landslides.

Procedure:
1. Review environmental changes such as increased rainfall, deforestation, and urban development that can destabilize slopes.
2. Consider climate...

Landslide causes, environmental changes, climate change, deforestation

Understand Landslide Hazard Data Sources and Limitations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Landslide Hazard Data Overview:

• The Landslide hazard incorporates:
- The 2024 U.S. Geological Survey National Landslide Susceptibility Layer.
- The **2025 U.S. Geological Survey United States county-level landslide frequency...

landslide hazard, data sources, puerto rico, susceptibility layer, frequency data

Wildfire Evacuation (2)

Evacuation During a Wildfire

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

If advised to evacuate during a wildfire, follow these steps:

1. Do so immediately.
2. Choose a route that is away from the fire hazard.
3. Watch for changes in the speed and direction of the fire and smoke as you travel.

evacuation plan, wildfire escape route, fire safety

Evacuation Plan for Wildfires in Chaparral Areas

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Identify evacuation routes: Ensure there is a clear and accessible road leading away from your home, especially if located on a hillside or in a canyon.
2. Prepare an emergency kit: Include essential items such as water,...

evacuation,wildfire,emergency plan,chaparral,fire safety

Wildfire Recovery (2)

Post-Wildfire Recovery Actions

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

After a wildfire, follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster as outlined in Part 5 of this guide.

• This includes steps such as assessing damage, contacting emergency services, and beginning cleanup.
• Ensure that all fire...

post-fire recovery, disaster cleanup, wildfire aftermath

Wildfire Recovery and Environmental Impact Mitigation

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Recovery Planning:
- Rebuilding efforts may take several years.
- Residents may require temporary accommodation for an extended period.
2. Health Monitoring:
- Monitor and address long-lasting impacts on physical...

wildfire recovery, environmental impact, peat fire mitigation, infrastructure repair, ecosystem restoration

Biological Threats (2)

Responding to a Biological Attack

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. Recognize the threat: Understand that biological agents are organisms or toxins that can cause illness in people, livestock, and crops.

2. Stay informed: If government officials warn of a biological attack through an...

biological agents, quarantine, biological attack, medical help, preparedness

Protect Against Biological Threats

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Overview:
Biological agents are organisms or toxins that can kill or incapacitate people, livestock, and crops. The three basic groups of biological agents that would likely be used as weapons are bacteria, viruses, and...

biological threats, bacteria, viruses, toxins, anthrax spores, aerosols, food contamination, water contamination, CDC resources

Radiation Hazard (2)

Understand Radiological Dispersion Devices (RDDs)

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

What is an RDD?

• An RDD, also known as a “dirty bomb,” combines a conventional explosive device with radioactive material.
• It is designed to scatter dangerous and sub-lethal amounts of radioactive material over a general area.

**Why Are...

RDD, dirty bomb, radiation hazard, terrorist attack, nuclear threat

Return to Your Home Safely After a Disaster

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Steps to Return to Your Home Safely:

1. Monitor official communications:
- Keep listening to the radio and television for news about what to do, where to go, and places to avoid.

2. Avoid hazardous areas:
- Stay away from damaged...

return home, radiation hazard, HAZMAT, disaster recovery, emergency communication

Levee Emergency Preparedness (2)

Develop an Emergency Preparedness Plan for Levee Systems

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Assign responsibility: Designate a specific person to coordinate the development, training, maintenance, exercise, and updating of the emergency preparedness plan.
2. Plan activation criteria: Include clear guidance on...

emergency preparedness plan,levee systems,incident management,public communication

Implement Incident Command System (ICS) Structure for Levee Emergencies

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Establish the Incident Commander: Assign an individual to take charge of all incident management activities.
2. Define Operations Section: Create a section responsible for directing field response efforts and managing...

incident command system,ics,nims,emergency management structure

Radiological Incident Cleanup (2)

Identify Organizations Responsible for Offsite Cleanup Operations

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify the appropriate local, state, tribal, or Federal organization(s) responsible for cleanup operations offsite.
2. Ensure that plans/procedures specify:
- The organization(s) with primary responsibility for...

offsite cleanup, radiological incident cleanup, responsible organizations, federal guidance

Plan for Early and Ongoing Cleanup Efforts During Radiological Incidents

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Plan for early cleanup efforts, which may begin as early as the intermediate phase of a radiological incident.
2. Ensure that these efforts continue through the late phase, including:
- Remediation of radioactive materials...

early cleanup, radiological incident cleanup, remediation procedures, federal guidance

Emergency Operations Planning (2)

Implement Hostile Action-Based (HAB) Scenario in NPP Exercises

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure the Hostile Action-Based (HAB) scenario element is integrated into emergency preparedness exercises at a nuclear power plant (NPP) site.

Procedure:
1. Utilize HAB Scenario Element: The HAB scenario must be included in...

hostile action-based scenario,nuclear power plant exercise planning,radiological emergency preparedness,offsite resource integration

Implement Rapid Escalation Scenario in NPP Exercises

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure the rapid escalation scenario element is integrated into emergency preparedness exercises at a nuclear power plant (NPP) site.

Procedure:
1. Utilize Rapid Escalation Scenario Element: The rapid escalation scenario must...

rapid escalation scenario,nuclear power plant exercise planning,radiological emergency preparedness,site area emergency

Radiological Emergency Response (2)

Operational Check of Monitoring Instruments and Equipment

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure that all monitoring instruments and equipment are functional and calibrated for accurate radiological readings.

Steps:
1. Identify the types of monitoring instruments and equipment available, such as Geiger counters,...

instrument calibration, radiation monitoring equipment, background readings, check source verification

Set-Up Operations for Evacuee Reception Center

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Ensure the facility is set up and operational with appropriate measures to monitor, decontaminate, register, and shelter evacuees.

Steps:
1. Set up the reception center facility ensuring it includes:
- Route markings for...

reception center setup, contamination control, decontamination procedures, radiological monitoring, evacuee registration

Registration Process (2)

Ensure Clean and Controlled Registration Area

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Ensuring a Clean and Controlled Registration Area:

1. Ensure that access to the clean registration area is controlled adequately.

2. Implement measures such as:
- Physical barriers or checkpoints
- Security personnel at...

clean registration,controlled access,security measures

Register Evacuees After Decontamination and Monitoring

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure for Registering Evacuees:

1. Establish a clear process to register evacuees after they have completed the monitoring and decontamination process.

2. Ensure that each registration record contains:
- The individual’s name
-...

evacuee registration,monitoring records,decontamination process

Emergency Response Assessment (2)

Conduct a Preliminary Capabilities Assessment (PCA) Following an Incident Near an NPP

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Purpose: To obtain a prompt assessment of offsite emergency preparedness immediately following an incident.

Procedure:
1. Triggering Event: A natural or man-made disaster occurs at, or near, a nuclear power plant (NPP), with no or...

preliminary capabilities assessment, pca, disaster initiated review, dir, nuclear power plant, emergency response infrastructure

Perform a Disaster Initiated Review (DIR) Following an Incident Near an NPP

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Purpose: To formally determine the offsite emergency response infrastructure and capabilities to effectively implement approved emergency plans.

Procedure:
1. Triggering Event: A natural or man-made disaster occurs at, or near, a...

disaster initiated review, dir, nuclear power plant, emergency response infrastructure, nrc regulation

Evacuation Procedures (2)

Evacuate When Directed by Authorities

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:
1. If emergency responders or local authorities instruct you to evacuate, do so immediately for your safety and the safety of others.
2. Do not delay or refuse to evacuate, as this can put your life at risk and may endanger...

evacuate, authority instruction, safety

Understand the Concept of a Shadow Evacuation During Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Shadow evacuation is a voluntary evacuation of people from areas surrounding an officially declared evacuation zone in the absence of an official directing an evacuation in that area.

Key points:
• This action may occur when individuals...

shadow evacuation,voluntary evacuation,emergency management

Heatwave Preparedness (2)

Prepare for Heat Waves and Extreme Heat

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand heat wave risks:
- Heat waves can cause heat strokes, heat exhaustion, heart attacks, and increase the risk of violent crime.
- Electrical systems are strained due to high demand from air conditioning...

heat wave, extreme heat, preparedness, cooling system, emergency kit

Responding to a Heatwave Scenario

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Responding to a Heatwave Scenario

1. Monitor Weather Forecasts: Use the Met Office National Severe Weather Warning Service to stay informed about extreme heat events up to 7 days in advance.

2. Prepare for Health Impacts:...

heatwave,response,preparedness,health_impacts,AWHP,Met_Office

Tornado Preparation (2)

Prepare for Tornadoes and Severe Storms

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Action: Take steps to prepare for tornadoes and severe storms.

Steps:
1. Identify a safe room or basement in your home where you can take shelter during a tornado warning.
2. Keep an emergency kit in the safe room with food, water,...

tornado survival,tornado preparedness,severe storms

Mitigate Damage from Wind-Propelled Debris in Tornadoes

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Tornado wind-propelled debris, such as 2 x 4s or sheet metal, can cause significant damage at speeds of 50–250 mph.

### Steps to Mitigate Risk:
1. Reinforce building structures: Ensure foundations, floors, walls, and roofs are tied together...

wind debris,tornado safety,building reinforcement,shutters,pressure relief

Nuclear Preparedness (2)

Nuclear Disaster and Warfare

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

• In the event of a nuclear disaster or warfare:
- Seek shelter immediately, preferably in a basement or underground location.
- Stay indoors for at least 24 hours after the explosion, if advised by authorities.
- Close...

nuclear disaster, radiation, shelter, preparedness, emergency response

What to Do After a Nuclear Attack

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

• Stay inside until authorities declare it safe to leave.
• Monitor official communication channels for updates and instructions.
• Avoid consuming food, water, or medications that may have been contaminated.
• If you must go...

nuclear attack, decontamination, radiation, medical response, preparedness

Radiation Fallout (2)

Determine Fallout Vectors Based on Wind Speed and Location

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Identify your location from the list provided in the table.
2. Determine the wind speed (in mph) relevant to your situation.
3. Locate the corresponding angle range for your location and wind speed in the table.
4. Use this...

fallout vectors, wind speed, radiation, location, fallout direction

Estimate Dose Contours for a 10 Megaton Nuclear Explosion

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Identify the wind speed (in mph) and cumulative dose level (R) you are interested in.
2. Locate the corresponding row in Table 18 that matches your wind speed and cumulative dose.
3. Use the values for downwind distance...

dose contours, radiation, nuclear explosion, wind speed, fallout area

Conflict Resolution (2)

Implement Preventive Diplomacy for Conflict Resolution

Standard Source: sotf the pact for the future

Procedure:

1. Reaffirm Commitment to International Law: Ensure compliance with the Charter of the United Nations and its purposes and principles, including obligations under international law.

2. **Take Collective Measures for Peace and...

diplomacy,dispute resolution,international law,peaceful settlement,confidence-building,UN Secretary-General

Uphold International Court of Justice Mandate

Standard Source: sotf the pact for the future

Procedure:

1. Recognize the Role of the ICJ: Acknowledge the positive contribution of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, in adjudicating disputes among States.

2. **Comply with...

international court of justice,dispute resolution,compliance,international law

Emergency Alerts (2)

Respond to Air Raid Warning Siren

Critical Source: Sweden In Case of Crisis or War

Procedure:

1. When you hear the air raid warning siren:
- The siren consists of short bursts that sound for 1 minute.
2. Immediately seek a civil defence shelter or another protective place.
3. Choose the **nearest available...

air raid, siren, civil defence shelter, protective place, Sweden

Recognize and Respond to Emergency Alarm Siren

High Priority Source: Sweden In Case of Crisis or War

Procedure:

1. When you hear the emergency alarm siren:
- The siren sounds for 30 seconds, followed by 15 seconds of silence.
- This pattern is repeated for a total of 5 minutes.
2. Immediately listen to **Sveriges Radio,...

emergency alarm, siren, Sweden, public broadcaster, P4, military service, civil service

Animal Health Risk (2)

Update Impact Score for Animal Disease: Major Outbreak of African Swine Fever

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current risk assessment for a major outbreak of African swine fever in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Reassess the impact score based on updated threat intelligence and risk analysis from the NSRA.
3....

African swine fever, impact score update, NSRA, NRR

Update Variations for Animal Disease: Major Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current scenario description for a major outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Incorporate new information based on recent outbreaks and disease surveillance...

avian influenza, variations update, NSRA, NRR

Aviation Emergency (2)

Immediate Response to Aircraft Crash with Casualties

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Immediate Response to Aircraft Crash with Casualties:

1. Activate Emergency Services:
- Immediately contact emergency services (police, fire, ambulance) using 999.
- Provide precise location of the crash site and number...

aircraft crash, emergency response, decontamination, casualty management, mutual aid

Recovery from Aircraft Crash in Populated Area

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Recovery from Aircraft Crash in Populated Area:

1. Assess Damage and Casualties:
- Conduct a thorough assessment of the crash site to determine extent of damage, number of fatalities, and injuries.
2. **Relocate Residents...

recovery plan, relocation, rebuilding, public relations, media management

Infrastructure Recovery (2)

Electrical Infrastructure Recovery Procedure After Conventional Attack

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Initial Response:
- The network operator will reconfigure their system to stabilize the grid.
- Most customers will be reconnected on a staggered basis within 24 hours.

2. Extended Recovery for Widespread Damage:
...

power outage, infrastructure recovery, conventional attack, grid stabilization, mutual aid agreements

Provide Operational Infrastructure Support

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the damage to critical infrastructure (e.g., power grids, water supply systems, transportation networks) in the affected area.
2. Deploy engineering teams and equipment to restore essential services as quickly as...

infrastructure recovery,natural disaster,operational support

Telecommunications Infrastructure (2)

Responding to Total Loss of Transatlantic Telecommunications Cables

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the Damage: Determine the extent and location of cable damage.
2. Coordinate with Cable Operators: Establish communication with cable operators to prioritize repairs based on government, sector, or social...

transatlantic cables,total loss,recovery,response,cable repair

Managing Variations in Transatlantic Cable Damage Scenarios

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the Cause of Damage: Determine if damage is due to underwater landslides, cyber attacks, or other causes.
2. Assess Impact on Connectivity: Evaluate how much connectivity has been lost and which systems are most...

cable damage,variations,response,cyber attack,underwater landslide

Energy Supply Disruption (2)

Mitigate Economic Impact of Disrupted Global Oil Trade Routes

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor Global Oil Market Trends: Continuously track oil prices and trade route disruptions due to geopolitical events, war, or political instability.

2. Assess Economic Vulnerability: Identify sectors most affected by...

oil trade disruption, economic impact, energy diversification, trade route security, price stabilization

Prepare for Potential Gas Price Volatility Due to Disruption of Russian Gas Supplies

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor Energy Market Trends: Continuously track gas prices and supply chain updates, especially during the heating season (October - May).

