Nuclear & CBRN

Procedure:

1. Before cutting, dip scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution to prevent contamination.
2. Make two cuts: one up each sleeve from the wrist to the shoulder and then across the shoulder through the collar (see Figure 8-4 on page 8-7).
3. Cut around bandages, tourniquets, and splints, leaving them in place.
4. Do not allow gloves to touch the patient along the cut line.
5. Keep cuts close to the inside of the arms so most of the sleeve material can be folded outward.
6. Unzip the jacket and roll the chest sections to the respective sides, with the inner surface outward.
7. Continue by tucking the clothing between the arm and chest.
8. Roll the cut sleeves away from the arms, exposing the black liner.

Procedure:

1. Cut both trousers legs starting at the ankle as shown in Figure 8-5 on page 8-8.
2. Keep cuts near the inside of the legs, along the inseam, to the crotch.
3. Cut the left leg all the way to the waist, avoiding pockets.
4. Cut the right leg across at the crotch to meet the left leg cut.
5. Cut around bandages, tourniquets, and splints, leaving them in place.
6. Place scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution after cutting.
7. Fold the cut trouser halves away from the patient and allow them to drop to the litter with the contaminated (green) side down.
8. Roll the inner leg portion under and between the legs.

For radiological contamination, use a radiac meter to determine the extent and location of contamination inside the aircraft. If there is contamination, determine the intensity of the contamination. If the contamination has an intensity greater than 0.33 cGy, the interior of the aircraft must be decontaminated.

Use hot, soapy water to wash the contaminated areas and a sponge to mop up the water and the contamination.

Decon the aircraft’s interior with hot, soapy water as long as maintenance personnel approve the use of it on certain pieces of equipment. Use IEDKs or damp, soapy washcloths to decon optical and electrical equipment and instruments.

NOTE: The IEDK leaves a charcoal residue on surfaces.

Procedure for Decontaminating Casualties in NBC Environments

Overview:
Decontamination is a critical step in managing casualties exposed to chemical, biological, or radiological agents. It reduces the risk of recontamination and protects medical personnel and facilities.

Steps:
1. Coordinate with the supported unit to establish and train a decontamination team. Medical units must be prepared to supervise these teams. Co-locate the decontamination site near the MTF (Medical Treatment Facility).
2. Personnel performing decontamination should wear appropriate PPE: mask, gloves, and protective overgarments.
3. Use monitoring equipment such as chemical agent monitors (CAMs) or automatic chemical agent alarms (M8A1) to assess contamination levels.
4. Follow these steps for patient decontamination:
- Step A: Decontaminate the patient’s mask and hood using an M291/M258A1 kit or a 0.5% chlorine solution. Roll the hood or cut it off after decontaminating.
- Step B: Remove gross contamination from the patient’s overgarment.
- Step C: Remove the patient’s protective overgarment and personal effects.
- Step D: Remove the patient’s battledress uniform (BDU).
- Step E: Transfer the patient to a decon litter.
- Step F: If environment permits, remove the mask and decontaminate the skin using an M291/M258A1 kit or 0.5% chlorine solution.
- Step G: Transfer the patient across the shuffle pit after ensuring all contamination has been removed and monitoring to confirm that the casualty is no longer in MOPP (Mission Oriented Protective Posture) protection.
5. Properly dispose of contaminated clothing and equipment using impermeable bags or containers, or bleaching powders. Disposal sites must be marked according to unit policy.
6. Use appropriate decontamination kits such as the M291/M258A1 for skin and mask decontamination.
7. Ensure that all personnel involved in decontamination are trained on the use of equipment, including immersion heaters, chemical agent monitors (CAMs), and M8 detector paper.

Equipment Required:
• 3 containers (2-gallon capacity) with one holding an immersion heater.
• One 50-pound drum of general-purpose detergent.
• Three containers (3-gallon capacity) and four additional containers for radiological decon.
• Two M258A1 or M291 decon kits per person.
• Four M1 chemical agent monitors (CAMs).
• Two boxes of plastic bags.
• Four M8A1 automatic chemical agent alarms.
• Ten 50-pound drums of STB (Stabilized Trichloroisocyanuric Acid).
• Two immersion heaters with fuel.
• Two books of M8 paper per squad.
• One role of M9 paper per squad.
• Four long-handled brushes.
• Four large sponges.
• Four bundles or rags.
• Four cutting tools (scissors, knives).
• One filter-air or filter canister per mask.
• Protective mask PLL parts and one hood per mask.
• Three AN/PDR77 radiacmeters or AN/VDR.
• Overdress garments and one set of BDUs per soldier if necessary.

Layout for a Patient Decontamination Station:
• Dirty Dump: Area where contaminated items are discarded.
• Contaminated Area: Zone near the casualty decon station.
• Triage Point (downwind): Located 75 yards from the decon station.
• Decon Station: Where decontamination takes place.
• Shuffle Pit: Used to transfer patients after decontamination.
• Clean Area: Zone upwind, where clean treatment occurs.
• Disposition Point: Final location for cleaned casualties.

Personnel Decontamination Lane (Stations):
|Station|Personnel|Equipment|
|---|---|---|
|1: Individual Gear Decon|2 attendants, 1 monitor (CAM operator)|3 30-gallon canisters, 2 long-handled brushes, 2 ponchos or plastic sheets, 1 CAM, 8 M8 detector paper, 4 M256A1 kits, 100 trash bags|
|2: Overboot and Hood Decon|1 attendant|2 cutting tools, 60 M258A1 or M295 (or one per person), 2 ponchos or plastic tarps, 100 trash bags|
|3: Overgarment Removal|1 attendant|10 M258A1/M295, 2 30-gallon containers, 100 trash bags|
|4: Overboot and Glove Removal|1 attendant|2 30-gallon containers, 100 trash bags, engineer tape, cutting tool|
|5: Monitor|1 CAM operator, 1 aidman or combat lifesaver|1 or more CAM or PDR-77, 5 M8 detector paper, 24 M258A1/M295|
|6: Mask Removal|2 attendants|1 M8A1 chemical alarm|
|7: Mask Decon Point|2 attendants, 1 monitor|4 3-gallon containers, 1 or more CAM or PDR-77, 2 sponges, 1 case paper towels, 1 immersion heater w/container, mask sanitizing solution|
|8: Reissue Point|Unit supply NCO, Unit NBC NCO|Mask PLL, overdress garments and BDUs if appropriate|

Notes:
• If only one radiacmeter is available, use it at Station 5 to monitor personnel. Pile together decontaminated equipment from Station 1 and decontaminated masks from Station 7.
• After a squad has been monitored through Station 5, an attendant should monitor the equipment pile.

Objective: Develop procedures for handling contaminated remains following a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Recognize that in the immediate aftermath of a nuclear detonation, only a small minority of fatalities will be contaminated.
2. Most contaminated fatalities are victims who evacuated and died due to traumatic or thermal injuries, many of whom may have been decontaminated during evacuation or medical treatment.
3. As remains are recovered from damage zones over time, the probability that remains are contaminated increases.
4. Complete external decontamination may not be possible for all decedents, and internal decontamination is not necessary or possible.
5. Decontamination should occur after victim identification, forensic work, or medicolegal procedures.
6. Coordinate with radiation experts to understand the risks of handling contaminated remains and develop effective protective measures for responders.

Considerations:
• Fatality management plans must include protocols for decontamination of remains.
• Protective equipment and training are essential for all personnel involved in handling contaminated remains.

At this station, the decon solution is allowed to completely neutralize the chemical agent; also, the interior of the aircraft is decontaminated, if necessary. The aircraft will remain in station 3 for no less than 30 minutes. The decon solution reacts with most chemical agents within 5 minutes. However, allowing the decon solution to remain on the contaminated surface for 30 minutes ensures a complete neutralization.

While the aircraft is in this station, an attendant inspects the interior of the aircraft for liquid contamination using the CAM and M8 detector paper. If liquid-chemical contamination is identified, he will decon the interior of the aircraft.

WARNING: Personnel should not be in the aircraft during this operation.

Procedure:

1. Before touching the patient, decon gloves with a 5 percent chlorine solution.
2. Lift the patient’s arms up and out of the cutaway sleeves unless detrimental to his condition.
3. Grasp the fingers of the gloves, roll the cuffs over the fingers, and turn the gloves inside out.
4. Do not remove the inner cotton gloves at this time.
5. Carefully lower the patient’s arms across the chest after the outer gloves have been removed (see Figure 8-6 on page 8-8).
6. Do not allow the patient's arms to come into contact with the exterior of his overgarment.
7. Drop the gloves into the contaminated-waste bag.
8. Decon team members decontaminate their gloves with a 5 percent chlorine solution.

Field studies show the Herman-Nelson portable duct heaters to be effective in decontaminating chemically contaminated vehicle and aircraft interiors.

However, using a hot-air decon has the following drawbacks: time required, heat damage, and downwind vapor hazards. A hot-air decon for a helicopter or light aircraft requires about 30 to 120 minutes to remove all of the contamination. Times are based on the amount of contamination and interior surface materials. Enough time must be provided to get the contaminated surface hot enough to vaporize the agent.

The Herman-Nelson heaters discharge air at a temperature between 150°F and 280°F. Pressurized containers, such as fire extinguishers, must be removed before starting a hot-air decon. These items will fail catastrophically and could cause severe damage. The heat will also damage sensitive electronic equipment.

Chemical agents irreversibly bind to many materials, particularly gaskets, vinyl coatings, seat belts, and seat cushions. These items should be removed since they cannot be decontaminated. A hot-air decon does not destroy chemical agents. The air exiting the aircraft may contain hazardous levels of the agent.

A downwind exclusion area of about 164 yards must be maintained to prevent unwanted casualties.

Procedure:
1. Scrub the DS2 into the exterior surface with brushes.
2. Wait 30 minutes, then wash off.
3. If a decon apparatus is not available, use field-expedient resources to apply DS2 or STB from bulk containers.
4. Use nonstandard decontaminants as discussed in Appendix B if necessary.
Warning:
• Use extreme caution when handling DS2.
• Do not mix DS2 and STB because it will cause a fire.
• Do not spray DS2 on personnel or protective clothing.
• DS2 is a combustible solution. Do not spray DS2 on hot engine blocks.
• Severe chemical burns can result if safety precautions are not observed.
• DS2 can severely injure eyes and skin, and if inhaled, can cause illness.
• DS2 can damage the NBC protective overgarment.
• Long-term contact with DS2 can damage the NBC protective gloves, hood, and overboots.

Objective: Decon the area required to sustain the mission (see Figure 5-2).

Steps:
1. Apply STB slurry on the entrance/exit of airfield hangers.
2. Ensure that the STB application includes 10 feet on each side of the runway between the entrance and the exit.
3. Decontaminate buildings’ or hangars’ entrance/exit and doors accordingly.
4. Use a field-expedient method to cover the major entry/exit toward the site if necessary.

Note: A transfer hazard will remain a problem until all parts of the airfield have weathered.

Procedure for Applying DS2 Decontaminant:

1. Divide the vehicle into four parts, and assign each part to a member of the scrubbing team to ensure even workload distribution and avoid duplication.

2. Apply DS2 starting at the top of the vehicle and work downward toward the undercarriage, ensuring full coverage.

3. Pay special attention to the undercarriage, especially if the vehicle has crossed a contaminated area.

4. Use a mop for general application as it is less tiring, although this method results in more spillage.

5. Use the M13 decontaminating apparatus, portable (DAP) to apply DS2 to hard-to-reach areas if needed, even though it requires more physical effort from the scrubbing team.

Notes:
• Planning factors for DS2 application are detailed in Table 4-4 on page 4-20.
• Ensure that each member of the scrubbing team wears a TAP apron or wetweather gear to protect against exposure to DS2.

Procedure to Check Patient for Contamination

1. Inspect the BDU:
- Use M8 detector paper or the CAM (Chemical Agent Monitor) to check the patient's BDU for contamination.
- Carefully survey the patient, paying particular attention to:
- Discolored areas,
- Damp spots,
- Tears on the uniform,
- Areas around the neck, wrists, and ears,
- Bandages, tourniquets, and splints.

2. Remove contaminated spots:
- Wash any contaminated spots with soap and water.
- Always dip the scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution after each cut.

3. Recheck contamination:
- Recheck the area with detection equipment (M8 paper or CAM).

4. Handle significant contamination on BDU:
- If significant contamination is found on the BDU:
- Remove the BDU.
- Spot decontaminate the skin.
- To remove the BDU, follow the procedures for removing the protective overgarment as described in paragraphs 8-145 through 8-147.
- Do not remove the patient's identification tags.

### Procedure: Check at Station 5

Overview:
At station 5, a final check is performed to ensure that all vehicles and equipment have been properly decontaminated and are free of contamination.

### Steps for Final Check
1. Use appropriate detection tools (e.g., M8 detector paper, M256A1 detector kits) to inspect all vehicles and equipment for residual contamination.
2. If contamination is detected:
- Re-decontaminate the item as necessary.
3. Ensure that all decontamination records are properly documented and maintained.

### Equipment Required
• 2 CAMs (Chemical Agent Monitors)
• 10 M256A1 detector kits
• 20 books of M8 detector paper
• 2 AN/VDR-2
• 2 M8A1 or M22 ACAAs (Agent Concentration and Chemical Analysis Assemblies)

### Additional Notes
• Ensure that all personnel at station 5 are trained in the use of detection tools and proper documentation procedures.
• Follow safety protocols when handling contaminated materials and equipment.

### Procedure
1. Confirm completion of decontamination for all vehicles and soldiers from the contaminated unit.
2. Coordinate with the supported unit to ensure that no contaminated elements remain unprocessed.
3. Close the DED first, as directed by the chemical unit (decon or smoke/decon platoons).
4. Process the chemical unit through the DTD after closing the DED.
5. Close the DTD once the chemical unit has processed through it.
6. Mark the area as contaminated using an NBC-5 report, and report its exact location to the supported unit.

### Notes:
• Ensure that all personnel involved in site closure are trained on the procedures for closing the DED and DTD.
• Use proper marking kits (e.g., NBC marking kits) to clearly identify contaminated areas.

### Procedure: Close the DED Area Sequentially

Overview:
The Decontamination (DED) area is closed in sequence, starting at station 1. All vehicles, equipment, and nonexpendable supplies are inspected for contamination. If contamination is found on an item, it is decontaminated.

### Steps to Close the DED Area
1. Begin closing the DED area sequentially, starting at station 1.
2. Inspect all vehicles, equipment, and nonexpendable supplies for contamination using appropriate detection equipment.
3. If contamination is found on an item:
- Decontaminate the item immediately.
4. Continue this process through each station until the DED area is fully closed.

### Additional Notes
• Ensure that all decontamination procedures are followed as outlined in the FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3 guidelines.
• Maintain proper documentation of contamination checks and decontamination actions taken.

Combat medic care during decontamination:
1. The combat medic gently cuts away the bandage.
2. Decontaminate the area around the wound and irrigate it with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.
3. If bleeding begins, replace the bandage with a clean one.
4. Replace the old tourniquet by placing a new one ½ to 1 inch above the old one.
5. Remove the old tourniquet and decontaminate the patient's skin with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.
6. Do not remove splints.
7. Decontaminate the splint by thoroughly rinsing it, to include the padding and cravats, with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

WARNING:
• Do not use an SDK around any wounds.
• Do not remove splints. The splint will not be removed until the patient has been evacuated to a forward MTF or hospital.

Step 10. Enter air lock and ensure door is closed. When the low pressure indicator light in the PE module goes out, rotate the purge time clockwise to its full extent. Do not set the purge time until after the low pressure light goes out.

Step 11. Decontaminate your gloves again. Then decontaminate the bottom (rolled portion) of your hood. Wait for completion of the purge cycle. When the timer bell sounds, loosen your gloves but do not remove them yet.

Objective: Reduce or eliminate contamination from unit and individual equipment to allow safe operation at reduced MOPP levels.

Procedure Steps:
1. Perform thorough-decon operations using appropriate decontamination methods (DTD, DED, or DAD) as required by the situation.
2. Ensure periodic checks for residual contamination after each operation using:
- CAM (Chemical Agent Monitor)
- M8/M9 detector paper
- M256A1 detector kit
3. After completing thorough decon, move the unit to a tactical assembly area (AA) for further operations.
4. During the tactical assembly phase, the unit may undergo reconstitution or prepare for future operations.
5. Combat-service-support (CSS) elements replenish stocks, refit equipment, and replace personnel as needed.
6. Contaminated units should be assisted by a chemical unit to perform DTD (Decontamination of Troops and Equipment).
7. A supporting chemical unit performs either DED (Dispersed Decontamination) or DAD (Detachment Decontamination), depending on the situation.

Planning Considerations:
• The layout of a thorough-decon site is determined by METT-TC (Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather, Troops and Equipment, Time Available, and Civil Considerations).
• Thorough decon is resource-intensive and should be conducted beyond the range of enemy direct-fire systems.
• Decon sites are typically established near reconstitution areas or rear areas depending on unit size:
- Company-sized units – Brigade’s rear area
- Battalion-level units – Division’s rear area
- Units larger than battalion – Corps’s rear area

### Procedure: Contact Time/Interior Decon at Station 3

Overview:
At station 3, the contact time and interior decontamination process is performed to ensure that all surfaces are properly treated with DS2 and inspected for contamination.

### Steps for Contact Time/Interior Decon
1. Allow sufficient contact time for DS2 to take effect on contaminated surfaces.
2. Inspect any unused supplies and equipment for contamination using appropriate detection tools (e.g., M8 detector paper, M256A1 detector kits).
3. If no contamination is detected:
- Load the equipment and supplies onto a vehicle for transport or storage.
4. If contamination is found on an item:
- Throw all contaminated supplies into the nearest sump.

### Sump Requirements
• 35 cubic feet of space is required for 250 gallons of liquid drain off.
• Once a sump is 2/3 full, prepare a new sump to ensure proper containment and disposal.

### Equipment Required
• 2 AN/VDR-2
• 3 TAP aprons
• 6 30-gallon containers
• 10 books of M8 detector paper
• 30 sponges
• 8 M256A1 detector kits
• 50 trash bags
• 1 clipboard with a pen
• 1 stopwatch

### Additional Notes
• Ensure that all personnel at station 3 are trained in the use of detection equipment and proper decontamination procedures.
• Follow safety protocols when handling contaminated materials and sump disposal.

Procedure:

1. Have the decontaminated patient cross the hot line to the clean treatment area.
2. Ensure the patient's boots are decontaminated at the hot line before entering the clean area.
3. At the entrance of the CPS or clean treatment area, remove the patient’s combat boots and protective mask.

### Procedure: DS2 Application at Station 2

Overview:
At station 2, the DS2 (Decontamination Solution 2) is applied to vehicles and equipment as part of the decontamination process.

### Steps for DS2 Application
1. Apply DS2 using mops and brushes to all contaminated surfaces.
2. After application, throw the mops and brushes that were used in applying the DS2 into a sump or bury them to prevent further contamination.
3. Load the unused cans of DS2 and M13 DAPs (Decontamination Application Packs) onto a vehicle for transport or storage.

### Equipment Required
• 18 long-handled brushes
• 9 mops with extra mop heads
• 3 30-gallon containers
• 9 M13 DAPs
• Sufficient DS2

### Additional Notes
• Ensure that all personnel at station 2 are trained in the proper use of DS2 and associated equipment.
• Follow safety protocols when handling chemical decontamination solutions.