2. Assess Vulnerability: Identify households and businesses most at risk from...

gas supply disruption, energy prices, vulnerability assessment, support measures, LNG capacity

Maritime Accidents (2)

Managing a Large Passenger Vessel Accident Scenario

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Response to Vessel Sinking:
- Activate UK search and rescue protocols immediately upon confirmation of the vessel sinking.
2. Evacuation and Rescue Operations:
- Coordinate with maritime authorities to...

vessel sinking, evacuation, rescue operations, humanitarian aid, salvage operations, environmental damage

Handling Variations in Large Passenger Vessel Accident Scenarios

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Scenario Assessment for Blended Incidents:
- Identify if the incident involves additional factors such as severe weather, partial abandonment, or significant pollution.
2. Adjust Incident Management Plans:
- Modify...

blended incidents, pollution mitigation, resource allocation, extended recovery, communication

Oil Spill Response (2)

Coordinating Salvage and Pollution Response for Vessel Incidents

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Activate the Secretary of State’s Representative (SOSREP):
- SOSREP will oversee all recovery operations developed by vessel owners and any appointed salvors.
2. Collaborate with relevant agencies:
- Work closely...

salvage operations, pollution response, SOSREP coordination, environmental impact assessment

Responding to a Vessel Grounding with Oil Spill Near Populated Area

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the situation:
- Determine the location, size of the spill, and potential impact on populated areas.
- Identify whether the vessel is still operational or has sunk.
2. Deploy response teams:
- Activate the...

vessel grounding, oil spill response, environmental cleanup, maritime accident, wildlife conservation

Recovery Operations (2)

Debris Clearance and Infrastructure Rebuilding After Major Collision

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Damage: Structural engineers and builders must inspect the area to evaluate the extent of damage caused by fallen debris.
2. Evacuation Measures: Implement residential and commercial evacuations as necessary during...

debris clearance, infrastructure rebuilding, recovery operations, emergency response, collision aftermath

Plan for Long-Term Recovery After Coastal Flooding

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize that a major recovery operation is required after significant flooding.
2. The recovery process will involve:
- Economic impacts (e.g., loss of income, business disruption)
- Environmental impacts (e.g., damage...

flood recovery,long-term recovery,mental health,infrastructure repair

Space Debris (2)

Prepare for Loss of Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) Services

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Critical Dependencies on PNT Services:
- Conduct a thorough assessment to identify which sectors rely heavily on PNT services, such as telecommunications, transport navigation, financial systems, energy networks,...

PNT services, GNSS failure, backup systems, emergency response protocols, risk assessment, recovery mechanisms

Prepare for Disruption of Space-Based Services Due to Debris Collision

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Impact on Critical National Infrastructure (CNI):
- Identify which CNI systems rely on space-based services such as communications, financial market infrastructure, emergency services, and transport.
- Evaluate...

debris collision, space-based services, backup systems, space situational awareness, national space operations centre, recovery measures

Electricity Failure (2)

Plan for Regional Electricity Network Recovery

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. In the immediate aftermath of a regional electricity failure:
- Reconnect small pockets of consumers with intermittent power supply.
2. Within a few days, aim to reconnect a significant proportion of demand to...

power restoration, electricity failure, emergency planning, infrastructure recovery

Prepare for Electricity Network Failure Response

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Ensure that resilient communications systems are in place to support coordination during a regional electricity failure.
2. Maintain and prepare emergency services, including power restoration teams, to respond effectively...

electricity failure, power outage, emergency response, fuel distribution, recovery plan

Storm Recovery (2)

Recovery from Storm and Environmental Damage

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Recovery After a Storm Event

1. Assess Immediate Impact: Determine the extent of damage caused by the storm, including destruction to trees, habitats, and infrastructure.

2. Restore Power and Communications: Prioritize...

storm_recovery,environmental_damage,long_term_impact,power_restoration

Restore Power After Storm Damage

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Reconnect most customers (domestic and business) on a staggered basis within hours of the storm.
2. Prioritize reconnection efforts in urban areas due to higher population density and infrastructure dependence.
3....

power restoration, storm recovery, infrastructure repair, remote area response

Technological Failure (2)

Respond to Technological Failure at a UK Critical Financial Market Infrastructure (FMI)

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the failure: Recognize signs of technological failure in a critical financial market infrastructure (FMI), such as system outages, inability to process transactions, or communication breakdowns.

2. Assess impact:...

financial market infrastructure, technological failure, FMI outage, financial stability, response framework

Respond to Technological Failure at a Systemically Important Retail Bank

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Full procedure content in Markdown. Use bold for emphasis, numbered lists for steps, bullet points for details. Be thorough - include all actionable information from the source text.

bank failure, technological systems failure, financial services outage, banking recovery, customer communication, fraud mitigation

Biological Risk (2)

Response to Accidental Release of Hazardous Pathogen in a Laboratory

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Overview:
In the event of an accidental release of a hazardous pathogen from a laboratory, immediate and coordinated emergency response is essential. The incident could result in exposure to personnel, require isolation protocols, and...

pathogen release, laboratory accident, decontamination, medical response, isolation protocols

Emergency Plan Preparation for Hazardous Pathogen Release in Laboratories

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Overview:
Operators of laboratories handling hazardous pathogens must prepare emergency plans to mitigate the risk of accidental release. These plans should be developed in accordance with UK regulatory requirements and include:

**Steps to...

hazardous pathogen, laboratory safety, emergency plan, decontamination, medical response

Cold Weather Preparedness (2)

Prepare for Prolonged Cold Weather and Snowfall Events

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess your home’s heating system to ensure it is functional and capable of handling prolonged cold weather.
2. Stockpile essential supplies, including food, water, medications, and blankets, sufficient for at least 7...

cold weather,snowfall,vulnerable individuals,emergency kit,heating system

Prepare for Severe Snow/Cold Events with Advance Warning

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Prepare for severe snow/cold events using advance warnings.

Procedure:
1. Monitor the Met Office National Severe Weather Warning Service, which provides warnings up to 7 days ahead of severe weather affecting the UK.
2. Use...

severe snow,cold weather,advance warning,preparedness,natural disaster

Invasive Species Management (2)

Implement Chemical Trunk Injections for Ash Trees

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify valuable ash trees that require protection from the beetle.
2. Administer chemical trunk injections as a long-term management option to reduce the impact of the beetle.
3. Ensure that the injection is performed by...

ash tree, beetle control, chemical injection, tree protection

Release Biological Control Agents for Beetle Infestation

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify areas with high beetle infestation that are not suitable for chemical treatment.
2. Release biological control agents, such as parasitic wasps or other natural predators of the beetle, in targeted locations.
3....

biological control, beetle management, parasitic wasps, ecological balance

Data Processing (2)

Define Agriculture Loss for Historic Loss Ratio Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the source of agriculture loss data, which is either SHELDUS or National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).

2. Report damage to crops and livestock caused by a hazard occurrence in inflation-adjusted...

agriculture loss, historic loss ratio, SHELDUS, NCEI, crop damage, livestock damage

Format Loss Records for Historic Loss Ratio Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Pre-process and reformat source loss data to ensure consistency and compatibility with the Historic Loss Ratio calculations.

2. Expand per-basis records as needed to capture detailed information about each hazard...

loss records, historic loss ratio, data formatting, pre-processing, aggregation

Spatial Data Processing (2)

Buffering Point and Line Hazard Data to Form Polygons

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify hazard occurrences or susceptible zones represented as points or lines in spatial datasets.
2. Determine the appropriate buffer distance based on the type of hazard:
- For point data, use a buffer that reflects...

buffering,hazard data,polygon conversion,PostGIS,spatial processing

Converting Raster Data to Polygon Vector Format

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify raster datasets containing hazard information (e.g., elevation, risk zones).
2. Use ArcGIS Pro’s Raster to Polygon conversion tool to convert the raster data into polygon vector format.
3. **Retain attributes from...

raster to polygon,ArcGIS Pro,vector conversion,hazard data processing

Risk Assessment Mapping (2)

Create Dasymetric Layer for Census Blocks

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Input Datasets: Use the following spatial datasets as inputs:
- Oak Ridge National Lab Building Footprint dataset [32]
- Microsoft Bing Building Footprint dataset [33]
- United States Army Corps of Engineers’ National...

dasymetric layer, census blocks, building footprint datasets, water bodies, land cover database, developed area, agricultural area

Create Developed and Agricultural Area Layers Using Land Cover Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use 2019 National Land Cover Database Raster Files [36]:
- Identify developed area within the Census block using five classes of developed areas: *Developed, Developed Open Space, and Developed Low, Medium, and High...

land cover database, developed area layer, agricultural area layer, raster-vector intersect tool

Cold Wave Exposure Analysis (2)

Calculate Exposure Value for Cold Waves

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Compute Average Coverage: Determine the average coverage of a Cold Wave event-day by summing the intersected areas for all Cold Wave event-day polygons that intersect the Census block and dividing this sum by the number of...

exposure value, density metrics, Hazus 6.0, statistical life

Identify Cold Wave Exposure Areas

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Intersect Event-Day Polygons with Census Blocks: Identify areas of exposure by intersecting Cold Wave event-day polygons (also referred to as Cold Wave Date Expansions) with Census block polygons within the processing...

exposure analysis, census block intersection, Cold Wave Date Expansions

Drought (2)

Assessing Drought Impact Limitations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Understanding the limitations of drought impact assessments is crucial for accurate risk evaluation.

• There is often a disconnect between where a drought happens and where its impacts are felt, making direct economic losses a difficult...

drought, impact assessment, limitations, risk modeling, geographic variability

Understanding Drought Data Sources and Categories

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To understand drought risk modeling, it is important to know the spatial source data and category descriptions used in the National Risk Index.

### Drought Spatial Source Data
• Historical occurrence data comes from the **University of...

drought, data sources, NDMC, drought categories, D0-D4

Hail Data Analysis (2)

Process Hail Non-Spatial Data for Historical Occurrence Count

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Create a 49-by-49-km fishnet grid:
- Use this grid to spatially analyze historical Hail events.

2. Count distinct Hail event polygons intersecting each grid cell:
- This count represents the number of unique Hail...

Hail non-spatial data processing, fishnet grid, scaling factor, historical occurrence count

Process Hail Spatial Data for National Risk Index Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify and filter source data:
- Extract fields containing start and end coordinates from the source data.
- Filter out any events that occurred outside of the period of record.
- Remove smaller Hail size events...

Hail data processing, buffer creation, spatial analysis, National Risk Index, annualized frequency

Ice Storm Preparedness (2)

Ice Storm Spatial Source Data Overview

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The historical event data for ice storms comes from the USACE Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Damaging Ice Storm GIS database. This dataset includes footprint polygons representing areas where ice-sensitive structures, such...

ice storm,spatial data,cold regions research,crrel,gis database,historical event data

Understanding Ice Storm Hazard Characteristics

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

An ice storm is defined as a freezing rain situation with significant ice accumulations of 0.25 inches or greater. The Ice Storm hazard is based on a static dataset that has not been updated since 2014, which may limit its accuracy in reflecting...

ice storm,hazard characteristics,dataset limitations,building risk,population risk

Ice Storm Data Analysis (2)

Calculate Historical Ice Storm Occurrence Count

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Create Fishnet Grid: Generate a 49-by-49-km fishnet grid over the study area.
2. Count Event Polygons: For each fishnet grid cell, count the number of distinct Ice Storm event polygons that intersect it (denoted as...

historical occurrence count, fishnet grid analysis, event-day calculation, risk modeling

Define Period of Record for Ice Storm Data Analysis

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Set Start Date: Use data from Dec. 31, 1946 as the start date for the period of record.
2. Set End Date: Use data up to Feb. 12, 2014 as the end date for the period of record.
3. Calculate Duration: The total...

period of record, data analysis timeframe, historical ice storm data

Ice Storm Risk Assessment (2)

Assign Minimum Annual Ice Storm Frequency to Census Blocks

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

If a Census block’s historical Ice Storm event-day count is 0, but the Census block is part of a county designated as one in which Ice Storms are possible, assign the Minimum Annual Frequency. This value is set at 0.01489, or **once...

census block, ice storm frequency, minimum annual frequency, risk assessment

Calculate Loss Ratio per Basis for Ice Storm Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

### Procedure to Calculate Loss Ratio per Basis for Ice Storm Events

#### Overview:
This procedure outlines the steps used by the National Risk Index (NRI) to calculate the Loss Ratio per Basis for Ice Storm events in a specific county....

loss ratio, ice storm, risk assessment, exposure calculation, Bayesian credibility weighting, historic loss ratio

Flood Risk Assessment (2)

Assign Minimum Annual Frequency for Counties Without Flooding Events

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

If a county intersects the 1% annual chance inland floodplain but has not experienced any Inland Flooding event-days, assign it a Minimum Annual Frequency of 0.01, which corresponds to an event occurring once every 100 years.

If a county...

minimum annual frequency,floodplain,geospatial flood risk assessment

Calculate Expected Annual Loss for Building Due to Inland Flooding

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Expected Annual Loss for a building due to inland flooding within a particular Census block, follow these steps:

1. Identify the Hazus 6.0 building value for the specific Census block and building type.
2....

expected annual loss,flood risk assessment,census block,hazus building value,geospatial flood risk assessment

Tornado Frequency Calculation (2)

Calculate Minimum Annual Frequency for Tornado Events in a Census Tract

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the Minimum Annual Frequency of tornado events within a census tract that does not intersect any fishnet grid cell with historical tornado data, follow these steps:

1. Set the minimum historical Tornado event count to 1, as no...

minimum annual frequency,tornado,census tract,frequency calculation,natural disaster

Calculate Annualized Frequency of Tornado Sub-Type Events in a Census Tract

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To calculate the annualized frequency of tornado sub-type events within a census tract, follow these steps:

1. Determine the Tornado sub-type annualized frequency rate for the census tract (in frequency per square kilometer). This value is...

annualized frequency,tornado sub-type,census tract,frequency calculation,natural disaster

Volcanic Eruptions (2)

Calculate Near-Volcano Sub-Hazard Historic Loss Ratio for Cascadia

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify historical eruptions with non-ashfall losses: Use the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens as the primary event.
2. Adjust loss estimates over time: Update initial total losses from $2B to approximately $1.1B...

Cascadia, Mount St. Helens, structural losses, ashfall, historic loss ratio

Calculate Near-Volcano Sub-Hazard Historic Loss Ratio for Pacific Territories

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify lack of local volcanic activity data: Recognize that there are currently no loss events within the Pacific Territories due to volcanic activity.
2. Use proxy event: Use the nearby eruption of Hunga volcano in...

Pacific Territories, Hunga volcano, proxy event, loss ratio range

Wildfire (2)

Understand Wildfire Hazard Characteristics

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure for Understanding Wildfire Hazard Characteristics:

1. Identify the hazard type: The primary hazard type is *Wildfire*.
2. Determine consequence types: Consequence types include *Population*, *Building*, and *Agriculture*.
3....

wildfire, hazard characteristics, USDA, SHELDUS, risk index

Understand Wildfire Hazard Coverage and Limitations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Understand the scope and limitations of wildfire hazard assessments.