Procedure for Decon of the Patient's Mask and Hood

1. Move the patient to the clothing removal station. After the patient has been triaged and stabilized (if necessary) by the senior medic in the patient-decon area, move him to the litter stands at the clothing removal station.

2. Decon the hood. Brush contamination off or use soap and water to wipe down the front, sides, and top of the hood.

3. Remove the hood. Remove the hood by cutting it with scissors or by loosening it from the mask attachment points for the quick-doff hood or other similar hoods (see Figure 8-3, page 8-6). Before cutting the hood, dip the scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution. Cut the neck cord and the small string under the voicemitter. Release or cut the hood shoulder straps and unzip the hood zipper. Cut the hood upward to the top of the eye-lens outsert, staying close to the filter-inlet cover and eye-lens outsert, then across the forehead to the outer edge of the other eye-lens outsert. Proceed downward toward the patient's shoulder, staying close to the eye-lens outsert and filter-inlet cover, then across the lower part of the voicemitter to the zipper. After dipping the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution, cut the hood from the center of the forehead over the top of the head. Fold the left and right sides of the hood to the side of the patient's head, laying the sides of the hood on the litter.

Procedure:

1. Effective decon may require two soldiers.
2. The soldier to be decontaminated first (soldier 1) turns and faces the shelter guard or buddy (soldier 2).
3. Soldier 2 loosens drawstrings over the voicemitter.
4. Soldier 1 turns, and soldier 2 wipes top, back, and sides of the hood with single passes of decon wipes.
5. Soldier 2 then decontaminates his own gloves.
6. He tightly rolls the hood up and off soldier 1's overgarment jacket, tucking straps into the roll. This prepares the hood for removal.
7. After soldier 1's hood is decontaminated, he performs the same procedures for soldier 2.

Steps:

1. Use the decontamination kit to clean individual equipment as necessary.
2. Follow proper procedures for decontamination to ensure all surfaces are free from C/B contaminants.

Details:
• Ensure that all gear and equipment used during exposure is thoroughly cleaned.
• Decontamination should be performed in accordance with established protocols.

Steps:

1. Decontaminate individual equipment as necessary during the C/B response.
2. Use appropriate decontamination procedures to ensure that all gear is clean and safe for use.

Details:
• This step is evaluated separately in task 031-503-1013.
• Ensure that decontamination is performed according to established protocols.

Procedure for Decontaminating Individual Gear with STB Mix:

1. Mix STB Solution: The soldier mixes three parts earth to two parts STB.
2. Apply STB to Contaminated Gear:
- For chemical/biological contamination: Brush or rub STB onto individual gear (helmet and mask carrier) and the hose of the M43 mask if worn.
- For radiological contamination: Use hot, soapy water to brush or wipe radiological contamination from individual gear. Wash it with hot, soapy water (if available) and set it aside to dry on an uncontaminated surface (plastic, poncho, or similar material).
3. Remove Excess STB: Gently shake off any excess STB.
4. Set Gear Aside: Place the gear on an uncontaminated surface.

Steps:

1. Remove and discard your chemical protective helmet cover.

2. Cover the gear with STB dry mix.

3. Brush or rub STB dry mix into the material, and shake off any excess STB.

4. Set your gear aside on an uncontaminated surface (plastic, poncho, or similar material).

Note: If at any time during the technique you suspect you have spread contamination onto your skin or undergarments, decontaminate immediately with the individual decontaminating kit available and then proceed with the MOPP gear exchange.

Procedure:

1. While holding the patient’s heels off the litter, have a team member wipe the end of the litter with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to neutralize any contamination that was transferred to the litter from the overboots.
2. Lower the patient's heels onto the decontaminated litter.
3. Place the overboots in the contaminated-waste bag.
4. Decontaminate your gloves with the 5 percent chlorine solution after removal.

Notes:
• This step is part of the decontamination process for NBC exposure.
• Ensure that all steps are performed carefully to avoid causing additional harm or discomfort to the patient.

Procedure for Decontaminating Mask and Hood with the Triple-Buddy Method (Chemical/Biological):

1. Use IEDKs: If wearing the M42 or M43 mask, use the buddy-team method (three buddies). Buddy #1 uses an IEDK to wipe Buddy #2's hood, mask, canister, and hose of the M42 or M43 mask.
- NOTE: Do not press so hard that you break Buddy #2's face-mask seal. Use as many wipes as necessary.
2. Wipe Gloves and Hold Equipment Away: Buddy #3 wipes off his gloves and holds Buddy #1's hose and canister away from his contaminated overgarment.
3. Roll Hood: After Buddy #1 wipes Buddy #2’s mask and then his own gloves, he rolls Buddy #2’s hood starting from the rear and using 2-inch tucks until it reaches the center of his head (see Figure 3-6, page 3-9).
4. Tighten Hood Roll: Roll the front of Buddy #2’s hood tightly under the outlet valve and filter.
5. Ensure Hood is Off Garment: Ensure that the hood is off of Buddy #2's garment (see Figure 3-7, page 3-10).

Procedure:

1. Use soap and water or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to spot decontaminate the patient’s skin and areas of potential contamination, including:
- Areas around the neck
- Wrists
- Lower parts of the face
2. Decontaminate the patient's identification tags and chain if necessary.

Additional Steps:
• Have the patient hold his breath, close his eyes, and lift or assist him with lifting his mask at the chin.
• Wash the patient’s face and exposed areas of skin with soap and water or wipe them with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.
• Start wiping from the top of the ear and quickly wipe downward, covering:
- All folds in the skin
- Ear lobes
- Upper lip
- Chin
- Dimples
- Nose
• Continue up the other side of the face to the top of the other ear.
• Wipe the inside of the mask where it touches the face.
• Have the patient reseal and check his mask.

CAUTION: Keep the decon solution out of the patient’s eyes.

Procedure for Decontaminating and Maintaining NBC Protection Gloves:

1. **Contamination Handling:
- If the 14 or 25 mil glove set becomes contaminated with liquid chemical agents, decontaminate or replace them within 24 hours after exposure.
- If the 7 mil glove set becomes contaminated, decontaminate or replace it within 6 hours after exposure.
2. Decontamination Solution:
- Use a 5% bleach and water solution or a 5% HTH (household hypochlorite) and water solution for decontamination.
3. **Reusability:
- After decontamination, the gloves may be reused indefinitely as long as they remain serviceable.
4. Avoid Contaminants:
- Avoid contact with DS2, break-free, antiseize compound, or any other petroleum-based products, which can attack the rubber polymers and make them sticky.
5. **Removal of Contaminants:
- If the gloves come into contact with these materials, use a bleach and water solution to remove them as soon as possible.
6. Serviceability Test:
- To determine if a glove set is damaged or serviceable, perform the following test:
1. Fill the gloves with air and submerge in water.
2. Prior to submerging, hold the base of the glove with both hands (using thumb and index fingers), with the glove fingers hanging downward.
3. Rotate the glove several times to ensure an air pocket is formed below the palm.
4. Squeeze the inflated glove and examine for escaping air.
5. Submerge in water. If bubbles escape, the glove is unserviceable.

Procedure for Decontaminating the Patient's Hood:

1. Brush off contamination or use soap and water to wipe down the front, sides, and top of the hood.
2. Remove the hood by cutting it with scissors or by loosening it from the mask attachment points for the quick-doff hood or other similar hoods (see Figure 8-3, page 8-6).
- Before cutting the hood, dip the scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution.
- Cut the neck cord and the small string under the voicemitter.
- Release or cut the hood shoulder straps and unzip the hood zipper.
- Cut the hood upward to the top of the eye-lens outsert, staying close to the filter-inlet cover and eye-lens outsert, then across the forehead to the outer edge of the other eye-lens outsert.
- Proceed downward toward the patient's shoulder, staying close to the eye-lens outsert and filter-inlet cover, then across the lower part of the voicemitter to the zipper.
- After dipping the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution, cut the hood from the center of the forehead over the top of the head.
- Fold the left and right sides of the hood away from the patient's head and remove the hood.

Procedure for Decontaminating the Patient's Protective Mask and Exposed Skin:

1. Prepare the decon solution: Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.
2. Decon the mask: Wipe down the external parts of the protective mask with the solution.
3. Protect the mask filters: Cover the mask’s air inlets with gauze or your hands to keep the mask filters dry.
4. Wash exposed skin: Wash the patient's face, including the neck and behind the ears, using soap and warm water or wipe them with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.
5. Do not remove the protective mask during this process.

NOTE: The M203 is not a crew-served weapon; however, this weapon is considered critical for accomplishing the infantry squad’s mission. Decon the M16A2 according to STP 21-24-SMCT. Before decontaminating the M203 grenade launcher, ensure that the dust cover is closed and the magazine is stored in the well. Ensure that the barrel assembly is closed.

To decon the M203 grenade launcher, follow these steps:

1. Step 1: Decon your gloves using the IEDK.
2. Step 2: Use the IEDK to decon the barrel, hand guard, and receiver.
3. Step 3: Use the IEDK to decon the lower receiver group and butt stock.
4. Step 4: Repeat step 1.

NOTE: Ensure that the feed tray of the weapon is closed. This prevents the powder from the IEDK from falling inside the feed tray and jamming the weapon. Do not touch the barrel of the weapon with chemical protective gloves when it is hot. The heat of the barrel could melt the gloves.

To decon the M249 SAW, follow these steps:

1. Step 1: Decon your gloves using the IEDK.
2. Step 2: Use the IEDK to remove all liquid contamination from the bipod, barrel assembly, gas regulator, and carrying handle.
3. Step 3: Use the IEDK to decon the feed-tray cover, magazine, trigger assembly, and shoulder stock.
4. Step 4: Repeat step 1.

NOTE: Ensure that the weapon is upright when decontaminating the feed-tray cover with the IEDK. This prevents powder from the IEDK from falling into the ammunition feeder. Place the magazine in the well before the decon.

NOTE: Ensure that the feed tray of the weapon is closed. This prevents the powder from the IEDK from falling inside the feed tray and jamming the weapon. Do not touch the barrel of the weapon with the chemical protective gloves when it is hot. The heat of the barrel could melt the gloves.

Decon Procedures for Individual and Crew-Served Weapons 10-1

To decon the M60 machine gun, follow these steps:

1. Step 1: Decon your gloves using the IEDK.
2. Step 2: Use the IEDK to remove all liquid contamination from the bipod, barrel assembly, forearm assembly, and carrying handle. Use a second IEDK if necessary.
3. Step 3: Use the IEDK to decon the feed-tray cover, shoulder stock, and trigger assembly.
4. Step 4: Repeat step 1.

NOTE: Do not decon the flash suppressor with the IEDK. Powder debris may fall into the barrel and cause the weapon to malfunction.

Procedure:

1. The ambulatory patient is decontaminated and undressed as follows.
2. Some procedures can be done with one soldier, while others require more than one.
3. Remove the LCE by unfastening/unbuttoning all connectors or tie straps.
4. Place the equipment in a plastic bag.
5. Put the plastic bag in the designated storage area for later decon.

Procedure for Decontaminating a 60-Millimeter Mortar:

1. Decon Your Gloves: Use the IEDK to decontaminate your gloves.
2. Decon the Mortar Tube and Handgrip: Apply the IEDK to the mortar tube and handgrip. If heavily contaminated, use an additional IEDK as needed.
3. Decon Bipod and Base Plate: Use the IEDK to decontaminate the bipod and base plate.
4. Decon Exterior of Telescope: Apply the IEDK to the exterior of the telescope. Do not apply the IEDK to the lens. If contamination is present on the lens, flush it with water.
5. Repeat Step 1: Re-decontaminate your gloves again after completing all steps.

Important Notes:
• Ensure that mechanical parts of the mortar are dried after decontamination.
• Lubricate the mortar when the mission permits.
• Do not touch the mortar tube with chemical protective gloves when it is hot, as heat could melt the gloves.
• The IEDK may only remove liquid hazards; vapor hazards may still be present on decontaminated items. Do not unmask until it has been determined safe to do so.

Procedure:

1. All ambulatory patients requiring EMT or AMT in the clean treatment area of the BAS must be decontaminated.
2. Stable patients not requiring treatment at the BAS but needing evacuation to a medical clearing station or corps hospital should be evacuated in their protective overgarments and masks using any available transportation.
3. Before evacuation, spot remove all thickened agents from their protective clothing.
4. Most ambulatory patients will be treated in the contaminated treatment area and returned to duty.
5. Upon removal of an ambulatory patient's clothing, they become a litter patient.
6. The BAS and clearing station do not have replacement clothing for those cut off during decon.
7. Place the patient in a patient protective wrap (PPW) for protection during evacuation.

Note: Place the bandage scissors used in this procedure in a container of 5 percent chlorine solution when not in use.

Procedure:
1. Use a bleach solution for biological contamination.
2. If bleach is not available, use hot, soapy water.
3. Apply with brushes and scrub the surface well.
4. Rinse the surface after scrubbing (no wait is required).
5. DS2 and STB are also effective against most known biological contamination, but they are not preferred due to their caustic nature.
6. Use other nonstandard biological decontaminants as described in Appendix B if necessary.

Procedure:
1. Use the on-board portable decon apparatus (such as the M11 or M13) to decon surfaces that you must touch on the exterior of the vehicle or equipment you must use to do your job.
2. The IEDK may be used on equipment that DS2 may cause damage to by corrosive action.

Procedure:
1. Use the IEDKs to decon individual equipment.
2. Wear your Kevlar® helmet protective cover to prevent or reduce the adsorption of any liquid chemical agent.
3. Wash with soap and water and bleach solutions (see Appendix B for details).

Procedure for Decontaminating the Javelin and Its Components:

• Refer to Table 10-1, page 10-6, for specific decon procedures for the Javelin and its components.

Important Notes and Warnings:
• The IEDK only removes a liquid hazard. Decontaminated items may still present a vapor hazard. Do not unmask until it has been determined safe to do so.
• Close the lens covers on the Javelin before decontamination, as decon powders on the lens can obscure your vision.
• Do not use the IEDK on the eyecup because decon powder entering the eyecup can obscure your vision.

Procedure:
1. Wipe down your mask, hood, gloves, and other essential gear.
2. Do not attempt to remove chemical contamination from your protective overgarment unless there are obvious clumps of the agent.
3. If there are clumps, scrape off the material.
4. Brush off radiological or frozen chemical-agent contamination.
Note: See FM 3-4 for detailed information on your overgarment’s protective qualities.

Procedure:
1. Locate radiological contamination with monitoring equipment.
2. Remove by brushing and shaking it off.
3. Wash exposed areas of your skin, paying particular attention to your hair and fingernails.
4. Avoid breathing the dust particles you shake off by wearing your protective mask or a piece of cloth over your nose and mouth.
5. If wet, conduct a MOPP-gear exchange as soon as possible because brushing or shaking will not remove the contamination.
6. Wipe off your equipment with warm, soapy water using rags or damp paper towels.

Procedure:
1. If contaminated by fallout, rain out, neutron-induced contamination, or any type of radiological agent, use your monitoring equipment to locate the contamination and decon as required.
2. If detection equipment is not available and you suspect contamination, decon.
3. Radiological contamination can usually be removed by brushing or scraping.
4. Use water to flush away radiological contamination; however, control runoff using drainage ditches that flow into a sump.
5. Remember, you have not destroyed the contamination—it has just been moved. The runoff will still be hazardous.
6. If time permits, brush or scoop away the top inch of soil from your fighting position to lower the amount of radiological contamination affecting you.

Procedure for Decontaminating Areas Exposed to Tritium Gas:

1. Flush the Area with Air: The best method for decontaminating an area exposed to tritium gas is to flush it with air.

2. Protect Personnel from Inhalation Hazards: Personnel entering areas containing tritium gas should wear a self-contained type of breathing apparatus due to the internal hazard posed by inhalation.

3. Dispose or Degass Contaminated Objects:
- Objects exposed to tritium for an extended period may absorb the gas and should be disposed of if possible.
- If disposal is not feasible, objects can be degassed under a vacuum by flushing with helium or hydrogen.

4. Monitor Surface Cleanliness: Surfaces that appear clean may become recontaminated within hours due to percolation.

5. Tritium Oxide (T2O) in Water Cannot Be Removed: There is no practical way to remove tritium oxide from water because of its similarity to natural water.

Procedure for Decontaminating Areas Exposed to Uranium:

1. Identify Source of Contamination: The most likely source is a nuclear weapon accident where fissionable uranium (uranium-235 or uranium-238) is spread as metal or oxide dust.

2. Remove Insoluble Uranium Deposits:
- Brush or vacuum the contaminated surface to remove the insoluble uranium deposits.
- Treat the area with mineral acids or oxidizing acids after initial removal.
- Seal the treated surface to prevent recontamination.

3. Large-Area Decontamination Methods:
- For large areas, remove the top layer of the contaminated surface.
- Alternatively, seal the entire surface if removal is not feasible.

Objective: The commander should designate and train teams that can perform decon for fixed-site operations.

Techniques:
• The following are fixed-site decon techniques that the teams could apply:
- Airfield Decon: See Figure 5-2 and Figure 5-3.
- Helipad Decon: See Figure 5-4.
- POMCUS/Motor Park Decon: See Figure 5-5.

Procedure for Calculating DS2-to-Agent Ratios:

• For H agents, the required DS2-to-agent ratio is 55 to 1.
• For G agents, the required DS2-to-agent ratio is 25 to 1.

Example Application for an M1A1 Tank:
• For H agents: 15 gallons of DS2 are needed.
• For G agents: 7 gallons of DS2 are needed.

Note: It is essential that there be sufficient DS2 on the item being decontaminated to ensure complete neutralization of chemical agents.

Step 13. Enter the shelter and resume breathing.

## WARNING
When entries are performed in a contaminated environment, monitor every 30 minutes. If detector/monitoring shows positive, all personnel should mask until the source of the contamination is located and removed and/or further tests indicate the contamination is no

Step 1: If you wear your vehicle helmet underneath your hood, the first step is to remove the hood (from back to front) from your helmet. Then remove it from around the eye lenses and then from the filter hose. If you wear your hood underneath your helmet, remove your helmet first. Then remove the hood from your mask in the manner described.

Step 2: With mask and helmet (if applicable) still on, remove your overgarment jacket and trousers. Use the same basic procedures outlined for troops in the ground-troop ensemble, with one exception. When performing the doffing procedure, bend at your waist to prevent the filter canister and hose from touching you when your overgarment is being removed.

Step 3: Proceed to the air lock or hot line. Remove boots as you step into the air lock.

Step 4: Just before entering the protective enclosure, remove your mask, helmet, add gloves. Seal your mask inside your M1/M1A1 bag and enter the enclosure.

Note: For systems without an air lock, remove your mask, helmet, and gloves only after tests indicate the absence of vapor. Place your mask inside your M1/M1A1 bag and seal the bag.

Note: For systems without an air lock, all soldiers don MOPP gear before anyone exits the protective enclosure. After the exit, those remaining reseal and purge the enclosure. When vapor contamination drops below detection levels, the remaining soldiers can follow unmasking procedures.

Step 1: Put on clean overgarment, overboots or GVOs, and gloves inside the shelter.

Step 2: Check to ensure the air lock is unoccupied. Stop breathing, and step into the entrance, taking your M1/M1A1 bag with you.

Step 3: Open the M1/M1A1 bag, don mask, and put on gloves. (Note: A bib section is available that will fit between the protective entrance and the frame of any door, and when taped down, seals the entrance from outside contamination. Entry and exit restrictions remain the same.) For guidance on maintenance and parts of the SCPE see TM 3-4240-288-12&P.