• A wildfire is defined as an unplanned fire in natural or wildland areas such as forests, shrublands, grasslands, or prairies.
• The Wildfire hazard was...

wildfire hazard, data coverage, territory limitations, consequence types

Weather Preparedness (2)

Accessing National Weather Service Alerts from Iowa Environmental Mesonet

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To access archived National Weather Service alerts:

1. Visit the [Iowa Environmental Mesonet website](https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/request/gis/watchwarn.phtml)
2. Download the data in shapefile format
3. The dataset includes:
- Geometry for...

National Weather Service, Iowa Environmental Mesonet, weather alerts, shapefile format

Aggregate Annualized Frequency at the Census Tract Level Using Area-Weighted Functions

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To aggregate annualized frequency values from the Census block level to the Census tract level using area-weighted functions, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the annualized frequency for each individual Census block within the Census tract.
2....

area-weighted,aggregation,census tract,winter weather,frequency,natural disaster

Groundwater Mapping (2)

Identify Groundwater Zones Using Vegetation Patterns in the Mohave River Valley Near Yermo, California

Standard Source: report

Procedure:

1. Observe vegetation patterns in the Mohave River Valley near Yermo, California.
2. Look for dunes on both sides of the river, which are largely due to mesquite that feeds on groundwater.
3. **Document the location and...

vegetation, groundwater mapping, California, Mohave River Valley, dunes and mesquite

Identify Groundwater Zones Using Vegetation Patterns in the Upper Valley of Birch Creek, Nevada

Standard Source: report

Procedure:

1. Observe vegetation patterns in the upper valley of Birch Creek, Nevada.
2. Look for shallow groundwater indicators, such as specific plant species that thrive in areas with accessible water tables.
3. **Document the...

vegetation, groundwater mapping, Nevada, Birch Creek, plant indicators

Ecology (1)

Understanding the Interconnectedness of Ecosystems

Standard Source: The Complete Outdoorsmans Handbook

Understanding the Interconnectedness of Ecosystems

Ecosystems are complex networks in which all living and non-living components interact to maintain balance. Understanding these interactions is essential for outdoorsmen who want to live in...

ecosystem interactions,predator prey relationships,competition for resources,symbiotic relationships,wildlife observation

Environmental Monitoring (1)

Recognizing and Responding to Environmental Changes in the Outdoors

Standard Source: The Complete Outdoorsmans Handbook

Recognizing and Responding to Environmental Changes in the Outdoors

Environmental changes can have a significant impact on wildlife populations, plant life, and overall ecosystem health. Recognizing these changes is essential for outdoorsmen...

environmental changes,wildlife behavior,weather patterns,conservation practices,hunting strategies

Evidence Preservation (1)

Preserve Impressions in Sand Using Stearic Acid

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:
1. Place a thin sheet of iron-plate over the impression, supported by an iron stand at about 1 1/2 inches from the surface.
2. Light charcoal is placed on the iron plate until it becomes red hot and heats the area above it to 100°...

stearic acid,evidence preservation,impression preservation,sand impressions

Thunderstorm Preparation (1)

Estimating the Distance of a Thunder-cloud

Standard Source: The Household Cyclopedia

Procedure:

1. Observe the flash of lightning and count the number of seconds until you hear the thunder.
2. Multiply the number of seconds by 1120 (the speed at which sound travels in feet per second).
3. The result gives an estimate of the...

thunder distance, sound speed, lightning safety, cannon blast estimation

Cold Injuries Prevention (1)

Prevention and Control of Environmental Injuries

High Priority Source: Emergency War Surgery

Procedure for Prevention and Control of Environmental Injuries:

1. Command Interest and Preventive Measures:
- Ensure the medical officer understands how military duties impact environmental injuries.
- Advise the commander on...

environmental injuries,cold injury prevention,military duties,command interest,preventive measures

Chemical Biological Threats (1)

Identify NBC Threats in Peacetime and Conflict Operations

Standard Source: Medical NBC Battlebook

Procedure:

1. Recognize potential NBC threats during peacetime and conflict operations.
- Be aware that terrorist use of biological weapons is a possible threat.
- Identify the covert release of toxic industrial materials as another...

NBC threats, peacetime, conflict, biological weapons, toxic industrial materials, military operations

Radiation Hazards (1)

Identify Industrial Sources of Radiological Hazards

High Priority Source: Medical NBC Battlebook

Procedure for Identifying Industrial Sources of Radiological Hazards:

1. Review Reference Documents: Consult AFMIC’s *Identification of Radiation Sources in a Peacetime Environment* by Shleien (1983, 1992) and USACHPPM’s TG 238 for detailed...

Procedure for Identifying Industrial Sources of Radiological Hazards:

1. Review Reference Documents: Consult AFMIC’s *Identification of Radiation Sources in a Peacetime Environment* by Shleien (1983, 1992) and USACHPPM’s TG 238 for detailed information on industrial radiation sources.

2. Understand Common Industrial Locations and Materials:
- Gauges, Sources, Static Eliminators: May contain sealed radioactive materials such as Iridium-192, Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Radium-226, neutrons, Americium-241, and Polonium-210. Source strength is greater than about 4 TBq. If leaking, surface contamination may occur.
- X-ray Machines, Sterilizers, Processors, Particle Accelerators: Emit X-rays, protons, deuterons, electrons, gammas, Cesium-137, and Cobalt-60. Source strength ranges from ~4 TBq to ~40 PBq. These devices are typically located in industrial areas, and activation products may be present.
- Mineral Extraction and Processing: Includes phosphate fertilizers, oil, natural gas, and coal. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) such as Uranium, Thorium, and their progeny are found here. External exposure levels range from background to about 0.01 mSv (1 mrem). Dispersed low-level material and scale buildup in piping may occur. Radon can also be a concern.
- Power Sources: May contain Plutonium-238 (up to 4 GBq) or Strontium-90 (up to 1 TBq), typically found in equipment located in isolated areas.
- Radioluminescent Materials: Contain Promethium-147, Tritium, and Radium-226. Source strength can be up to tens of TBq. If leaking, surface contamination may occur.

3. Assess Waste Disposal Practices:
- Low-level radioactive waste is produced by hospitals, research laboratories, universities, manufacturers, and nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants generate the majority of low-level radioactive waste in terms of volume and radioactivity.
- All low-level waste is solid and consists of common items such as protective clothing, gloves, supplies, and tools that have come into contact with radioactive materials.
- Used fuel from nuclear power plants is not considered low-level waste. The level of radioactivity in most low-level waste decays to background levels within weeks, months, or years. A small percentage remains radioactive for approximately 500 years.

industrial radiation sources, radiological hazards, low-level waste disposal, nuclear power plants, radiation safety

Emergency Response Authorities (1)

Access Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Resources

High Priority Source: Medical NBC Battlebook

Procedure:

1. Visit the FEMA website at [www.fema.gov/index.htm](http://www.fema.gov/index.htm) for information on emergency preparedness, response, and recovery.
2. Use FEMA’s mission-based resources to reduce loss of life and property from...

fema, emergency management, disaster preparedness, response protocols

Cold Injury (1)

Historical Context of Cold Injury in Military Operations

Standard Source: NATO Emergency War Surgery

Procedure for Understanding the Historical Impact of Cold Injury

1. Recognize that cold injury has historically played a major role in military outcomes, as seen in:
- Napoleon's Army in Russia (1812): Over 250,000 soldiers lost due...

cold injury history, military operations, frostbite, historical context, trench foot

Arctic Environment (1)

Identify Tundra Terrain Characteristics

Standard Source: Canadian Military Basic Cold Weather Training

Tundra is flat or gently rolling country, composed of a rock surface or muskeg over permafrost, with the absence of trees. It consists of several transition zones of vegetation that decrease in density from south to north:

1. Bush tundra:...

tundra, arctic terrain, permafrost, bush tundra, shrubby tundra, grassy tundra, desert tundra

Cold Weather Terms (1)

Identify and Understand Cold Weather Terms: Blizzard

High Priority Source: Canadian Military Basic Cold Weather Training

Blizzard is a severe weather condition characterized by low temperatures and strong winds bearing a great amount of snow.

• Winds must be 28 knots (52 kmph, 32 mph) or higher.
• Visibility must be reduced to **less than 152 meters (500...

blizzard,cold weather terms,strong winds,snowstorm

Weather Emergencies (1)

Recognize and Respond to White-out Conditions

High Priority Source: Canadian Military Basic Cold Weather Training

White-out is a condition where visibility is severely limited due to an overcast sky and snow-covered terrain reflecting light at the same intensity as the sky, making it difficult to distinguish the horizon or recognize irregularities in the...

white-out, visibility, cold weather, navigation, survival, disorientation

Nuclear Environmental Effects (1)

Nuclear Effects in Special Environments

High Priority Source: FM 3 4 NBC Protection

Procedure:

The effects of a nuclear attack vary significantly based on geographic and climatic conditions. Commanders must be aware that:
• Terrain and weather can influence the **distribution and intensity of blast, thermal radiation, and...

nuclear environment, terrain impact, weather effects

Jungle Decontamination (1)

Jungle Decontamination Site Placement During Rainy Season

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Identify high ground locations for decon sites during the rainy season.
2. Avoid low-lying areas where rain may concentrate contamination particles.
3. Monitor rainfall patterns and adjust site placement accordingly.
4. Ensure...

jungle,decon site placement,rainy season,high ground,drainage,flooding,overgarments,electronic equipment protection

Agent Persistence (1)

Persistence of Chemical and Biological Agents in Jungle Environments

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Recognize that sunlight and wind are reduced within thick jungles due to vegetation.
2. Understand that chemical and biological agents are less likely to disperse and will remain a hazard for an extended time.
3. Implement...

jungle,chemical agents,biological agents,persistence,vegetation

Desert Decontamination (1)

Desert Environmental Conditions and Decontamination Considerations

High Priority Source: FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination

Procedure:

1. Understand that desert regions have extreme temperature ranges from 30[o] to 130[o] F over a 24-hour period.
2. Be prepared for long drought periods interrupted by sudden rains that may cause flash floods.
3. Recognize the...

desert,temperature extremes,flash floods,groundwater scarcity,impassable terrain

Weather (1)

Identify Low-Pressure Weather Characteristics

Reference Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Procedure for Identifying Low-Pressure Weather Characteristics:

1. Recognize airflow patterns: In a low-pressure area, the airflow is counterclockwise and inward.
2. Understand terminology: A low-pressure area is also known as a...

low pressure, weather characteristics, cyclone, bad weather, red L

Weather Hazards (1)

Prepare for Weather Hazards in Mountainous Terrain

High Priority Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Preparation Steps:
1. Always pack emergency gear, as weather conditions can change rapidly.
2. Be aware that winds are stronger and more variable at higher altitudes; wind speed doubling increases force fourfold.
3. Understand that precipitation...

weather hazards,mountain safety,lightning safety,altitude effects,snowstorms,avalanches,UV radiation

Avalanche Search And Rescue (1)

Determine Most Probable Location of an Avalanche Victim

Critical Source: FM 3 97 61 Military Mountaineering

Procedure:

1. Understand avalanche behavior: Recognize that a moving avalanche resembles a liquid and that a human body, being denser than snow, will sink deeper into the flow.

2. Identify key factors influencing burial location:
-...

avalanche,victim location,search and rescue,transceiver,terrain features,burial depth

Weather Conditions (1)

Assessing Cloud Cover Conditions in Cold Weather Environments

Standard Source: FM 31 70 Basic Cold Weather Manual

Procedure:

1. Observe cloud cover patterns:
- Look for extensive and wide low clouds that create bleak and monotonous conditions.
- Note that overcast conditions can persist for weeks in high latitudes, with rare clear days.
2. Understand...

cloud cover, cold weather, visibility, overcast conditions

Climate Patterns (1)

Understanding Seasonal Climate Patterns in Northern Regions

Standard Source: FM 31 70 Basic Cold Weather Manual

Procedure:

1. Recognize the division of the northern year into winter and summer:
- Seasons are defined by average daily temperatures rather than calendar dates.
2. Understand temperature thresholds for seasons:
- Winter occurs when the...

seasonal climate, northern regions, temperature thresholds

Winter Progression (1)

Assessing Winter Progression and Environmental Changes in Northern Regions

High Priority Source: FM 31 70 Basic Cold Weather Manual

Procedure:

1. Understand the progression of winter:
- Winter progresses from north to south, preceded by autumn freezeup and deep frost penetration.
2. Note changes in daylight hours:
- The days begin to shorten with the summer solstice;...

winter progression, snowfall, northern regions

Spring Climate Changes (1)

Understanding Spring Climate Changes and Environmental Effects in Northern Regions

Standard Source: FM 31 70 Basic Cold Weather Manual

Procedure:

1. Recognize the transition from winter to spring:
- With passage of the winter solstice, daily sunlight hours increase.
2. Note temperature fluctuations during spring:
- After the spring equinox, daytime thaw and nighttime...

spring breakup, flooding, northern regions

Explosions And Blasts (1)

Understanding Fragmentation from Artillery Shells

High Priority Source: FM 5 103 Survivability

Fragmentation occurs when the projectile disintegrates, producing a mass of high-speed steel fragments which can perforate and become imbedded in fighting and protective positions. The pattern or distribution of fragments greatly affects the...

fragmentation, artillery shells, airburst, surface burst, delay burst

Uxo Hazards (1)

Identify and Respond to Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Hazards

Critical Source: STP 21 1 Warrior Skills Level 1

### Procedure: Identify and Respond to Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Hazards

#### Overview:
Recognize the UXO hazard, identify its type and subgroup, recognize associated hazards, take immediate action to prevent death, injury, or damage to...

unexploded ordnance, UXO, bomb identification, dispenser recognition, submunition hazards, explosive hazard report

Cbnr Preparedness (1)

Prepare a Unit for a Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Attack

Critical Source: STP 21 24 Warrior Leader Skills Level 2 3 4

Objective: Prepare a unit to respond to a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) attack.

Conditions: You are given the commander's guidance, a radio, pioneer tools (ax, shovel, mattock), chemical alarms, chemical-agent...

CBRN attack preparation, MOPP gear, chemical alarms, chemical-agent detector kits, covering materials, FM 3-11.4

Ice Hazards (1)

Understanding Ice Hazards and Classification

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Frozen waterways (lakes, streams, bays) can be life-threatening when crossed. Ice is classified into three general types:

• Fresh Water Ice: Forms on lakes and rivers after temperatures drop below 32°F for about 3–5 weeks.
• Lake Ice:...

ice hazards, ice classification, frozen waterways

Ice Safety (1)

Special Considerations for Ice Safety

High Priority Source: USMC Winter Survival Course Handbook

Ice safety considerations include the following:

• Near shore ice: Generally thin and weak, more likely to crack than central ice. It is safer to stay near the shore if the ice rests on the river bottom.
• Under-ice current areas: Ice...

ice safety, ice quality, slush ice

Emp Attack (1)

Analyze Satellite Radiation Accumulation Data

Standard Source: DTRA Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack

Purpose: Understand the radiation accumulation data for NAVSTAR satellites to assess their operational status and potential damage from an EMP attack.

Procedure:
1. Review the Table: Examine the provided table containing satellite...

satellite radiation accumulation, NAVSTAR satellites, EMP attack impact, satellite data analysis

Emp Effects (1)

Assessing Electronics Vulnerability to EMP Effects

High Priority Source: DTRA Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack

Procedure for Assessing Electronics Vulnerability to EMP Effects:

1. Identify the type of EMP effect: Determine whether the exposure is from SGEMP, ECEMP, or DEMP.
- SGEMP (Solar Generated EMP): Factor of 4-6 uncertainty in coupling...

EMP effects,electronics vulnerability,bounding estimates,coupling complexity,X-ray deformation

Nuclear Detonation (1)

Seek Adequate Shelter in LDZ

Critical Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Action: Seek adequate shelter in basement areas or the center of larger concrete or reinforced brick buildings. Details:
• There will be 10 minutes or more after the detonation to find adequate protection before fallout arrives.
• Stay...

shelter,basement,concrete,fallout,LDZ

Infectious Risk Management (1)

Infectious Disease Risks from Dead Bodies Following Natural Disasters

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Assess risk factors: Identify individuals most at risk for infection, such as those with compromised immune systems or direct contact with dead bodies.
2. Implement protective measures: Use PPE including gloves, masks, and...

infectious disease, dead bodies, natural disasters, PPE, safe disposal, hygiene protocols

Military Operations (1)

Mortuary Affairs in Joint Operations

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Procedure:

1. Search and recovery: Conduct systematic search operations to locate human remains.
2. Evacuation and tracking: Safely evacuate remains and track their location throughout the process.
3. Tentative identification:...

mortuary affairs, joint operations, remains recovery, temporary internment, identification protocols

Wildfire Survival (1)

Survive Being Trapped in a Forest Fire

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

If trapped in a forest fire, follow these steps to increase your chances of survival:

• Crouch in a pond or river and cover your head and upper body with wet clothing.
• If water is not available, look for shelter in a cleared area or among a...

forest fire,survival,wet clothing,pond,river,shelter,rocks,breathing,smoke

Hailstorm Preparedness (1)

Take Cover During a Hailstorm

Standard Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:
1. Take cover in a building or under something solid when hail begins to fall.
2. Do not go outside to protect plants, cars, garden furniture, or rescue animals.
3. Be aware that although no one in Canada has been killed by hail,...

hailstorm, cover, safety, hailstones, grapefruits, injury prevention

Lightning Preparedness (1)

Stay Safe During a Lightning Storm

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:
1. If inside a building:
- Stay away from windows, doors, fireplaces, radiators, stoves, metal pipes, sinks, or anything that could conduct an electrical charge.
- Unplug all TVs, radios, coffee pots, and other electrical...

lightning storm, safety, building, crouch, vehicle, electrical appliance, power lines

Rainstorm Preparedness (1)

Take Shelter During a Severe Rainstorm

High Priority Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:
1. If outdoors, take shelter on higher ground in case of flash flooding.
2. If in a vehicle, pull over and stay inside.

severe rainstorm, shelter, flash flooding, vehicle, higher ground

Electrical Hazards (1)

Responding to Fallen Power Lines During Emergencies

Critical Source: All Hazard Preparedness Workbook

Procedure:

1. If you encounter a fallen power line, assume it is still live and stay away from it.
2. Do not attempt to free someone who is in contact with the line; instead, call 911 immediately.
3. Avoid touching or approaching...

fallen power lines, electrical hazard, emergency response, safety

Conflict Preparedness (1)

Respond to Armed Conflict or Official Warning

Critical Source: Be Prepared Estonia Crisis Guide Paasteamet ERB

- Follow all instructions if you see or hear any battles, armed attacks, weapons fire, explosions, or enemy fighters.

• Act on official warnings regarding the outbreak of armed conflict.

armed_conflict,emergency_response,official_warnings

Epidemic Prevention (1)

Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases

High Priority Source: Be Prepared Estonia Crisis Guide Paasteamet ERB

Action Steps:

• Be aware that infectious diseases can strike any country, including Estonia.
• The fast pace of life and high rate of mobility among the population create conditions in which infections can spread very easily.

infectious diseases,epidemics,mobility,safety

Geology (1)

Identifying Types of Rocks and Their Formation

Standard Source: Boy Scout Handbook 1911

Geologists study the materials of the earth's crust, the processes continually changing its surface, and the forms and structures thus produced. In a day's tramp one may see much under each of these heads.

The earth's crust is made up chiefly of...

rocks,pebbles,igneous rocks,sedimentary rocks,minerals,ores

Forest Fire Prevention (1)

Prevent Forest Fires by Exercising Care with Small Fires

High Priority Source: Boy Scout Handbook 1911

Procedure:

1. Avoid dropping matches or burning tobacco where there is inflammable material.
2. Limit the size of camp fires to what is necessary.
3. Avoid building fires in leaves, rotten wood, or other flammable materials that...

forest fire prevention, camp fire safety, fire regulations, wildfire prevention

Environmental Protection (1)

Protecting Natural Resources and Preventing Vandalism

Standard Source: Boy Scout Handbook 1911

Procedure for Protecting Nature and Preventing Vandalism:

1. **Take a Stand Against Vandalism:
- Actively work to prevent vandalism in public spaces such as parks, playgrounds, and other community areas.
- If a group of individuals is...

vandalism, conservation, nature protection, public spaces, environmental responsibility

Hazardous Materials (1)

Respond to a Hazardous Materials Release

High Priority Source: DoD Emergency Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. Bring all family members and pets inside the building.
2. Lock all doors to prevent unauthorized entry or exit.
3. Close all windows, doors, air vents, and fireplace dampers to reduce exposure to hazardous...

hazardous materials release, emergency response, indoor safety, ventilation control

Hazardous Materials Accident (1)

Responding to a Hazardous Materials Accident

High Priority Source: Family Emergency Handbook

Procedure:

If you encounter or suspect a hazardous materials accident:

1. Call local fire and police services and the provincial Environmental Accident Reporting Line (1-204-945-4888).
2. Stay upwind of the area to avoid exposure.
3....

chemical spill,hazardous materials,emergency response,environmental accident reporting line,safety procedures

Avalanche Safety (1)

Avalanche Safety and Response Procedures

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

To stay safe during an avalanche:

• Always travel in pairs and use a guide familiar with the area.
• Take a training course to learn how to identify hazardous conditions, avoid risky areas, and properly use safety and rescue equipment.
• Sign...

avalanche safety, travel in pairs, avalanche beacon, rescue equipment, first aid

Hurricane Flooding (1)

Stay Safe During Hurricane Flooding

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

If trapped in a building by flooding, follow these steps:

Steps:
1. Go to the highest level of the building.
2. Do not climb into a closed attic, as you may become trapped by rising flood water.
3. Stay with others if possible and...

flooding, hurricane, safety, trapped building, emergency response

Landslide Prevention (1)

Prevent Landslide Risk Through Construction and Land Use

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Get regular professional reviews of new and existing construction in landslide risk areas.

Steps:
1. Avoid building in areas at risk for a landslide, such as:
- Steep slopes or property close to cliffs.
- Areas near drainage ways...

landslide prevention, construction, risk areas, safety planning

Landslide Safety (1)

Avoid Dangerous Areas During Landslide Conditions

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

During landslide conditions, avoid the following areas:

Dangerous areas include:
• Rock ledges.
• Bases of steep slopes.
• Ravines, drainages, or narrow canyons.

Steps to take:
1. Stay away from these areas during landslide...

landslide safety, dangerous areas, emergency app, FEMA

Landslide Aftermath (1)

Stay Away From Landslide Areas After the Event

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

After a landslide, stay away from the sliding area.

Steps:
1. Do not enter the affected area as more earth, rock, or debris may come loose.
2. Monitor for flooding after a landslide, mudflow, or debris flow, as floods can follow due to...

landslide aftermath, safety, flooding risk, FEMA app

Landslide Mitigation (1)

Mitigate Landslide Risk Through Land Management

Standard Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Plant ground cover and build walls to direct the mudflow around buildings.

Steps:
1. Use vegetation such as ground cover plants to stabilize soil and reduce erosion risk.
2. Construct retaining walls or barriers to redirect mudflows...

landslide mitigation, ground cover, retaining walls, erosion control

Tornado Response (1)

Respond to a Tornado Warning

Critical Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:

1. During a tornado warning, seek shelter immediately.
2. Understand the difference between a watch and a warning:
- A watch means conditions are possible.
- A warning means an event is expected, imminent, or...

tornado warning, shelter, mobile home, debris, carbon monoxide, safety measures

Health Safety Guidelines (1)

Follow Health and Safety Guidelines During Disaster Cleanup

Standard Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Health and Safety Guidelines During Disaster Cleanup

• Be aware of new safety issues created by the disaster:
- Look for washed-out roads, contaminated buildings, contaminated water, gas leaks, broken glass, damaged electrical wiring, and...

disaster cleanup,safety guidelines,health,hygiene,exhaustion,water,soap,gloves

Home Inspection (1)

Inspect Your Home Before Entering After a Disaster

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Before You Enter Your Home

• Use a flashlight to inspect your home.
• If you do not see much damage, carefully walk around the outside and check for:
- Loose or downed power lines
- Gas leaks
- Structural damage
• If your house has been...

home inspection,safety,structural damage,gas smell,floodwater

Structural Safety (1)

Avoid Entering Buildings with Structural Damage After a Disaster

High Priority Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Structural Safety

• Do not enter a building that shows any sign of structural damage such as:
- Cracks in the walls
- Windows and doors out of square
- Shifts in the foundation
• These signs indicate potential instability or danger, and...

structural damage,safety,cracks,windows,doors,foundation

Pest Control (1)

Address Pest or Vermin Issues After a Disaster

Standard Source: FEMA Citizen Preparedness Guide

Procedure:
1. Be aware of potential pest problems, such as mice, rats, insects, or snakes that may have come with the storm.
2. Disasters can increase the unpredictability of wild animals.
3. Contact your local **animal control office,...

pests,vermin,disaster,animal control

Disaster Preparedness (1)

Create a Family Disaster Plan for Natural Hazards

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Steps to Create a Family Disaster Plan for Natural Hazards:

1. Identify Risks: Determine the natural hazards that are most likely to affect your area, such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, or wildfires.
2. Learn Important Terms:...

family disaster plan,natural hazards,emergency preparedness,floods,earthquakes,tornadoes,wildfires

Flood Evacuation (1)

Evacuation Tips During a Flood

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

• Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can make you fall.
• If you must walk in water, walk where the water is not moving and use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.
• **Do not...

flood, evacuation, driving safety, water depth

Tornado Recovery (1)

Recover from a Tornado

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Follow the appropriate steps to recover after a tornado has occurred.

Steps:
1. Ensure your safety by staying away from damaged buildings and downed power lines.
2. Check for injuries and provide first aid if necessary.
3. Use...

tornado recovery,disaster recovery,emergency preparedness

Hurricane Response (1)

Prepare During a Hurricane

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

During a hurricane, follow these steps:

1. Listen to the radio or TV for updates and instructions from local authorities.
2. Secure your home by closing storm shutters and bringing outdoor objects indoors.
3. If instructed, **turn off...

during hurricane, emergency response, utility shutdown, water supply, securing home, propane safety

Hurricane Sheltering (1)

Sheltering During a Hurricane

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

If you cannot evacuate during a hurricane, follow these guidelines:

1. Stay indoors and avoid windows and glass doors.
2. Close all interior doors and secure/brace external doors.
3. Keep curtains and blinds closed to prevent injury...

shelter during hurricane, safe room, interior shelter, avoiding windows, emergency positioning

Hurricane Recovery (1)

Post-Hurricane Recovery Procedures

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

After a hurricane, follow these steps:

• Follow instructions for recovering from the disaster as outlined in Part 5 of this guide.
• Check for damage to your home and property.
• Be cautious of downed power lines, broken glass, and other...

post-hurricane recovery, safety after storm, checking for damage, hazard awareness

Hurricane Safety Check (1)

Hurricane Safety Knowledge Check - Window Taping and Positioning

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Knowledge Check:

A neighbor suggests closing windows and doors on the storm side of the house and opening those on the windward side, while taping windows to prevent glass damage.

Is this a good idea?

• **No. This is not a safe...

window taping safety, hurricane knowledge check, windward vs leeward windows

Earthquake Preparation (1)

Secure Heavy Objects and Appliances Before an Earthquake

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Before an earthquake, take the following steps to protect your home:

1. Repair defective electrical wiring, leaky gas lines, and inflexible utility connections. Always seek professional help for these tasks; do not attempt them yourself.
2....

earthquake preparation, securing furniture, gas lines, electrical wiring, flexible fittings

Volcanic Eruption Preparedness (1)

Prepare Eye and Respiratory Protection for Volcanic Eruption

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: Add a pair of goggles and a disposable breathing mask for each family member to your disaster supplies kit.

Details:
• Ensure that all family members have access to protective eyewear and respiratory masks in case of volcanic ash...

goggles, breathing mask, volcanic eruption, disaster kit, eye protection, respiratory protection

Landslide Recovery (1)

Post-Landslide Actions and Safety Measures

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Post-Landslide Actions and Safety Measures:

• Stay away from the slide area, as there may be a danger of additional slides.
• Check for injured or trapped persons near the slide, but do not enter the direct slide area. Direct rescuers...

post landslide,landslide recovery,safety after landslide,geotechnical expert

Tsunami Evacuation (1)

Evacuation After a Tsunami

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Stay away from flooded and damaged areas until officials declare it safe to return.
2. Avoid debris in the water, as it can pose safety hazards to both people and boats.
3. Do not attempt to retrieve personal property...

tsunami, evacuation, safety, debris, flooded areas

Fire Recovery (1)

Follow Instructions for Recovering from a Fire Disaster

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Action: After a fire:

• Follow the instructions provided in Part 5 of *Are You Ready?* for recovering from a disaster.
• This includes steps such as insurance considerations, property valuation, document replacement, and salvage hints.

disaster recovery after fire, FEMA resources, post-fire procedures

Wildfire Preparation (1)

Prepare Your Property for Wildfires

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Objective: Reduce wildfire risk to your home and property.

Steps to Prepare Before a Wildfire:
1. Mark property entrance clearly: Install visible address signs at the entrance of your property so emergency responders can locate it...

wildfire preparation, fire-resistant materials, defensible space, chimney maintenance, property safety

Hazardous Materials Incidents (1)

Take Protective Measures for Hazardous Materials Incidents

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Protective measures are essential to minimize the risks associated with hazardous materials incidents.