Step 1: Put on clean overgarments, overboots, and gloves inside the shelter.

Step 2: Check the compartment control module (CCM) to ensure the air lock (M14 PE) is unoccupied. Stop breathing, and step into the entrance taking your M1/M1A1 bag with you.

Step 3: Open the M1/M1A1 bag, remove your mask by the straps with one hand, and make sure the hood is inside out over the front. Place your mask to your chin and face, and pull the head harness over your head. Tighten cheek straps, clear and seal your mask, and resume breathing. Unroll the hood. Pull the hood over your head, attach the straps, and tighten the neck cord.

Step 4: Exit the air lock and ensure the PE door is fully closed after exiting.

Step 1. Traverse the turret until the main gun is centered over the front slope.

Step 2. Put on mask and protective gloves.

Step 3. If you are the loader, perform exit before any crew member begins.

Put on the SCALP or either a field-expedient contamination avoidance item or rain gear and boot covers. Carrying your personal decon kit, exit through the loader's hatch.

Step 4. If you are not the loader, but are required to exit, move to the loader's station. Put on the SCALP or a field-expedient contamination avoidance item or rain gear and boot covers. Carry your personal decon kit and exit through the loader's hatch. If you are the last to exit, carry the decon apparatus and close the hatch.

Step 5. If you are the loader, determine if the tank and surrounding area are contaminated.

Note: Follow procedures for detecting the presence of chemical agents. For hasty identification, the loader should use M8/M9 chemical agent detector paper for suspected liquid agents. The tank commander can use detector/monitoring equipment to detect any vapor agents. If the need to exit the tank is urgent, skip this time-consuming step and assume this area is contaminated.

Step 6. If no contamination is present, crew members may reduce their MOPP level and perform step 7. If contamination is present, decontaminate the loader's hatch and an area approximately 4 feet in diameter around it.

Step 7. Perform the task(s) that dictated the exit.

Purpose: Personnel and equipment need to be decontaminated to reduce the hazard and the spread of contamination, limit casualties, and minimize operational degradation. The goal is to restore the unit to an acceptable level of operational effectiveness.

Criticality: The inability of a fixed site to move away from contamination makes decon more critical. Decon is necessary when protective items cannot be worn in performing the mission or when long-term occupancy is anticipated.

Decon Capabilities:
• Decon capabilities may be designed and built into a facility and used if the facility becomes contaminated.
• Mobile decon equipment may also be available at a fixed site to decon equipment, roads, and buildings.
• Interior decon may be accomplished with large commercial heaters.

Conventional Methods:
• Loading docks, entries and exits, and building exteriors can be decontaminated with more conventional methods such as:
- STB dry mix or STB slurry
- Soap and water
- M13 DAP

Equipment Utilization: Commanders should identify all systems that are capable of contributing to the decon effort, including fire trucks, steam cleaners, and water pumps.

Objective: To decon a helipad site.

Steps:
1. Spray the STB slurry on the entrance/exit approach or path (see Figure 5-4).
2. Since airborne STB particles can damage sensitive aircraft components, the decontaminated area should be washed with water before landing helicopters.

Note: Ensure that all areas are thoroughly cleaned to prevent contamination of aircraft.

Procedure:

1. Perform immediate decontamination (ID) as soon as possible if exposed to a chemical agent on the skin.
2. Use the following techniques:
- Skin decon: Wash contaminated skin with water and soap or use a decontaminating solution.
- Personal wipe down: Wipe contaminated areas with wipes designed for chemical agent removal.
- Operator’s spray down: Spray contaminated areas with an appropriate decontamination agent.

3. Begin this process within 1 minute of exposure to prevent the agent from penetrating further into the skin.
4. This level of decon is performed by the individual or a crew and stops the agent from penetrating.

Note: Immediate decon should be conducted as soon as practical, ideally before 1 minute after contamination occurs.

### Procedure
1. Assess workload and personnel capacity to determine the need for a work/rest cycle.
2. Schedule rest periods based on the duration of decontamination operations and the physical demands of the tasks.
3. Rotate personnel through different stations (e.g., primary wash, DS2 application, rinse) to prevent fatigue.
4. Monitor heat exposure using temperature sensors or visual signs of heat stress (e.g., sweating, dizziness).
5. Provide hydration and rest areas for personnel during breaks.
6. Adjust the work/rest cycle as needed based on operational tempo and environmental conditions.

### Notes:
• Failure to implement a work/rest cycle could result in heat casualties and mission failure.
• Ensure that all personnel are trained on the importance of rest cycles and how to recognize signs of heat stress.

Action Item: Include self-decontamination instructions in public education campaigns.

### Individuals Directed to Evacuate by Emergency Response Officials:
• These are individuals leaving the immediate impact zone (e.g., MDZ or LDZ zones) who may require assistance from responders to evacuate (e.g., search and rescue, emergency medical service).
• Some may be able to evacuate without responder assistance but as part of an organized immediate evacuation.
• These individuals may undergo preliminary screening at ad hoc screening locations.
• Emergency response officials must consult with radiation protection professionals regarding appropriate screening criteria and decontamination recommendations for these individuals that reflect the priorities and resources available.

### Individuals Who Self-Evacuate Without Official Direction:
• This includes individuals who self-evacuate before emergency responders arrive.
• Once responders arrive, there may be insufficient responders to direct everyone, and people may continue to self-evacuate.
• Responders will be unable to provide onscene screening and decontamination assistance before these individuals evacuate and at best may direct them to an ad hoc screening location.
• Ideally, public education campaigns provide self-decontamination instructions to the public prior to emergency incidents.
• Even then, self-decontamination instructions must be provided to the public at ad hoc screening locations or through post-incident public outreach mechanisms.
• Planners should anticipate some of these individuals will be going directly to hospitals or seeking care in public shelters prior to being screened for contamination.
• Appendix 5.2: Strategies for Screening and Decontaminating People discusses special considerations for screening individuals arriving at shelters.

Procedure for Individual-Gear Decon at Station 1:

1. At this station, contamination is removed from individual gear (LCE, mask carrier, helmet, and weapon) to a negligible risk level.
2. Follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 1 of this manual for thorough decontamination of personal equipment.

Procedure:

1. When entering a contaminated environment, monitor every 15 minutes.
2. If the detector changes color, or the CAM indicates more than one bar, all soldiers should mask immediately until:
- The source of contamination is located and removed, or
- Further tests indicate that contamination is no longer present.
3. Note the location of any liquid agent on the entering soldier.
4. Use decontaminants only on areas known to be contaminated.
5. The soldier removes the LCE (Liquid Chemical Protection Ensemble) and unfastens:
- Velcro tabs,
- Tie cords, and
- Trouser-leg zippers.

Overview of NBC Decontamination Procedures:

• NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) decontamination is a critical process to remove or neutralize contaminants from personnel, equipment, and environments.

Purpose:
• To reduce the risk of contamination spread and protect personnel from harm.

Scope:
• Applies to all military personnel and units during training, exercises, and contingency operations.

Key Principles:
• Decontamination must be conducted promptly after exposure.
• Use appropriate decontamination agents based on the type of contaminant (chemical, biological, or radiological).
• Follow established procedures to ensure effectiveness and safety.
• Ensure that all personnel are trained in NBC decontamination techniques.

Responsibilities:
• Commanders must ensure that decontamination is integrated into operational planning.
• Medical personnel must be prepared to treat contaminated individuals.
• Decontamination teams must be trained, equipped, and ready for rapid response.

Single air lock protective entrances are commonly used in vans and shelters modified for collective protection (e.g., the M12 protective entrance). This system consists of a clean shelter area and an air lock.

Before entering the air lock from a contaminated area, personnel must remove their MOPP gear except gloves and mask. Minor exposure to chemical agent vapor is possible during this process.

Clothing may absorb any chemical agent vapor in the atmosphere during this brief exposure. The amount of agent absorbed depends on:
• Agent concentration in the atmosphere
• Length of exposure
• Type of agent
• Type of clothing exposed
• Climatic conditions

The air purge in the air lock flushes out contaminated air brought in and reduces the amount of absorbed agent on clothing before the soldier enters the protective shelter. After entry, monitoring ensures hazardous levels of agent were not carried inside.

A two-stage air lock is created by adding a contamination control area (CCA) to a single air-lock system. This configuration provides better control of liquid and vapor hazards during entry and exit.

Entering soldiers remove MOPP gear in the CCA before proceeding into the air lock. This additional step enhances protection against chemical agents and improves overall contamination control.

Operational decon is conducted to sustain combat operations, remove gross contamination, and reduce the transfer/spread of contamination. Before decon, soldiers should visually inspect the weapon system for contamination. If liquid contamination is present, follow the procedures prescribed for each weapon system. The protection level required for operational-decon operations is MOPP4.

WARNING: Do not apply an IEDK to any optic lens. The abrasive effect of the charcoal inside the IEDK will damage the lens.

NOTE: The United States Marine Corp (USMC) does not possess the IEDK; therefore, it will have to use additional SDKs to decon individual and crew-served weapons.

Objective: At a prepositioning of material configured to unit sets (POMCUS)/motor park site, decon entrance/exit approaches to limit contamination.

Steps:
1. Exposed vehicles in a POMCUS/motor park will become contaminated but most likely there will not be enough personnel to drive the vehicles to a decon station.
2. Decon parked equipment by spraying it with an STB slurry or hot, soapy water (see Figure 5-5).
3. The M12A1 PDDA crew drives around the parked vehicles and performs vehicle washdown to accelerate the weathering process.

Procedure:

1. After personal wipe down, aviators may conduct a spot decon on their aircraft.
2. The goal is to limit the transfer and spread of contamination while sustaining flight operations.
3. Focus on essential operating surfaces on the aircraft that must be touched during operations.
4. Use IEDK or JP81 as decontamination agents.
5. Do not use JP8 inside the aircraft.
6. This procedure applies to the first six functional activities.
7. Do not spray water inside the aircraft during this process.

Notes:
• The aircrew spot decon provides the same benefits as the operator’s spray down.
• Exact procedures and areas to decon are identified in the aircraft’s maintenance manual.
• See Table 7-2, pages 7-4 through 7-6, for additional guidance.

### Procedure: Perform Primary Wash at Station 1

Overview:
At station 1, the primary wash involves spraying all vehicles and equipment with hot, soapy water to remove any contamination that could have been transferred during the primary wash operations.

### Steps for Primary Wash
1. Spray all vehicles and equipment with hot, soapy water to remove any contamination that may have occurred during the primary wash operations.
2. Drain the water billets or fabric tanks of water after washing.
3. Inspect all equipment and vehicles for contamination using appropriate detection equipment (e.g., M8 detector paper, M256A1 detector kits).

### Equipment Required
• 3 M12A1 PDDAs
• 3 1,500-gallon tanks
• 3 65-GPM pumps
• 6 long-handled brushes
• 8 TAP aprons
• Liquid detergent

### Additional Notes
• Ensure that all personnel at station 1 are trained in the use of detection equipment and decontamination procedures.
• Follow proper safety protocols when handling hot water and soapy solutions.

After an attack, soldiers must take the following actions:

1. Ensure contaminated items are not stowed in CPE (Collective Protection Equipment).
2. Acquire decon support if required.
3. Resupply expendable materials such as IPE (Individual Protective Equipment), mask and shelter filters, and individual decon kits.
4. Continue entry and exit procedures until one hour after detectors indicate the absence of agent vapors outside the shelter.
5. Resume before-attack actions, but continue periodic monitoring of the shelter interior with detector/monitoring equipment.

The shelter attendant will:
• Pass the all clear signal to shelter occupants when safe to do so.
• Service the filter system if needed.
• Assist entry and exit procedures.
• Continue attendant duties.

### Preparation of Decontamination Station

To prepare the decontamination station, ensure the following equipment and supplies are available:

1. Containers: Four 30-gallon containers for each two decon lanes used.
2. Brushes: Two long-handled brushes for each two decon lanes used.
3. STB Slurry Mix: Sufficient STB slurry mix for chemical contamination.
4. Hot, Soapy Water and Sponge: For radiological contamination.
5. Rinse Water: Required for rinsing after decontamination.
6. Ponchos or Plastic Sheets: Two ponchos or plastic sheets.
7. Engineer Tape: Used to divide the poncho or sheet into halves as a contamination control line.

### Digging and Setting Up the Sump

1. Dig a sump that is 6 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 4 feet deep (minimum).
2. Place three 30-gallon containers near the sump for ease of changing.
3. Fill two containers with an STB slurry mix and place them at the sump.
4. Fill the other two containers with clean water for rinsing and position them about 3 feet forward of the STB cans.
5. Place two long-handled scrub brushes at each can of STB slurry.

### Preparing the Slurry Mix

1. Mix 100 pounds of STB with 20 gallons of hot water to prepare the slurry mix. The chemical unit provides the hot water.
2. Change the mixture after 20 soldiers have decontaminated their gear.
3. Change the rinse water after every 10 soldiers or when it appears dirty, placing the waste mixture in the sump.

### Setting Up the Checkpoint

1. Place a poncho or plastic sheet on the ground at the checkpoint and divide it in half using engineer tape to create a contamination control line.
2. The checkpoint should be a minimum of 10 feet from all other stations for accurate detection equipment readings.
3. Place the following chemical detection/identification equipment at the checkpoint:
- 1 CAM (Chemical Agent Monitor)
- 8 books of M8 detector paper
- 4 M256A1 detector kits
- 100 plastic trash bags
- 1 AN/VDR-2 for radiological contamination.

### Personnel Assignment

Three soldiers are required to operate this station:

1. One soldier supervises the decon of individual gear, takes the decontaminated equipment to the checkpoint, and prepares a new slurry mixture as necessary.
2. One soldier remains at the checkpoint and checks all the gear using detection equipment to ensure it is decontaminated.
3. One soldier transports the decontaminated gear to the reissue point.

Procedure for Preparing to Remove Overgarment Trousers and Overboots with the Triple-Buddy Method:

1. Unfasten Hood Straps: Buddy #1 unfastens the shoulder straps on Buddy #2's hood, pulls them over his shoulder, and reattaches them to the Velcro fastener.
2. Loosen Hood Drawcord: Loosen the drawcord on Buddy #2's hood and tie off the microphone cord to the hose of his mask.
3. Remove M9 Detector Paper: Remove the M9 detector paper from Buddy #2's overgarment.
4. Unzip Trousers and Roll Cuffs: Unzip Buddy #2's trouser legs and roll a cuff in each trouser leg, ensuring that the cuffs do not come above the top of his overboots.
5. Unfasten or Cut Overboot Fasteners: Unfasten or cut the fasteners on Buddy #2's overboots. NOTE: A soldier can do this step by himself or with the help of his buddy.

Step 7 - Proceed Through the Shuffle Pit to the Clean Treatment Area

Have the decontaminated patient proceed through the shuffle pit to the clean treatment area. To ensure that the patient's boots are well decontaminated, have him stir the contents of the shuffle pit with his boots as he crosses it.

The patient's combat boots and protective mask will be removed at the entrance of the CPS or clean treatment area.

Step 6. Decontaminate gloves before rolling hood. (Use assistance if possible.) Leave the hood zipper closed. Grasp the hood by the straps and lift the hood off your shoulders and partially off your head until most of the back of your head is exposed.

Roll the hood. Start at your chin, making sure the zipper and neck cord are tucked into the roll, and work around the entire mask until the rolled hood will stay up, off your shoulders. Roll the hood tightly against your mask without pulling the hood off the back of your head.

Note: If your assistant is also entering the shelter, steps 1 through 6 should be performed on him or her before proceeding to step 7.

Objective: Protect yourself from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) injury/contamination when changing mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear using the joint-service lightweight integrated suit technology (JSLIST).

Conditions:
• You are in MOPP4 with loadbearing equipment (LBE).
• Your MOPP gear is contaminated.
• Your buddy is in MOPP4 with LBE and is available to assist you with MOPP gear exchange.
• You have an uncontaminated set of MOPP gear for yourself and your buddy, a personal decontamination kit, an M295 individual equipment decontamination kit (IEDK), long-handled scrub brushes, cutting tools, super tropical bleach (STB), a chemical-agent monitor (CAM), 3-gallon pails, sponges, paper towels, soap, and water.
• This task will be performed in MOPP4.

Standards:
• Protect yourself from CBRN injury/contamination when changing MOPP using JSLIST.
• Decontaminate individual gear and equipment without spreading contamination onto your skin or undergarments.
• Set uncontaminated gear aside on an uncontaminated surface.
• Change overgarments, overboots, and gloves without spreading contamination to the uncontaminated set of MOPP gear.
• Change MOPP gear without you or your buddy becoming a casualty.

Note:
• If the environment is chemically or biologically contaminated, omit steps 2 and 4b in the training information outline below.
• If the environment is radiologically contaminated, omit steps 1 and 4a.
• If the environment is radiologically and chemically and/or biologically contaminated, perform all steps.

Procedure:
1. Prepare for gear exchange: Ensure that you are in MOPP4 with LBE and that your buddy is also in MOPP4 with LBE and available to assist you.
2. Set up decontamination area: Use the uncontaminated set of MOPP gear, personal decontamination kit, IEDK, long-handled scrub brushes, cutting tools, STB, CAM, 3-gallon pails, sponges, paper towels, soap, and water to create a decontamination station on an uncontaminated surface.
3. Decontaminate contaminated gear:
- Use the IEDK, long-handled scrub brushes, cutting tools, STB, CAM, 3-gallon pails, sponges, paper towels, soap, and water to decontaminate your contaminated MOPP gear.
- Ensure that you do not spread contamination onto your skin or undergarments during the process.
4. Change overgarments, overboots, and gloves:
a. If the environment is radiologically contaminated, remove your contaminated overgarments, overboots, and gloves carefully to avoid spreading contamination.
b. If the environment is chemically or biologically contaminated, skip this step.
5. Set aside uncontaminated gear: Place the uncontaminated set of MOPP gear on an uncontaminated surface for later use.
6. Ensure safety: Ensure that you and your buddy do not become casualties during the process by following all CBRN safety protocols.

Procedure for Removing Contamination from Protective Masks:

• The mask is decontaminated at the mask decon point (station 7) following established procedures to ensure all contamination is removed.
• This includes using appropriate decontamination solutions and methods as specified in FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3.
• Ensure that no residual contamination remains on the mask after the process is complete.
• The mask should be inspected for damage or wear before reuse.

Procedure for Removing CVCUS Overboots with the Triple-Buddy Method:

1. Open Zippers on CVCUS: Buddy #1 opens all the zippers on Buddy #2’s CVCUS in the following order: wrist, ankles, and front.
2. Stand Behind Buddy #2: While standing behind Buddy #2 and adjacent to the clean area, Buddy #1 grasps the shoulders of Buddy #2’s CVCUS and instructs him to make a fist to ensure that his gloves do not come off.
3. Pull Down CVCUS Below Knees: Pull Buddy #2's CVCUS down below his knees, turning it inside out.
4. Partially Remove Overboots: Instruct Buddy #2 to partially remove his overboots by alternately stepping on each heel and pulling up on his foot.
5. Kneel and Grasp Leg and Overboot: While kneeling, Buddy #1 grasps one leg of Buddy #2’s CVCUS and his overboot and instructs him to remove his leg and foot simultaneously.
6. Step Onto Clean Area: As Buddy #2 removes each leg and foot, he steps directly onto the clean area.
7. Decontaminate Gloves Again: Buddy #1 decontaminates his gloves again.