### Steps to Take:
1. Identify potential hazards in your home and community:
- Know where hazardous materials are stored or used, such...

hazardous materials,chemical safety,disposal,emergency plan,protective measures

Home Inspection After Disaster (1)

Inspecting a Damaged Home Safely

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Use a battery-powered flashlight to inspect a damaged home.
- Important: Turn the flashlight on outside before entering the home. This prevents sparks from the battery from igniting leaking gas, if present.
2. **Watch...

inspect, damaged home, flashlight, gas leak, structural damage, safety

Flood Damage Recovery (1)

Handling Flood Damage in the Home

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Do not enter a home if floodwaters remain around the building.
2. If your basement has flooded:
- Pump it out gradually (about one third of the water per day) to avoid damage.
- Avoid pumping out the basement while the...

flood damage, basement flooding, contaminated water, sewage lines, water testing

Wildlife Safety After Disaster (1)

Dealing with Wildlife After a Disaster

High Priority Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Be aware of increased wildlife activity after disasters, as they may be displaced or more aggressive due to stress.
2. Learn how to identify and avoid dangerous animals (especially poisonous snakes).
3. Use a stick to poke...

wildlife, snakes, animal safety, disaster response, wildlife management

Wildlife Safety (1)

How to Respond to Injured or Stranded Wildlife

Standard Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Do not approach or attempt to help an injured or stranded animal. Call your local emergency management office or health department for assistance.

Do not corner wild animals or try to rescue them. Wild animals will likely feel threatened...

animal safety,wildlife,stranded animals,dead animal,bite response

Levee Emergency Response (1)

Establish Planning Section for Levee Emergency Response

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure:

1. Designate a Leader: Assign the person responsible for the Planning section based on the size and complexity of the levee system. This could be the individual in charge of engineering support or another qualified personnel.
2....

planning section,strategy development,emergency management,status reports,information collection

Levee Safety (1)

Conduct Levee Patrol with Safety Measures

High Priority Source: fema emergency preparedness guidelines for levees 2018

Procedure for Conducting a Safe Levee Patrol:

1. Form the patrol team correctly:
- Members should walk side-by-side.
- One person should be on the waterside of the levee near the surface.
- Another should be at the **top of the...

levee patrol, safety line, floating objects, floodwall inspection, evacuation plan, suspicious activity

Emergency Classification (1)

Establish Initial Emergency Classification and Action Level (ECL) Scheme

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Coordinate with the licensee to create the initial emergency classification and action level (ECL) scheme.
2. Ensure that the ECL system forms the basis for determining the level of response to an incident, which will be...

ECL, emergency classification, action level, NOUE, Alert, SAE, GE

Radiological Incident Response (1)

Integrate Radiological Monitoring Resources During a Nuclear/Radiological Incident

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Coordinate with Federal, State, Tribal, and Local Resources:
- Establish agreements (e.g., Letters of Agreement [LOAs]) with federal agencies, licensees, universities, contractors, mutual-aid organizations, or other...

radiological monitoring, integration of resources, plume tracking, data sharing, potassium iodide, ETEs, protective actions

Emergency Response Planning (1)

Develop Site-Specific Protective Action Strategy and Decision-Making Process

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Establish a site-specific protective action strategy and decision-making process for the licensee and ORO.

Steps:
1. Coordinate between the licensee and ORO to develop the strategy/decision-making process.
2. Consider current...

protective action strategy,decision-making process,evacuation,sheltering,Federal guidance,site-specific planning

Evacuation Plans (1)

Establish Evacuation Plans/Procedures for Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Objective: Develop evacuation plans/procedures to ensure the safe and efficient evacuation of individuals within the plume exposure pathway (EPZ) in case of an emergency.

Steps:
1. Identify all individuals within the EPZ, including those...

evacuation plan,epz,plume exposure pathway,traffic control,alternative routes,public transportation

Food Safety (1)

Implement Sampling and Analysis Protocols for Contaminants in Food and Agricultural Products

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Develop a plan that outlines the rationale for selecting sampling areas based on risk assessment.
2. Identify resources required to collect human food and agricultural product samples from areas of concern.
3. Use chain-of-custody...

sampling, analysis, contaminants, food safety, radionuclides

Mapping (1)

Maintain and Use Maps for Recording Data on Contaminated Areas and Ingestion Doses

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Maintain up-to-date maps that can be used to record field survey readings, projected ingestion doses, and land use information.
2. Use electronic systems such as geographic information systems (GIS) to capture and map survey data...

maps, data recording, ingestion doses, land use, GIS

Emergency Medical Care (1)

Identify Primary and Backup Medical Facilities for Emergency Response

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Determine the Need for Medical Care: Identify the need for arranging medical care for both the general public and emergency workers at each NPP site.
2. Select a Primary Hospital/Medical Facility: Choose one primary local...

medical facilities, backup hospital, emergency response, plume exposure pathway EPZ, medical agreements

Legal Framework (1)

Understand and Apply the Stafford Act for Federal Disaster Response

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act is the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pertain to FEMA and its programs. This law amends the Disaster Relief Act of 1974...

stafford act,federal disaster response,fema programs,disaster relief law

Communication (1)

Recognize and Manage Rumors During Emergencies

Standard Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Rumors are pieces of information that may or may not be true, circulated by individuals or organizations during an emergency.

Key points:
• Rumors can spread quickly and cause confusion, fear, or panic among the public.
• It is important to...

rumors,emergency communication,misinformation,public safety

Emergency Protective Actions (1)

Define and Understand the Concept of a Shelter-in-Place Order

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Shelter-in-place is a protective action that includes going indoors, closing all windows and doors, turning off heating and air conditioning systems using outside air, and listening to an EAS radio or television station for instructions.

**Key...

shelter in place,protective action,emergency sheltering

Utility Coordination (1)

Coordinate with Utilities During Emergency Response

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Establish communication with utility providers (electricity, water, gas) as soon as possible after an emergency.
2. Identify the type of utility disruption and its potential impact on public safety and infrastructure.
3....

FEMA, utilities, coordination, emergency response

Child Protection (1)

Implement Protective Actions for School Children During Emergencies

Critical Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Develop and implement a protective action plan specifically tailored to school children during emergencies.
2. Ensure all staff, teachers, and emergency responders are trained on the procedures outlined in **GM EV-2, Protective...

school children, emergency protection, FEMA

Federal Response (1)

Operate the Federal Response Center (FRC) During Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Activate the Federal Response Center (FRC) as outlined in GM FR-1, Federal Response Center when a major emergency or disaster is declared.
2. Ensure that all personnel assigned to the FRC are trained and prepared for their...

FRC, FEMA, emergency response

Exposure Pathways (1)

Assess Ingestion Exposure Pathways During Emergencies

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Identify potential ingestion exposure pathways (e.g., contaminated food and water) during an emergency or disaster.
2. Conduct a risk assessment to determine the likelihood of exposure through these pathways.
3. Implement...

ingestion exposure, FEMA, public health

Tidal Wave Preparedness (1)

Prepare for Tidal Waves and Tsunamis

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand tidal wave risks:
- Tidal waves or tsunamis can cause massive destruction along coastlines and inland areas.
- These events are often triggered by underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions.

2....

tsunami, tidal wave, preparedness, emergency kit, evacuation plan

Volcanic Activity Preparedness (1)

Prepare for Volcanic Activity and Eruptions

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand volcanic activity risks:
- Volcanic eruptions can cause widespread destruction through lava flows, ash falls, and pyroclastic flows.
- These events are often preceded by seismic activity or changes in gas...

volcanic_eruption, preparedness, emergency_kit, evacuation_plan

Drought Preparedness (1)

Prepare for Drought and Water Scarcity

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand drought risks:
- Droughts can lead to water shortages, crop failures, and increased risk of wildfires.
- These events are often preceded by prolonged periods of low rainfall or high temperatures.

2. **Create...

drought, water_scarcity, emergency_kit, conservation

Hazardous Materials Accidents (1)

Identify and Respond to Hazardous Materials Accidents

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Recognize the presence of hazardous materials:
- Be aware that trucks, trains, and other vehicles may be transporting hazardous substances such as chlorine, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, liquefied natural gas...

hazardous materials, chemical spills, radiation, emergency response, evacuation

Road Accidents (1)

Respond to Major Road Accidents and Collisions

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Assess the situation:
- If involved in or near a major road accident (especially involving large trucks, multiple vehicles, or aircraft), ensure your own safety first by moving to a safe location away from traffic.

2....

traffic accidents, major collisions, emergency response, detour planning

Rail Accidents (1)

Respond to Train Derailments and Rail Accidents

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Recognize the risk of derailments:
- Be aware that rail systems are prone to accidents, especially at highway crossings or in areas with aging infrastructure.
- Look for signs of a derailment such as derailed cars,...

train derailment, rail accident, hazardous materials, emergency response

Structural Accidents (1)

Respond to Structural Accidents and Collapses

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Recognize the signs of structural accidents:
- Be aware of potential risks such as fires, building collapses, landslides affecting structures, or damage caused by vehicles, aircraft, or natural events.
- Look for warning...

building collapse, structural accidents, emergency response, evacuation

Nuclear Incidents (1)

Prepare for and Respond to Nuclear Power Plant Incidents

Critical Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Understand the risks of nuclear power plants:
- Be aware that nuclear power plants can experience accidents (e.g., Chernobyl, Three Mile Island) or be targeted by terrorism.
- Know the location of nearby nuclear...

nuclear accident, radiation exposure, emergency response, evacuation

Blast Effects (1)

Assessing Blast Damage to Vehicles Based on Pressure Levels

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure for Assessing Blast Damage to Vehicles Based on Pressure Levels:

1. Identify the type of vehicle: Determine what kind of vehicle you are assessing (e.g., auto, bus, fire truck, etc.).
2. Determine blast pressure levels:...

blast effects, vehicle damage, psi, moderate damage, inoperable

Chemical Biological Warfare (1)

Understanding Chemical/Biological Warfare Effects on Humans and the Environment

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure for Understanding Chemical/Biological Warfare Effects:

1. Recognize the types of agents: Understand that chemical agents can range from simple defoliants to toxic gases, while biological agents are often modified strains of...

chemical warfare, biological warfare, health effects, food shortage, medical facilities

Warfare Effects (1)

Identify Conventional Warfare Effects on Civilian Populations

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Procedure:

1. Recognize Bombing and Artillery Impact:
- Understand that bombing and artillery fire can cause widespread destruction of cities and infrastructure.
- Be aware that these effects are often the most devastating in...

conventional warfare,bombing,artillery fire,genocide,ethnic cleansing,civil war,terrorist activity,NBC weapons

General Preparation (1)

Prepare for Natural Disasters by Understanding Common Risks

Standard Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, and lightning can cause significant damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure.

### Key Points:
• Tornadoes: Can destroy buildings due to high winds (50–250 mph) and...

natural disaster preparation,tornado,hurricane,flood,earthquake,lightning,risk assessment

Flood Preparation (1)

Protect Against Water Contamination During Floods

High Priority Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Floodwaters can contaminate water supplies, posing serious health risks even without drinking the water.

### Steps to Protect Yourself:
• Avoid contact with floodwater: Even brief exposure can lead to illness from contaminants like sewage,...

water contamination,flood safety,disinfection,washing hands,safe water storage

Utility Failure Preparation (1)

Prepare for Post-Disaster Utility Failures and Social Disruption

Standard Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Natural disasters often lead to utility failures, which can cause significant social disruption.

### Steps to Prepare:
1. Have backup power sources: Include generators, solar panels, or battery-powered devices for lighting, heating, and...

utility failure,emergency power,social disruption,backup supplies,communication plans

Food Security Preparation (1)

Understand the Impact of Natural Disasters on Crops and Food Supplies

Standard Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Natural disasters can damage or destroy crops, leading to food shortages for both humans and animals.

### Steps to Mitigate Crop Loss:
• Diversify crop types: Grow a variety of crops that are less susceptible to different disaster...

crop damage,food security,crop diversity,emergency food storage,agricultural advisories

Home Preparation (1)

Prepare for Severe Weather and Extreme Comfort Issues in Homes

Standard Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Poorly insulated homes can be uncomfortable or dangerous during extreme weather, such as severe cold or heat.

### Steps to Improve Home Insulation:
1. Install proper insulation: Use materials like fiberglass, foam board, or spray foam to...

home insulation,air filtration,extreme weather,weatherproofing,respiratory health

Agricultural Impact (1)

Understand the Effects of Severe Weather on Crops and Agriculture

Standard Source: FRC Preparedness Handbook

Severe or prolonged extreme weather can damage crops, leading to food shortages.

### Common Crop Damages:
• Frosts and freezes: Can kill plants or reduce yields.
• High heat: May cause wilting, reduced growth, or crop failure.
-...

crop damage,frost resistance,irrigation,drought protection,sand storm mitigation

Winter Preparedness (1)

Assess Ramifications of Severe Winter Weather Outage

High Priority Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Step 1: Identify the potential effects of a severe winter weather event with an electrical power outage lasting between 4 hours (average) to 72 hours (severe).

Ramifications include:
• Furnace operation affected, leading to cold indoor...

winter weather,electricity outage,frozen pipes,cold exposure

Transportation Risk (1)

Assess Ramifications of Nearby Train Derailment

High Priority Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Step 1: Identify the potential effects of a nearby train derailment.

Ramifications include:
• Possible leak or spill of chemicals, leading to environmental contamination and health risks.
• Short-term exposure problems from chemical...

train derailment,chemical spill,cancer risk,evacuation

Building Explosion (1)

Evacuate During a Building Explosion

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

1. Get out of the building as quickly and calmly as possible.
2. If items are falling from bookshelves or the ceiling, get under a sturdy table or desk for protection.
3. If there is a fire:
- Stay low to the floor and...

explosion, evacuation, fire, smoke, building safety

Chemical Agents (1)

Chemical Agent Exposure Response

Critical Source: LDS Preparedness Manual

Procedure:

• Chemical agents are poisonous gases, liquids, or solids that can cause serious injury or death.
• The severity of injuries depends on the type and amount of chemical agent used, as well as the duration of exposure.
• If a...

chemical agents, exposure response, emergency personnel

Emergency Preparation (1)

Prepare for Natural Disasters by Stocking Emergency Supplies

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Action: Ensure you have a well-stocked emergency kit ready for natural disasters.

Steps:
1. Include items such as blankets, pillows, and warm clothing in case of sudden displacement or cold exposure.
2. Store non-perishable food, water (at...

emergency supplies,natural disasters,disaster preparedness,stocking kits

Hurricanes Flooding (1)

Respond to Hurricanes and Flooding

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Action: Take immediate steps during a hurricane or flooding event.

Steps:
1. Monitor weather forecasts for hurricane warnings and evacuate if advised by local authorities.
2. If evacuation is necessary, take only essential items (e.g.,...

hurricane survival,flood response,storm preparedness

Flash Floods (1)

Prepare for Flash Floods and Water Emergencies

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Action: Take steps to prepare for flash floods and water-related emergencies.

Steps:
1. Stay informed about weather forecasts and flood warnings in your area.
2. Avoid building or living in low-lying areas that are prone to flooding.
3. If...

flash flood survival,flood preparedness,water emergencies

Wildfires (1)

Respond to Wildfires and Fire Emergencies

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Action: Take immediate steps during a wildfire or fire emergency.

Steps:
1. Monitor weather forecasts for fire warnings and evacuate if advised by local authorities.
2. If evacuation is necessary, take only essential items (e.g.,...

wildfire survival,fire emergency,response plan

Volcanic Eruption Impact (1)

Understanding the Impact of Major Volcanic Eruptions on Global Climate

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Recognize historical impacts: Study major volcanic eruptions such as Krakatoa (1883) and Mt. Tambora (1815), which injected significant amounts of dust into the atmosphere, reducing sunlight by up to 20%.
2. **Monitor...

volcano,eruption,climate change,ash fall,temperature drop

Volcanic Survival (1)

Surviving Proximity to an Active Volcano

Critical Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Monitor volcanic activity: Keep track of seismic activity and signs of potential eruptions, such as increased tremors or gas emissions.
2. Evacuate immediately if necessary: If you live near an active volcano, be prepared...

volcano,lahar,lava flow,ash protection,evacuation plan

Resource Depletion (1)

Understanding the Depletion of Natural Resources and Its Historical Impact

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Understanding the Depletion of Natural Resources and Its Historical Impact

Natural resources are essential for sustaining civilizations, but their depletion has historically led to the collapse of many societies. This procedure outlines key...

natural resources, resource depletion, historical collapse, energy crisis, oil dependency, agricultural sustainability

General Preparedness (1)

Understanding and Responding to Natural Disasters

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Procedure:

1. Stay informed about weather patterns and disaster risks in your area. Be aware of potential threats such as blizzards, floods, tornadoes, and ice storms.

2. Prepare for power outages. In the event of a storm or other...

natural disaster, emergency preparedness, power outage, survival, storm

Radiation Effects (1)

Assessing Biological Effects of Fallout on Animals and Plants

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

Understanding the impact of fallout on wildlife and vegetation is critical for post-nuclear survival planning.

1. Large-bodied mammals, such as deer, elk, mountain goats, and moose, react to ionizing radiation in a manner similar to...

fallout, radiation effects, animals, plants, nuclear war, ecological damage

Radiation Monitoring (1)

Monitoring Radiation Levels Outside the Shelter

High Priority Source: Life After Doomsday

The radiological team must keep accurate records of radiation levels outside the shelter:

• For one to several hours after fallout arrives, readings will continue to rise and then peak before beginning to drop.
• After reaching a maximum...

radiation monitoring, fallout tracking, shelter safety

Emergency Response Locations (1)

Identify Primary Emergency Response Locations in Maryland

Standard Source: Life After Doomsday

Primary: Mt. Weather complex (Presidential survival command post located fifty miles northwest of Washington, DC on the Appalachian Trail), Washington, DC
Secondary: Patuxent, Fort Ritchie, Baltimore-Washington area (including everything...

maryland, emergency response locations, primary, secondary, tertiary

Climate Change (1)

Strengthen Actions to Address Climate Change

High Priority Source: sotf the pact for the future

### Action 9: Strengthen actions to address climate change

We are deeply concerned at the current slow pace of progress in addressing climate change and the continued growth in greenhouse gas emissions. We recognize the importance of means of...

climate change,global warming,national determined contributions,adaptation finance,early warning systems,renewable energy,carbon capture and storage,loss and damage

Wildlife Conservation (1)

Identify and Understand Threatened Species

Standard Source: Student manual 2005

Definition: A species that is rare and declining, and likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future through most or all of its range.

Action Steps:
1. Recognize signs of population decline in wildlife populations.
2....

threatened species, wildlife conservation, endangered species, population decline

Extreme Weather Preparedness (1)

Prepare for Extreme Weather Events and Natural Disasters

High Priority Source: Sweden In Case of Crisis or War

To increase your preparedness in support of government authorities during extreme weather events:

1. Find information through your municipality’s website about the risk of, and preparedness for, landslides, erosion, and flooding where you...

extreme weather,natural disaster,preparedness,municipality,msb,krisinformation,weather warnings,Sveriges Radio

Infrastructure Security (1)

Update Likelihood Score for Conventional Attack on Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current risk assessment for conventional attacks on infrastructure in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Reassess the likelihood score based on updated threat intelligence and risk analysis from the NSRA.
3....

conventional attack, infrastructure, likelihood score update, NSRA, NRR

Aviation Security (1)

Remove Matrix for Malicious Drone Incident Scenario

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the current matrix associated with the malicious drone incident scenario in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Review the NSRA updates to determine that this matrix is no longer relevant or necessary.
3....

malicious drone, matrix removal, NSRA, NRR

Geological Risk (1)

Update Variations for Volcanic Eruption Scenario

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current scenario description for volcanic eruptions in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Incorporate new information based on recent geological activity and risk assessments.
3. **Revise the variations...

volcanic eruption, variations update, NSRA, NRR

Wildfire Risk (1)

Update Variations for Wildfire Scenario

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Review the current scenario description for wildfires in the National Risk Register (NRR).
2. Incorporate new information based on recent climate data and risk assessments.
3. Revise the variations section to reflect...

wildfire, variations update, NSRA, NRR

Community Recovery (1)

Participate in Community Recovery Efforts

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Support recovery efforts after a serious incident.

Steps:
1. If it is safe to do so, actively participate in the recovery process within your community.
2. Engage with local authorities or national/local charities that issue...

community recovery, emergency response, public assistance, post-disaster support

Recovery (1)

Recovery from a Malicious Rail Incident

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Recovery Following a Malicious Rail Incident

1. Assessment of Damage:
- Conduct an immediate assessment of the damage to rail infrastructure and surrounding areas.
- Identify which parts of the railway network are most...

rail incident recovery, infrastructure repair, public confidence, temporary works

Gas Infrastructure Attack (1)

Response to Conventional Attack on Gas Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess risk of gas infrastructure attacks:
- Monitor potential threats from terrorist groups targeting gas networks.
- Consider lessons learned from incidents such as those in Ukraine during the Russia-Ukraine war.

2....

gas attack, terrorism, energy security, infrastructure resilience

Infrastructure Failure (1)

Emergency Gas Supply Management During Terrorist Attack on Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Managing Emergency Gas Supply in Response to a Terrorist Attack on Gas Infrastructure:

1. Assess the Impact: Identify the scale of disruption caused by the terrorist attack, including damage to gas infrastructure and loss of...

gas infrastructure, emergency procedures, rolling power cuts, gas supply management, terrorism response

Terrorism Electricity Infrastructure (1)

Respond to Conventional Attack on Electricity Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Responding to a Conventional Attack on Electricity Infrastructure

1. Assess the threat: Monitor and evaluate any potential conventional attacks on electricity infrastructure, particularly in light of historical incidents such...

electricity infrastructure,conventional attack,response plan,resilience,forward planning

Conventional Attack (1)

Managing a Conventional Attack on Fuel Supply Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Response to Attack:
- Secure the site and ensure the safety of all personnel at the fuel supply infrastructure location.
- Initiate emergency protocols to prevent further damage or injury, including isolating...

fuel supply infrastructure,conventional attack,response plan,fuel distribution,emergency recovery

Cyber Attack On Fuel Infrastructure (1)

Implement National Emergency Plan for Fuel During Cyber Attack on Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Activate Contingency Plans:
- Initiate the National Emergency Plan for Fuel to manage impacts from a cyber attack on fuel supply infrastructure.
- Ensure that all UK operators with robust cybersecurity practices are...

cyber attack fuel infrastructure, national emergency plan for fuel, operation escalin, reserve tanker fleet, fuel supply recovery

Cyber Attacks Infrastructure (1)

Respond to a Cyber Attack on Maritime Transport Systems

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Responding to a Cyber Attack on Maritime Transport Systems:

1. Identify the attack: Monitor critical information networks and systems for unusual activity or outages that may indicate a cyber attack.
2. Assess the impact:...

cyber attack, maritime transport, response protocol, system recovery, government coordination

Energy Infrastructure (1)

Manage Insolvency in the Downstream Oil Sector

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. In the event of insolvency affecting a downstream oil sector operator:
- Ensure a managed transition to closure of the site.
2. Maintain uninterrupted fuel supply to customers by:
- Coordinating with alternative...

insolvency, fuel supply, oil sector, managed closure, winter heating

Rail Accident Recovery (1)

Rail Accident Recovery Procedure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Mitigate the impacts of a rail accident and ensure rapid recovery.

Steps:
1. Immediate Response Coordination:
- Operators, Network Rail, the Office of Rail and Road (ORR), the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB),...

rail accident recovery, emergency response, railway safety, infrastructure repair, dangerous materials management

Transport Infrastructure Failure (1)

Assessing Damage After Derailment or Infrastructure Failure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Initial Assessment:
- Immediately assess the extent of damage to tracks, signaling systems, and surrounding infrastructure.
- Document any visible damage using photographs or video for later analysis.
2. **Safety...

derailment, infrastructure damage, recovery planning, temporary closure, investigation, testing before reopening

Environmental Recovery (1)

Managing Environmental and Wildlife Impact After a Vessel Incident

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess environmental damage:
- Local authorities, the Environmental Agency, and environmental groups will assess the impact on marine habitats, wildlife, and coastal areas.
2. Implement fishery restrictions:
- Apply...

wildlife recovery, environmental impact assessment, fishery restrictions, oil spill cleanup

Environmental Incidents (1)

Assess and Mitigate Environmental Impact from a Vessel Incident

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Assessing and Mitigating Environmental Impact from a Vessel Incident

1. Conduct an environmental assessment: Immediately after the incident, evaluate whether pollutants have been spilled into the sea.
2. **Deploy environmental...

vessel incident, environmental impact, pollution cleanup, oil spill response, water quality monitoring, environmental protection

Aviation Collision (1)

Assessing Risk of Aviation Collision Over Urban Area

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Scenario Assumptions:

• The accident is assumed to occur in an urban area on a motorway or dual carriageway.
• The vehicle involved is carrying a full load of high consequence dangerous goods.
• The accident would impact nearby...

aviation collision, urban area, dangerous goods, debris damage, decontamination, airspace closure, victim support

Environmental Hazards (1)

Decontamination of Aircraft Fuel After Collision Incident

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify Contaminated Areas: Locate all areas affected by aircraft fuel spillage or leakage following the collision.
2. Deploy Decontamination Services: Mobilize specialized decontamination teams to clean up and neutralize...

decontamination, aircraft fuel cleanup, environmental hazards, emergency response

Space Security (1)

Prepare for Malicious Attacks on Space Infrastructure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Vulnerabilities in Space Systems:
- Conduct a comprehensive assessment of all space-based systems, including satellites and ground control stations, to identify potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by...

malicious attacks, cybersecurity, physical security, rapid response, risk assessment, emergency protocols

Power Failure Response (1)

Respond to Failure of the National Electricity Transmission System (NETS)

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Recognize failure of NETS: Identify a total failure of the National Electricity Transmission System (NETS), which results in a nationwide loss of power.
2. Activate emergency response protocols: Initiate immediate actions...

NETS failure, power outage response, backup generators, emergency coordination

Seasonal Preparedness (1)

Prepare for Winter Scenario of NETS Failure

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess seasonal risk factors: Recognize that the reasonable worst-case scenario assumes a failure occurs during winter, when electricity demand is at its highest.
2. Enhance preparedness measures: Implement additional...

winter power failure, seasonal risk, backup generators, public awareness

Electricity Shortfall (1)

Manage Electricity Shortfall During Gas Supply Failure

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the impact of a prolonged electricity supply shortfall caused by gas infrastructure failure.
2. Implement rolling power cuts lasting up to 3 hours at a time if necessary to balance supply and demand.
3. **Protect...

rolling power cuts, electricity shortfall, emergency plan, critical site protection

Radiation Recovery (1)

Prepare for Long-Term Recovery After a Nuclear Accident

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess health impacts: Monitor for long-term health effects such as increased risk of cancer, especially among those exposed to radiation.
2. Environmental monitoring: Participate in ongoing environmental assessments to...

long-term recovery,nuclear accident,mental health,economic impact

Fire Evacuation (1)

Evacuation and Shelter for Displaced People Following a COMAH Site Fire or Explosion

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Initiate Evacuation:
- Immediately evacuate all personnel and nearby residents from the affected area.
- Use established emergency routes and protocols to ensure safe and rapid evacuation.
- Ensure that individuals...

evacuation, shelter, fire, COMAH site, emergency response

Offshore Emergency Response (1)

Emergency Response Plan for Offshore Oil or Gas Installation Fire or Explosion

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Actions by the Operator:
- Activate the onshore command team to coordinate response efforts.
- Coordinate with local police, coastguard, and NHS for rescue and evacuation of offshore personnel.
- Deploy...

fire, explosion, offshore oil, gas installation, emergency response, evacuation, casualty management, environmental cleanup

Water Infrastructure Failure (1)

Implement Water Rerouting During Regional Water Supply Failure

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Implementing Water Rerouting During a Regional Water Supply Failure:

1. Assess the Situation: Determine which water treatment works are affected and the extent of the disruption.
2. Activate Emergency Response Plans: Water...

water rerouting, emergency response plan, water supply failure, vulnerable consumers, mutual aid

Food Contamination (1)

Respond to Food Supply Contamination Incident

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Response:
- Activate the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and public health agencies to coordinate the response.
- Identify the source of contamination as quickly as possible, even if it requires complex...

food contamination, pathogen, public health, decontamination, consumer confidence

Fire Emergency (1)

Respond to Major Fire Incident in High-Risk Locations

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Response:
- Activate emergency services (fire and rescue) immediately upon detection of a fire.
- Prioritize evacuation of vulnerable individuals, including those who may be unable to self-evacuate (e.g.,...

major fire, high-rise building, evacuation, emergency response, healthcare support

Wildfire Scenario (1)

Wildfire Scenario and Impact Assessment

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Scenario Definition:
- The reasonable worst-case wildfire scenario involves a sustained and widespread fire requiring multi-agency response over 4 to 7 days.
2. Impact Analysis:
- Significant impact on responder...

wildfire scenario, impact assessment, infrastructure damage, seasonal fire patterns, devolved responsibility

Wildfire Management (1)

Managing Concurrent Wildfires During Prolonged Heat and Dry Spells

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the situation: Monitor weather patterns for prolonged heatwaves and dry spells that increase wildfire risk.
2. Coordinate with Fire and Rescue Services (FRS): Ensure FRS units are prepared to respond to multiple...

wildfires,heatwaves,dry spells,Fire and Rescue Services,multiple wildfires,national capabilities

Volcanic Eruption Assessment (1)

Assessing Volcanic Eruption Risk and Impact on Aviation

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify high-risk volcanoes: Monitor Icelandic volcanoes such as Bárðarbunga and Eyjafjallajökull, which pose the greatest threat to UK airspace.
2. Assess eruption severity: Evaluate the type of volcanic activity (e.g.,...

volcanic eruption,aviation disruption,meteorological conditions,early warning signs,stranded passengers,international coordination

International Humanitarian Response (1)

Humanitarian Support for Overseas Natural Hazard Events

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Impact: Evaluate the impact of a natural hazard event (e.g., earthquake, hurricane, tsunami) on overseas populations that may affect UK interests or citizens.
2. Provide Financial Aid: Allocate financial support to...