Procedure for Removing Contaminated Overboots and Gloves:

1. Engineer tape is used to mark the liquid-contamination control line.
2. The attendant unfastens or cuts the elastic closures on the soldier’s overboots.
3. The soldier stands next to and faces the liquid-contamination control line.
4. The soldier steps back about 12 inches from the liquid-contamination control line.
5. The attendant steps on the back of the soldier’s overboot and instructs him to lift his heel and work his foot out of the overboot and step across the liquid-contamination control line. Repeat the process on the other foot.
6. The attendant discards the overboots.
7. The soldier holds the fingertips of his gloves and partially slides his hands out.
8. The attendant removes the soldier’s gloves.
9. The attendants perform the following steps:
- Put the gloves and overboots into the containers on the "dirty" side of the control line.
- Submerge the gloves and overboots in the container of hot, soapy water, ensuring that no water remains inside when removed from the container.
- Submerge the gloves and overboots in the STB/HTH solution and thoroughly scrub them.
- Rinse the scrubbed items and check for holes, tears, or punctures. If found, discard the items.
- Place the usable items on a poncho or a plastic tarp to air dry.
- Place the air-dried usable items into plastic trash bags along with an M256A1 detector kit. If the kit shows contamination remaining, the attendants can recycle the items or discard them. However, if the kit shows no contamination, they can be reused.

Procedure for Removing Gross Contamination from the Protective Overgarment:

1. Identify visible contamination spots: Locate all areas of the overgarment that are visibly contaminated.
2. Prepare decon solution: Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.
3. Remove contamination: Apply the solution to remove all visible contamination from the overgarment.

Step 1: Remove outer gloves

• Grasp the fingers of the gloves, roll the cuffs over the fingers, and turn the gloves inside out.
• Do not remove the inner cotton gloves at this time.
• Drop the gloves into the contaminated-waste bag.
• Do not allow the patient to touch his clothing or other contaminated objects with his hands.

Step 2: Remove cotton glove liners

• Instruct the patient to remove his cotton glove liners to reduce the possibility of spreading contamination.
• Have the patient grasp the heel of one glove liner with the other gloved hand, peeling it off of his hand.
• Hold the removed glove by the inside and grasp the heel of the other glove, peeling it off of his hand.
• Place both gloves in the contaminated-waste bag.

Procedure:

1. Cut the overboot laces and fold the lacing eyelets flat outward.
2. While standing at the foot of the litter, hold the patient’s heel with one hand.
3. Pull the overboot downward, then toward you to remove it.
4. Remove the two overboots simultaneously to reduce the likelihood of contaminating one of the combat boots.

Notes:
• This step is part of the decontamination process for NBC exposure.
• Ensure that all steps are performed carefully to avoid causing additional harm or discomfort to the patient.

Procedure:

1. Carrying an M258A1 or M291 decon kit and his M1/M1A1 waterproof bag, soldier 1 checks to be sure the air lock is unoccupied.
2. He opens the entrance door and prepares to remove overboots.
3. Soldier 1 stands before the entrance, removes the second overboot, and steps into the entrance with his exposed boot.
4. He carefully places the overboots away from the entry path, closes the door, and starts the purge cycle.

Step 4 - Remove the Patient's BDU and Undergarments

Cut and remove the BDU. To cut and remove the BDU jacket and trousers, follow the procedures (described in paragraphs 8-78 and 8-79) for removing the protective overgarment.

Remove the combat boots. Cut the bootlaces along the tongue. Remove the boots by pulling them toward you. Place the boots in the contaminated-waste bag. Do not touch the patient's skin with your contaminated gloves when removing his boots.

Cut and remove the undergarments. Follow the procedures for cutting away the protective overgarment and rolling it away from the patient (see paragraphs 8-78 and 8-79). If the patient is wearing a brassiere, cut it between the cups. Cut both shoulder straps where they attach to the cups and lay them back off of the shoulders. Remove the socks and cotton gloves. Do not remove the identification tags.

Procedure to Remove Patient’s Personal Effects and Protective Overgarment

1. Remove personal effects:
- Remove the patient's personal effects from his protective overgarment and BDU pockets.
- Place the articles in a plastic bag, label the bag with the patient's identification, and seal the bag.
- If the articles are not contaminated, return them to the patient.
- If the articles are contaminated, place them in the contaminated holding area until they can be decontaminated, then return them to the patient.

2. Remove overgarment jacket:
- Have the patient stand with his feet spread apart at shoulder width.
- Unsnap the front flap of the jacket and unzip the jacket.
- If the patient can extend his arms:
- Instruct him to clinch his fist and extend his arms backward at about a 30° angle.
- Move behind the patient, grasp his jacket collar at the sides of the neck, and peel the jacket off the shoulders at a 30° angle down and away from the patient.
- Gently pull the inside sleeves over the patient's wrists and hands.
- If the patient cannot extend his arms:
- Cut the jacket to aid in its removal.
- Before cutting, dip the scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution to prevent contamination of the patient's BDU or undergarment.
- Make two cuts: one up each sleeve from the wrist up to the shoulder and then across the shoulder through the collar.
- Cut around bandages, tourniquets, and splints, leaving them in place.
- Do not allow your gloves to touch the patient along the cut line.
- Peel the jacket back and downward to avoid spreading contamination.
- Ensure that the outside of the jacket does not touch the patient or his inner clothing.

3. Cut and remove overgarment trousers:
- Unfasten or cut all ties, buttons, or zippers before grasping the trousers at the waist and peeling them down over the patient's combat boots.
- If necessary, cut both trouser legs starting at the ankle.
- Keep the cuts near the inside of the legs, along the inseam, to the crotch.
- Cut around all bandages, tourniquets, and splints.
- Continue to cut up both sides of the zipper to the waist and allow the narrow strip with the zipper to drop between the legs.
- Peel or allow the trouser halves to drop to the ground.
- Have the patient step out of the trouser legs one at a time.
- Place the trousers in the contaminated-waste bag.
- Place the scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution.

4. Remove outer gloves:
- Grasp the fingers of the gloves, roll the cuffs over the fingers, and turn the gloves inside out.
- Do not remove the inner cotton gloves at this time.
- Drop the gloves into the contaminated-waste bag.
- Do not allow the patient to touch his clothing or other contaminated objects with his hands.

5. Remove overboots:
- Cut the overboot laces and fold the lacing eyelets flat on the ground.
- Step on the toe and heel eyelets to hold the overboot on the ground and have the patient step out of it.
- Repeat this procedure for the other overboot.
- If the overboots are in good condition, they can be decontaminated and reissued.

6. Remove cotton glove liners:
- Instruct the patient to remove his cotton glove liners to reduce the possibility of spreading contamination.
- Have the patient grasp the heel of one glove liner with the other gloved hand, peeling it off of his hand.
- Hold the removed glove by the inside and grasp the heel of the other glove, peeling it off of his hand.
- Place both gloves in the contaminated-waste bag.

Procedure:

1. Soldier 2 unfastens the snap and tie cord on the waistband and opens the trouser front zipper on soldier 1.
2. He slowly rolls trousers down to the hips with one roll. (Soldier 1 can do these latter two steps if necessary).
3. Leaning forward, soldier 1 places both hands against the van or shelter while soldier 2 pulls trouser legs off one at a time.
4. Trouser legs turn inside out as they come off. Overboots remain on. This prevents transfer of contaminated items.
5. Soldier 1 then helps remove soldier 2's trousers.
6. Soldier 1 loosens his own overboots.

Procedure for Removing and Decontaminating the FMC:

1. Cut the FMC tie wire: Use scissors that have been dipped in a 5 percent chlorine solution to cut the patient's FMC tie wire, allowing the FMC to fall into a plastic bag.
2. Seal the bag: Seal the plastic bag containing the FMC.
3. Rinse the outside of the bag: Rinse the outside of the sealed plastic bag with a 5 percent chlorine solution.
4. Place the bag under the mask: Place the plastic bag under the back of the protective mask’s head straps.
5. Keep the FMC with the patient: The FMC will remain with the patient in the contaminated area until a clean copy is made before moving to the clean area.

Procedure:

1. Still wearing the loosened gloves, soldier 1 bends at the waist with legs apart.
2. He grasps the back of the rolled hood and lifts it forward over his head.
3. He grasps the mask at the outlet-valve covers and pulls it down.
4. He bows his head to slip his face out of the mask.
5. Still holding the mask so filters face the floor, he lifts mask and hood off his head.
6. The soldier places the mask and hood assembly into his M1/M1A1 bag and seals the bag tightly.
7. He loosens and drops his gloves to the floor.
8. Then he enters the shelter, carrying his M1/M1A1 bag.

Procedure for Removal of the FMC

1. Cut the patient's FMC tie wire, allowing the FMC to fall into a plastic bag.

2. Seal the plastic bag and rinse the outside of the bag with soap and water. This prevents further contamination spread.

3. Place the plastic bag under the back of the protective mask’s head straps. The FMC will remain with the patient in the contaminated area, and a clean copy will be made before the patient is moved to the clean area.

Procedure for Removing the Mask Safely:

1. The attendant pulls the hood over the front of the mask, grabs the mask by the voicemitter cover, and pulls the mask off the soldier while he holds his breath.
2. The attendant holds the mask open so that the soldier can remove the inserts without touching the outside of the mask if the mask has optical inserts.
3. The soldier walks upwind 16 feet, crosses the vapor-contamination control line, and then resumes breathing.
4. The attendant brings the mask to station 7.
Note: No vapor hazard is expected beyond the vapor-hazard contamination control line.
5. The chemical unit positions the M8A1 or M22 ACAA upwind of the site.
6. The soldier moves straight ahead while his mask, which may still be emitting vapors, is held on the "dirty" side of the vapor-contamination control line and taken to the next station.

At this station, the decon solution is removed from the aircraft. Spray the aircraft with water from top to bottom. Take care not to damage the aircraft’s skin. This station will use about 250 gallons of water.