humanitarian aid, international disaster response, earthquake support, UK foreign assistance

Earthquake Scenario Planning (1)

Scenario Planning for Major Earthquake in Sunda-Andaman Fault Zone

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify High-Risk Areas: Focus on the Sunda-Andaman fault zone in the Bay of Bengal as a high-risk area for major earthquakes.
2. Assess Potential Impact: Evaluate the potential consequences of an earthquake with a...

earthquake scenario planning, Sunda-Andaman fault zone, tsunami impact, international response

International Response (1)

Provide International Search and Rescue Support

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Deploy international search and rescue teams to the affected area.
2. Coordinate with local authorities and international partners to identify priority locations for rescue operations.
3. Ensure that rescue teams are equipped with...

search and rescue,international response,natural disaster,emergency support

Humanitarian Support (1)

Provide Humanitarian Assistance

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the immediate needs of affected populations (e.g., food, water, shelter, medical supplies).
2. Coordinate with humanitarian organizations and local authorities to distribute aid efficiently.
3. Set up temporary shelters...

humanitarian aid,natural disaster,emergency support

Refugee Support (1)

Support Refugee Dynamics in Natural Disasters

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify individuals and families who may need to relocate due to the disaster (e.g., those with family members in the UK).
2. Coordinate with local authorities and international organizations to facilitate safe relocation.
3....

refugee support,natural disaster,displacement management

Financial Recovery (1)

Provide Sustained Financial Support for Recovery

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the financial needs of affected communities and governments for long-term recovery.
2. Coordinate with international donors and organizations to secure funding for reconstruction efforts.
3. Ensure that funds are...

financial recovery,natural disaster,reconstruction support

Overseas Recovery Planning (1)

Assess and Plan for Long-Term Recovery in Overseas Territories

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the damage caused by the disaster in the affected Overseas Territory (OT).
2. Identify key areas that require long-term recovery efforts, such as infrastructure repair, economic...

long-term recovery,natural disaster,overseas territories

Overseas Emergency Services (1)

Provide Emergency Services Support in Overseas Territories

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Deploy emergency services teams (e.g., police, fire, medical) to the affected area.
2. Coordinate with local authorities and international partners to ensure a unified response effort.
3. Establish temporary command centers to...

emergency services,natural disaster,overseas territories

Government Coordination (1)

Coordinate Cross-Government Support for Immediate Response

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the immediate needs of the affected area and prioritize response actions accordingly.
2. Coordinate with relevant government departments (e.g., defense, health, foreign affairs) to ensure a unified response effort.
3....

cross-government support,natural disaster,response coordination

Volcanic Evacuation Planning (1)

Assess and Plan for Evacuation in Volcanic Eruption Scenarios

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor volcanic activity using scientific instruments and expert analysis.
2. Identify areas at risk of eruption and assess the potential impact on local populations.
3. Coordinate with local authorities to develop an evacuation...

evacuation planning,natural disaster,volcanic eruption

Space Weather Recovery (1)

Recovery Operations After a Severe Space Weather Event

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Initial Response (First Few Days):
- Reopen ports to allow for the movement of goods and personnel.
- Re-establish order in affected areas by deploying emergency services and law enforcement where necessary.
- Repair...

recovery operations, space weather event, port reopening, utility repair, long-term support model, reconstruction planning, secondary impact mitigation, infrastructure resilience

Space Weather Assumptions (1)

Key Assumptions for Severe Space Weather Impact Assessment

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Global Nature of Impacts:
- Recognize that the impacts of severe space weather events are global, although their magnitude may vary depending on location and infrastructure reliance.

2. Latitude Dependency:
-...

global impact, latitude dependency, infrastructure reliance, system resilience, mitigation strategies, geomagnetic storms, backup power, early warning systems

Power Outage Recovery (1)

Prepare for Extended Power Outage in Remote Coastal Areas

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Transformer Replacement Timeframe:
- In remote coastal areas, electricity transformers may need to be replaced following a power outage.
- Recovery time can take several months due to current transformer...

power outage, remote coastal areas, transformer replacement, mobile backup power

Infrastructure Protection (1)

Mitigate Impact of Storms on Infrastructure and Transport Networks

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess Historical Risk Patterns:
- Use historical data from past storms such as the October 1987 and Burns Day 1990 storms to understand potential impacts.
- Northern areas are more likely to be affected by severe...

storm impact, infrastructure protection, transport networks, environmental mitigation

Storm Variations (1)

Prepare for Variations in Storm Direction and Intensity

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor Wind Direction Changes:
- Be aware that storms may come from different directions than the typical westerly/southwesterly, such as northerly or easterly winds.
- These variations can bring additional hazards like...

storm variations, wind direction, snow response, infrastructure vulnerability

Cold Weather Response (1)

Respond to a Prolonged Cold Weather and Snowfall Event

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Stay indoors during extreme cold weather unless absolutely necessary.
2. Keep indoor temperatures as high as possible, using heating systems, blankets, and warm clothing.
3. Avoid overexertion to prevent sweating,...

hypothermia,cold weather,response plan,vulnerable individuals,emergency contact

Cold Weather Impact Mitigation (1)

Mitigate Secondary Impacts of Prolonged Cold Weather and Snowfall

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Ensure essential services are prepared for potential disruptions (e.g., power outages, water supply issues).
2. Coordinate with local authorities to identify vulnerable communities that may require additional support...

secondary impacts,cold weather,healthcare demand,transport disruption,economic impact

Cold Weather Recovery (1)

Recover from Prolonged Cold Weather and Snowfall Events

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess damage to infrastructure such as roads, power lines, and buildings after the event has passed.
2. Restore essential services, including electricity, water supply, and telecommunications, as quickly as possible.
3....

recovery,cold weather,infrastructure repair,vulnerable support,long-term resilience

Health Preparedness (1)

Implement the Adverse Weather and Health Plan (AWHP)

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Implement the AWHP to improve preparedness for weather-related health impacts.

Procedure:
1. Register for the new alerting system launched by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) in collaboration with the Met Office.
2. The...

adverse weather,health plan,heatwave,cold weather,natural disaster

Fluvial Flooding (1)

Understand Fluvial Flooding and Its Impacts

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Fluvial flooding occurs when rivers, streams, or brooks overflow their banks into surrounding areas.
2. This type of flooding is most likely to occur after intense rainfall events, which are expected to become more...

fluvial flooding,intense rainfall,climate change,flood defences

Drought Recovery (1)

Recover from Severe Drought Conditions

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Objective: Restore water supply and economic/environmental balance after a severe drought.

Procedure:
1. Monitor rainfall levels closely to determine when normal conditions are restored.
2. Gradually lift water usage restrictions as water...

post-drought recovery,environmental restoration,economic recovery

Air Quality (1)

Responding to a 30-Day Poor Air Quality Event

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Managing a 30-Day Poor Air Quality Event

1. Monitor Air Quality Index (AQI) Levels: Continuously track AQI levels using official government sources or air quality monitoring apps.

2. Issue Public Health Advisories: Use...

poor air quality, health advisory, emergency response, vulnerable populations, AQI monitoring

Recovery And Rehabilitation (1)

Replant with Resistant Ash Species or Alternative Tree Species

Standard Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Assess the area where ash trees have been killed due to beetle infestation.
2. Select and source resistant ash species, if available, for replanting in affected areas.
3. If no resistant ash species are identified or...

tree replanting, resistant ash species, reforestation, ecological recovery

Space Infrastructure Recovery (1)

Assessing Recovery Timelines for Space-Based Infrastructure Disruption

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Recovery timelines depend on the attack method and how it impacted space-based infrastructure, ground-based facilities, and essential radio frequency links. For temporary and reversible disruption to space assets, recovery timelines could be...

recovery timeline, space infrastructure, satellite damage, recovery time

Conventional Attack Preparedness (1)

Prepare for Conventional Attack on UK Mainland or Overseas Territories

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Understand the threat scenario: Recognize that an adversarial state may launch a conventional attack using missiles and cyber operations, targeting infrastructure rather than population centers.

2. **Assess potential...

conventional attack, UK mainland, overseas territories, infrastructure protection, NATO Article 5, emergency services

Recovery Planning (1)

Assessing Recovery Needs After a Major Incident

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Evaluate the scale of secondary impacts:
- Identify the type and severity of the incident (e.g., natural disaster, cyberattack, pandemic).
- Determine the geographic areas affected.
- Assess the number of people...

recovery,disaster,response,planning,investment,assessment

Hazard Types (1)

List of Natural Hazard Types Considered by the National Risk Index

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Identify the 18 natural hazard types considered in the National Risk Index.

• Natural Hazard Types:
- Avalanche
- Heat Wave
- Strong Wind
- Coastal Flooding
- Hurricane
- Tornado
- Cold Wave
- Ice Storm
-...

natural hazard types, avalanche, heat wave, coastal flooding, hurricane, tornado, cold wave, ice storm, tsunami, drought, inland flooding, volcanic activity, earthquake, landslide, wildfire, hail, lightning, winter weather

Data Assessment (1)

Assess Data Availability for Natural Hazard Risk Calculations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Understand the availability of source data for calculating Expected Annual Loss by hazard type and geographic area.

• Data Availability Categories:
- Y (Sufficient Data): Available for most states and territories.
- **ID...

data availability, expected annual loss, hazard type, geographic area, insufficient data, N/A, Y, ID

Hazard Assessment (1)

Determine Applicability of Hazard Types Based on Spatial Coverage

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Some hazard types do not require additional solutions due to their widespread prevalence or the nature of the source data. For example:

• Cold Wave, Heat Wave, and Winter Weather occurrences cover areas the size and shape of National...

cold wave,heat wave,winter weather,hazard assessment,national coverage

Data Analysis Risk Assessment (1)

Expand SHELDUS Loss Records by Event-Day Basis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To adapt hazard occurrence records for use, perform the following steps:

1. Identify hazards with an event-day basis (e.g., Ice Storms). These are hazards where the duration of the event varies significantly.
2. **Check if a loss record spans...

SHELDUS,loss records,event-day basis,date expansion,hazard data,disaster risk analysis

Geospatial Data (1)

Use NAD83 Coordinate Reference System for Spatial Layers

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To ensure consistency in spatial data:

1. Transform all spatial layers (Census block, Census tract, county, and tribal areas) into the NAD83 coordinate reference system.
2. This ensures accurate alignment of geographic data across different...

nad83,coordinate reference system,spatial layers,geographic alignment

Hurricane Surge (1)

Access and Use SLOSH Models for Hurricane Surge Analysis

High Priority Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:
1. Visit the [NOAA NHC SLOSH website](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/nationalsurge/#data) to access Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricane (SLOSH) data.
2. Download raster files for hurricane categories 4 and 5 along the Gulf and...

SLOSH,hurricane surge,NOAA,NHC

Cold Wave Exposure Modeling (1)

Calculate Cold Wave Exposure Value for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine the intersected area of past Cold Wave event-days with the Census block:
- Measure the total area (in square kilometers) where Cold Wave event-day polygons overlap with the Census block.
- Ensure that only...

Cold Wave, Exposure Calculation, Census Block, Building Value, Population Equivalence, Agricultural Value, Spatial Modeling, Hazus-recorded Values

Cold Wave (1)

Understanding Cold Wave Data Limitations

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Understanding the limitations of Cold Wave data is essential for accurate risk assessment.

• The Cold Wave hazard relies on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data for fatality counts to estimate population consequence...

cold wave, data limitations, CDC, SHELDUS, NWS, mortality statistics

Drought Data Processing (1)

Process Drought Spatial Data

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Extract drought shapefiles for each week from January 2000 through March 2025.
2. Load the extracted shapefiles into a processing database.
3. The initial dataset consists of 11,885 droughtweek records.
4. Filter data to...

drought data processing, spatial analysis, census tract intersection, exposure calculation, annualized frequency

Drought Exposure Calculation (1)

Calculate Drought Exposure Value for a Census Tract

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify intersected areas: Use the Drought-week polygons and intersect them with the Census tract polygons within the processing database.
- The resulting table should include:
- _DroughtID_
- _CensusTract_
...

drought exposure, census tract, crop value density, agricultural exposure calculation

Drought Exposure Aggregation (1)

Aggregate Drought Exposure at the County Level

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Sum individual Census Tract Exposures: For each county, sum the agriculture (crop only) value exposed to Drought for all Census tracts within the county.
- Example: If a county has three Census tracts with exposure values...

county level exposure, drought aggregation, agricultural exposure summation

Earthquake Data Processing (1)

Process Raw Earthquake Frequency Data into Thiessen Polygons

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Obtain raw earthquake frequency data from the U.S. Geological Survey as a point feature class, where each point corresponds to the expected annualized number of loss-causing earthquake hazard occurrences in that location.
2....

earthquake data processing,Thiessen polygons,Voronoi diagram,annualized frequency

Earthquake Exposure Assessment (1)

Extract Earthquake Exposure Values at the Census Tract and County Levels

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Use FEMA Hazus 6.1 building values and population data to extract exposure values.
2. Extract these values from the FEMA Hazus Earthquake Analysis data at the Census tract and county levels.
3. Identify a small subset of...

exposure values,Hazus 6.1,Census tract,county-level data

Methodology Limitations (1)

Understand Limitations of Hail Hazard Methodology

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To understand the limitations of the current hail hazard methodology, follow these steps:

1. Review the following key limitations:
- The current methodology does not incorporate the impacts of different **hail diameter...

hail hazard,limitations,methodology,historic loss ratio,diameter size

Hurricane Exposure Assessment (1)

Calculate Hurricane Exposure Value for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Determine Building Value Exposed to Hurricanes: Calculate the total value of buildings in a specific Census block that are exposed to hurricanes (in dollars).
2. **Determine Population Equivalence Value Exposed to...

Hurricane exposure, Census block, Exposure value, Building value, Population equivalence, Agriculture value, Developed area density, Hazus-recorded values, Census of Agriculture, Exposure aggregation

Ice Storm Data Processing (1)

Process Ice Storm Spatial Data

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Project Data: Project the Ice Storm footprint polygons to the North America Albers Equal Area Conic projection.
2. Check for Inaccuracies: Review the storm event start and end dates for inconsistencies, such as:
-...

ice storm data processing, spatial data projection, duration adjustment, risk analysis

Ice Storm Hazard Assessment (1)

Determine Possibility of Ice Storm Hazard Occurrence

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Generate Control Table: Create a control table to identify counties with some probability of Ice Storm occurrence.
2. Initial Selection Criteria:
- Include only counties that intersect past Ice Storm footprint...

hazard occurrence determination, ice storm risk zones, SHELDUS data, economic loss analysis

Ice Storm Exposure Analysis (1)

Calculate Average Ice Storm Event-Day Coverage Percentage for a Census Block

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify intersected areas and event-day durations:
- Retrieve the intersected area in square kilometers (km²) for each Ice Storm event from the intersection table (e.g., Table 52).
- Note the duration of each Ice Storm...

ice storm,census block,event-day coverage,exposure calculation,value of statistical life

Ice Storm Exposure Modeling (1)

Aggregate Ice Storm Exposure at Census Tract and County Levels

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

To calculate Ice Storm Exposure Aggregation at the Census tract and county levels:

1. Calculate the exposure value for each individual Census block within a specific Census tract, using the method described in the...

exposure aggregation, census tract, county level, natural disaster modeling

Landslide Mapping (1)

Map Landslide Headscarps Using Aerial and Satellite Imagery Post-Disaster

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. After a major storm or disaster (e.g., Hurricane Maria), conduct an aerial and satellite imagery survey of the affected area.
2. Identify landslide headscarps using high-resolution imagery.
3. Record the geographic coordinates of...

landslide headscarp mapping, aerial imagery, satellite imagery, post-disaster mapping, USGS shapefile

Landslide Frequency Modeling (1)

Estimate Annualized Landslide Frequencies at the County Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Access the U.S. Geological Survey Landslide Inventories across the United States (Version 3, 2025 Update).
2. Use these inventories to train a statistical model for estimating annualized landslide frequencies.
3. Input variables...

annualized landslide frequency, county-level risk assessment, USGS landslide inventory, statistical modeling, ecoregion proxy

Landslide Frequency Processing (1)

Calculate Annualized Landslide Frequency for U.S. Counties

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Calculate Annualized Landslide Frequency for U.S. Counties:

1. Obtain County-Level Annualized Landslide Frequencies:
- Use the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) county-level annualized landslide frequencies, which are presented...

landslide frequency calculation, USGS, annualized landslide rate, area-weighted distribution, San Bernadino County adjustment

Landslide Frequency Processing Puerto Rico (1)

Determine Landslide Frequency for Puerto Rico

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Determine Landslide Frequency for Puerto Rico:

1. Use Historical Data from Hurricanes Irma and Maria:
- Since the national frequency methodology cannot be applied due to the absence of Puerto Rico in the 2023 National...

Puerto Rico landslide frequency, historical hurricane data, annualized landslide calculation, USGS inventory, Hughes et al. study

Lightning Data Processing (1)

Process Lightning Non-Spatial Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

The Storm Prediction Center Daily Lightning Climatology data incorporate lightning strikes observed between Jan. 01, 1995 and Dec. 31, 2023 for the Continental United States and between Jan. 01, 2012 and Dec. 31, 2024 for Outside the...

lightning data processing, storm prediction center, lightning climatology

Lightning Exposure Assessment (1)

Assess Lightning Exposure at the Census Level

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Because lightning strikes can occur anywhere, the entire building and population value of a Census block, Census tract, and county are considered exposed to lightning. Population equivalence is calculated by multiplying **population by the Value...

lightning exposure, census block assessment, population equivalence

Wind Hazard Data (1)

Interpreting Strong Wind Data from the Storm Prediction Center

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

When interpreting strong wind data:

Important fields to analyze:
• Wind ID: Unique identifier for each event.
• Date and time: Records when the event occurred (e.g., "Oct. 23, 1955 7:00 PM").
• State: Indicates the geographic...

strong wind,data interpretation,storm prediction center,wind speed,gust vs sustained

Risk Modeling Limitations (1)

Limitations of Strong Wind Data in Risk Modeling

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Overview: This procedure outlines the limitations and considerations for using strong wind data in risk modeling within the National Risk Index 2025.

### Key Limitations:
• Inexact Differentiation of Hazards: The current methodology may not...

strong wind data, risk modeling limitations, hurricane wind, tornado damage, wildfire impact, drought exacerbation

Tsunami Data Processing (1)

Buffering Tsunami Runup Points for Spatial Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

To prepare tsunami spatial data for analysis:

1. Obtain the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Historical Tsunami database containing runup points.
2. Create a 500-meter buffer zone around each tsunami runup point...

tsunami, spatial data processing, buffering, NOAA, FEMA, census blocks

Volcanic Eruption Risk Assessment (1)

Apply Historic Loss Ratio Values Across Volcanic Physiographic Regions

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the Volcanic Physiographic Region where the volcanic event occurred.
2. Locate the corresponding Historic Loss Ratio (HLR) values for that region from Table 81.
3. Apply these HLR values to all counties within...

historic loss ratio, volcanic physiographic region, risk assessment, data application

Winter Weather Data Processing (1)

Process Winter Weather Event Alerts from Mesonet Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Extract alerts based on significance codes (SIG):
- Only consider Warning alerts (SIG = 'W') and Advisory alerts (SIG = 'Y').
- Ignore other alert types.

2. Filter by Winter Weather Phenomenon Types:
-...

winter weather data processing,winter storm alerts,event-day records,data quality issues,mesonet data,phenomenon codes

Risk Assessment Techniques (1)

Bayesian Settings and Smoothing for Hazard Analysis

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Objective: Apply Bayesian settings and smoothing techniques to hazard analysis data.

Steps:
1. **Settings Configuration:
- For all hazard types (e.g., Hail, Heat Wave), configure the following:
- Filter: N/A or LCMAs & Non-LCMAs...

Bayesian settings, exponential smoothing, SHELDUS back testing, hazard analysis

Weather Data Analysis (1)

Extract Weather Event Attribute Data from Mesonet-National Weather Service Tables

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the relevant table containing weather event attributes (e.g., Table 111).
2. Extract the following attributes and their descriptions:
- WFO: Three letter ID for issuing Weather Forecast Office.
- ISSUED:...

weather event, attribute description, mesonet, nws, vtec, wfo, phenom, gtype, sig, etn, status, nws_ugc, area_km2

Hazard Analysis (1)

Calculate Hazard Occurrence Count Using Fishnet Grid Cells and Census Data

Standard Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure:

1. Identify the relevant fishnet grid cell data (e.g., Table 112) containing historic hazard event counts.
2. Determine which fishnet grid cells intersect with a specific geographic area such as a Census block, tract, or county.
3....

fishnet grid cell, census block, hazard occurrence count, area-weighted average, tornado event, hurricane event, hail event, wind event

Fatality Management (1)

Plan for Fatality Management Following a Nuclear Detonation

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation May 2022 FEMA

Objective: Develop comprehensive fatality management plans to address the large number of fatalities and their impact on public perception and recovery.

Procedure:
1. Recognize that fatality management will be critical following a nuclear...

fatality management, nuclear detonation, emergency planning, identification, notification

Body Management Guidelines (1)

Follow Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters Field Manual Guidelines

High Priority Source: Planning Guidance Nuclear Detonation FEMA

Procedure:

1. Access the [Dead Bodies Field Manual](www.paho.org/disasters/dmdocuments/DeadBodiesFieldManual-2ndEd.pdf)
2. Implement guidelines for:
- Dignified and proper management of dead bodies
- Facilitation of body identification
3....

dead body management, disaster response guidelines, body identification procedures

Gas Safety After Disaster (1)

Handling Natural Gas Leaks in a Damaged Home

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. If you smell gas or hear hissing/blowing sounds, immediately:
- Open a window to ventilate the area.
- Leave the home immediately.
2. Turn off the main gas valve from the outside, if possible.
3. **Call the gas...

gas leak, natural gas, safety, turn off gas, professional help

Electrical Safety After Disaster (1)

Electrical System Safety After a Disaster

Critical Source: FEMA Are You Ready

Procedure:

1. Check the electrical system only if you are dry and not standing in water.
2. If possible, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or circuit breaker.
3. Do not turn on the lights until you are sure they’re safe to...

electricity, electrical safety, circuit breaker, fuse box, electrician

Radiological Incident Phases (1)

Understand the Early Phase of a Radiological Incident

High Priority Source: FEMA REP Program Manual Dec 2019

Procedure:

1. Recognize that the Early Phase begins at the onset of a radiological incident and lasts from hours to days.
2. Understand that immediate decisions for protective actions must be based on the status of the incident and...

early phase,protective actions,PAGs,precautionary measures,response roles

Maritime Incidents (1)

Respond to a Vessel Grounding or Sinking Blocking a Major Port

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure for Responding to a Vessel Grounding or Sinking Blocking a Major Port

1. Assess the incident: Determine whether the vessel has grounded or sunk, and assess the immediate impact on port operations.
2. **Activate emergency response...

vessel grounding, vessel sinking, port blockage, maritime incident, emergency response, environmental impact, supply chain disruption, salvage operations, dredging

Space Weather (1)

Mitigate Impact of Severe Space Weather Disruption

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Monitor Space Weather Conditions:
- Use advanced space weather monitoring systems to detect solar flares, geomagnetic storms, and other phenomena that could disrupt satellite operations.
- Establish early warning systems...

space weather, satellite protection, backup communication channels, international coordination, emergency protocols

Flood Risk (1)

Response to Reservoir/Dam Collapse

Critical Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Immediate Evacuation: Initiate immediate evacuation of all residents in the affected area downstream from the breached reservoir or dam.
2. Alert Systems Activation: Activate local and national alert systems to notify...

reservoir breach, dam collapse, flood management, emergency evacuation, infrastructure inspection

Space Weather Variations (1)

Variations in Severe Space Weather Events and Their Impacts

High Priority Source: UK National Risk Register 2025

Procedure:

1. Understand Variability in Solar Activity:
- Recognize that variations in the timescale, type, and magnitude of solar activity can significantly affect the overall impact of a severe space weather event.
- Anticipate...

solar activity variability, sector-specific impacts, aviation disruption, emergency services, telecommunications failure, cascading effects, scenario planning, historical reference

Drought Risk Assessment (1)

Calculate Drought Historic Loss Ratio

Reference Source: US National Risk Index 2025

Procedure to Calculate Drought Historic Loss Ratio:

1. Gather Data Sources:
- Use loss data provided by SHELDUS at the county level.
- Include SHELDUS events from 1996 through 2023.
- Reference the monthly Storm Data publication...

drought,historic loss ratio,calculation,us national risk index,shefldus,agriculture data

Nuclear Cbrn (213) -

Radiological Emergency Preparedness (106) -

Risk Assessment (96) -

Flood Preparedness (55) -

Radiation Emergency Preparedness (44) -

Radiation Emergency (33) -

Radiological Emergency (29) -

Avalanche Risk Assessment (20) -

Earthquake Preparedness (19) -

Animal Health (18) -

Radiation Emergencies (18) -

Volcanic Activity (16) -

Mass Casualty Management (14) -

Wildlife Management (13) -

Tornado Preparedness (13) -

Wildfire Risk Assessment (13) -

Pandemic Preparedness (12) -

Tornado Risk Assessment (12) -

Poisonous Plants (11) -

Chemical Biological Radiological (11) -

Fire Safety (10) -

Tsunami Preparedness (10) -

Coastal Flooding (10) -

Landslide Risk Assessment (10) -

Tsunami Risk Assessment (10) -

Avalanche Prevention (9) -

Flood Response (9) -

Landslide Preparedness (9) -

Hurricane Preparedness (9) -

Weather Forecasting (8) -

Avalanche Preparedness (8) -

Animal Disease Outbreaks (8) -

Weather Patterns (7) -

Wildfire Preparedness (7) -

Earthquake (7) -

Radiological Incident Recovery (7) -

Coastal Flooding Risk Assessment (7) -

Heat Wave Preparedness (7) -

Radiation Contamination (6) -

Extreme Heat (6) -

Hurricanes Tropical Storms (6) -

Earthquake Response (6) -

Volcanic Eruption Response (6) -

Earthquake Risk Assessment (6) -

Heat Wave Risk Assessment (6) -

Ice Storms (6) -

Heat Stress (5) -

Chemical Attack (5) -

Uxo Hazard (5) -

Avalanche Survival (5) -

Shelter Operations (5) -

Storm Preparedness (5) -

Levee Management (5) -

Radiation Safety (5) -

Energy Infrastructure Failure (5) -

Plant Health Emergency (5) -

Environmental Management (5) -

Heat Wave Analysis (5) -

Hurricane Risk Assessment (5) -

Lightning Risk Assessment (5) -

Wind Events (5) -

Cold Wave Risk Assessment (5) -

Dangerous Animals (4) -

Water Management (4) -

Lightning Safety (4) -

Weather Prediction (4) -

Chemical Decontamination (4) -

Radiation Protection (4) -

Emergency Response (4) -

Tsunamis (4) -

Weather Alerts (4) -

Flood Safety (4) -

Earthquake Recovery (4) -

Explosions (4) -

Levee Emergency Management (4) -

Radiological Incident Preparedness (4) -

Maritime Pollution (4) -

Communication Failure (4) -

Drought Management (4) -

Nuclear Cbrn (213)

Radiological Emergency Preparedness (106)

Risk Assessment (96)

Flood Preparedness (55)

Radiation Emergency Preparedness (44)

Radiation Emergency (33)

Radiological Emergency (29)

Avalanche Risk Assessment (20)

Earthquake Preparedness (19)

Animal Health (18)

Radiation Emergencies (18)

Volcanic Activity (16)

Mass Casualty Management (14)

Wildlife Management (13)

Tornado Preparedness (13)

Wildfire Risk Assessment (13)

Pandemic Preparedness (12)

Tornado Risk Assessment (12)

Poisonous Plants (11)

Chemical Biological Radiological (11)

Fire Safety (10)

Tsunami Preparedness (10)

Coastal Flooding (10)

Landslide Risk Assessment (10)

Tsunami Risk Assessment (10)

Avalanche Prevention (9)

Flood Response (9)

Landslide Preparedness (9)

Hurricane Preparedness (9)

Weather Forecasting (8)

Avalanche Preparedness (8)

Animal Disease Outbreaks (8)

Weather Patterns (7)

Wildfire Preparedness (7)

Earthquake (7)

Radiological Incident Recovery (7)

Coastal Flooding Risk Assessment (7)

Heat Wave Preparedness (7)

Radiation Contamination (6)

Extreme Heat (6)

Hurricanes Tropical Storms (6)

Earthquake Response (6)

Volcanic Eruption Response (6)

Earthquake Risk Assessment (6)

Heat Wave Risk Assessment (6)

Ice Storms (6)

Heat Stress (5)

Chemical Attack (5)

Uxo Hazard (5)

Avalanche Survival (5)

Shelter Operations (5)

Storm Preparedness (5)

Levee Management (5)

Radiation Safety (5)

Energy Infrastructure Failure (5)

Plant Health Emergency (5)

Environmental Management (5)

Heat Wave Analysis (5)

Hurricane Risk Assessment (5)

Lightning Risk Assessment (5)

Wind Events (5)

Cold Wave Risk Assessment (5)

Dangerous Animals (4)

Water Management (4)

Lightning Safety (4)

Weather Prediction (4)

Chemical Decontamination (4)

Radiation Protection (4)

Emergency Response (4)

Tsunamis (4)

Weather Alerts (4)

Flood Safety (4)

Earthquake Recovery (4)

Explosions (4)

Levee Emergency Management (4)

Radiological Incident Preparedness (4)

Maritime Pollution (4)

Communication Failure (4)

Drought Management (4)

Data Analysis (4)