Failure to remove all decon solution from the aircraft’s skin may cause corrosion.

### Procedure: Rinse at Station 4

Overview:
At station 4, the rinse process is performed to remove any residual DS2 and contaminants from vehicles and equipment after decontamination.

### Steps for Rinse
1. Use appropriate rinsing equipment (e.g., M17 LDSs) to thoroughly rinse all vehicles and equipment that have undergone decontamination at previous stations.
2. Ensure that the rinse water is properly drained or disposed of in accordance with safety protocols.

### Equipment Required
• 3 M17 LDSs
• 3 3,000-gallon tanks
• 3 65-GPM pumps
• 2 TPUs (Tactical Personnel Units)
• 4 TAP aprons

### Additional Notes
• Ensure that all personnel at station 4 are trained in the use of rinsing equipment and proper disposal procedures.
• Follow safety protocols when handling rinse water and contaminated materials.

### Personnel and Equipment Requirements

| Stations | Personnel | Equipment/Supplies |
|---|---|---|
| Station 1 - Primary Wash | 1 NCOIC*, 2 PDDE operators*, 4 sprayers, 2 scrubbers | 2 M12A1 PDDAs, 2 3,000-gallon tanks, 2 65-GPM pumps, 4 long-handled brushes, 6 TAP aprons, Liquid detergent |
| Station 2 - DS2 Application | 1 NCOIC*, 8 appliers | 14 long-handled brushes, 8 mops with extra mop heads, 3 30-gallon containers, 8 M13 DAPs, Sufficient DS2 |
| Station 3 - Contact Time/Interior Decon | 1 NCO*, 2 interior decon assistants | 2 AN/VDR-2, 3 TAP aprons, 6 30-gallon containers, 10 books of M8 detector paper, 30 sponges, 8 M256A1 detector kits, 50 trash bags, 1 clipboard with a pen, 1 stopwatch |
| Station 4 - Rinse | 1 NCOIC*, 1 PDDE operator*, 2 sprayers | 1 M12A1 PDDA, 1 3,000-gallon tank, 3 65-GPM pumps, 2 TPUs, 2 TAP aprons |
| Station 5 - Check | 2 NCO/CAM operators* | 2 CAMs, 10 M256A1 detector kits, 20 books of M8 detector paper, 2 AN/VDR-2, 2 M8A1 or M22 ACAAs |
| C2 | 1 PL*, 1 PSG* | 1 HMMWV with a radio, 3 NBC marking kits |

### Total Personnel
• Minimum of 11 soldiers from the decon platoon (Total: 29)

### Notes:
• Ensure all personnel and equipment are available as listed.
• Coordinate with the supported unit to ensure that all contaminated elements have been processed before closing the site.

### DTD Personnel and Equipment Recapitulation

The following table outlines the personnel and equipment required for each station in a thorough decontamination process:

|Stations|Personnel|Equipment/Supplies|
|---|---|---|
|Station 1 - individual-gear decon|2 attendants<br>1 monitor (CAM operator)|4 30-gallon containers<br>2 long-handled brushes<br>2 ponchos or plastic sheets<br>1 CAM<br>8 books of M8 detector paper<br>4 M256A1 detector kits<br>100 plastic trash bags<br>Sufficient STB slurry mix<br>Rinse water<br>*Hot, soapy water<br>*AN/VDR-2<br>*Sponge|
|Station 2 - overboots and hood decon|1 attendant|Cutting tool<br>One SKD or IEDK per person<br>Large plastic sheet<br>Plastic trash bags (as required)<br>10 drums of STB<br>1 shovel|
|Station 3 - overgarment removal|1 attendant|2 30-gallon containers<br>100 plastic trash bags<br>10 boxes of SDKs|
|Station 4 - overboot and glove removal|3 attendants|8 30-gallon containers<br>2 long-handled brushes<br>M8 detector paper (as required)<br>1 immersion heater<br>100 plastic trash bags<br>1 CAM<br>Engineer tape<br>1 cutting tool<br>2 ponchos or large plastic sheets<br>10 percent STB/HTH solution<br>Hot, soapy water<br>Cold rinse water|
|Station 5 - monitor|1 attendant (CAM operator)<br>1 aidman (or combat lifesaver)|1 CAM<br>First aid supplies<br>5 books of M8 detector papers<br>1 case of SDKs|
|Station 6 - mask removal|2 attendants|1 M8A1 or M22 ACAA<br>Engineer tape|
|Station 7 - mask decon point|2 attendants<br>1 monitor|1 30-gallon container<br>4 3-gallon containers<br>1 CAM<br>2 sponges<br>One case of paper towels<br>1 immersion heater<br>Mask sanitizing solution<br>Hot, soapy water<br>Rinse water|
|Station 8 - reissue point|Unit NBC NCO/supply sergeant|Mask PLL|

• Denotes the equipment needed for radiological contamination.
NOTE: Assume that an operational decon was done before the thorough decon.

Procedure for Setting Up DED and DTD Areas:

1. Coordinate with the chemical unit leader operating the decon site.
2. Begin sending contaminated vehicles by priority for processing.
3. Maintain communication between the predecon staging area and the chemical unit leaders.
4. Ensure that all assistant vehicle drivers are the first individuals sent through the DTD to facilitate a driver exchange at station 3 (see paragraph 4-94).

To construct a radiation dosimeter using a Kodak Film Monitor (KFM) and aluminum foil leaves, follow these steps:

1. Prepare the Can:
- Use a cylindrical can with a diameter of approximately 2 inches.
- Ensure that the can has a lip at the top and bottom for threading purposes.

2. Insert Aluminum Foil Leaves:
- Cut aluminum foil into thin, flat leaves (approximately 1/8 inch thick).
- Place these leaves inside the can, ensuring they are evenly spaced and not overlapping.

3. Secure the Threads:
- Fasten threads at the top of the can to hold the aluminum foil leaves in place.
- Ensure that the threads are tight enough to prevent any movement of the foil leaves during exposure.

4. Insert KFM Film:
- Insert a Kodak Film Monitor (KFM) into the can, ensuring it is positioned between the aluminum foil leaves and the bottom of the can.
- The KFM should be in direct contact with the aluminum foil leaves to capture radiation exposure accurately.

5. Seal the Can:
- Seal the top of the can using a tight-fitting lid or additional threads, ensuring that no light or air can enter the can.
- Make sure the can is completely sealed to protect the KFM and foil leaves from external contamination.

6. Mark the Can for Reference:
- Label the can with the date of construction and any relevant information (e.g., location, purpose).
- This will help in identifying the dosimeter later during readings.

7. Calibration and Use:
- Before use, calibrate the dosimeter by exposing it to a known radiation source or using a reference standard.
- After exposure, remove the can from its location and take readings using the KFM film.
- Compare the readings before and after exposure to determine the dose rate in R/HR (Rads per Hour).

8. Interpretation of Results:
- Use the provided table to interpret the KFM readings:
- For a 2 mm hole, the corresponding values are: 6.2, 1.6, 0.4, 0.1, and 0.03.
- For a 4 mm hole, the corresponding values are: 12., 3.1, 0.8, 0.2, and 0.06.
- For a 6 mm hole, the corresponding values are: 19., 4.6, 1.2, 0.3, and 0.08.
- For an 8 mm hole, the corresponding values are: 25., 6.2, 1.6, 0.4, and 0.10.
- For a 10 mm hole, the corresponding values are: 31., 7.7, 2.0, 0.5, and 0.13.
- For a 12 mm hole, the corresponding values are: 37., 9.2, 2.3, 0.6, and 0.15.
- For a 14 mm hole, the corresponding values are: 43., 11., 2.7, 0.7, and 0.18.
- These values correspond to different time intervals (15 seconds, 1 minute, 4 minutes, 16 minutes, and 1 hour) for exposure.

9. Safety Precautions:
- Handle the KFM film with care to avoid contamination or damage.
- Ensure that all components are properly sealed to prevent exposure of the dosimeter to external radiation sources.
- Store the dosimeter in a safe location when not in use to protect it from physical damage or environmental factors.

An RDD is a Radiation Dispersal Device, commonly referred to as a 'dirty bomb,' which spreads radioactive material through conventional explosives.

### Response Steps:
1. Evacuate the area immediately if an RDD is suspected or confirmed.
2. Alert authorities and emergency services (e.g., police, fire department, hazmat teams).
3. Avoid contact with any debris or materials that may be contaminated.
4. Follow decontamination procedures once it is safe to do so, as directed by radiation safety officers.

Objective: Ensure emergency workers minimize radiation exposure while performing critical duties.

Procedure:
1. Use of Equipment and Knowledge: Responders must have appropriate knowledge and equipment to perform their duties safely.
2. Monitor and Report Conditions: Use radiation detection instruments to monitor local radiological conditions and report findings promptly.
3. Follow ALARA Principle: Emergency workers should keep individual radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) without hindering their ability to save and sustain life.
4. Refer to Additional Resources: For detailed strategies on emergency worker safety, including radiation detection and monitoring, refer to:
- Chapter 2, Section 2.2: Emergency Worker Safety
- Appendix 2.1: Alternative Techniques to Determine Dose

Title: Follow Responder Dose Guidelines for Radiation Exposure

Procedure:
1. Adhere to the following responder dose guidelines:
- 50 mSv (5 rem): All occupational exposures.
- Apply when all reasonably achievable actions have been taken to minimize dose.
- 100 mSv (10 rem): Protecting valuable property necessary for public welfare.
- Exceeding 50 mSv is unavoidable, but all appropriate actions are taken to reduce dose.
- Monitoring must be available to project or measure dose.
- 250 mSv (25 rem): Lifesaving or protection of large populations.
- Exceeding 50 mSv is unavoidable, but all appropriate actions are taken to reduce dose.
- Monitoring must be available to project or measure dose.
- >250 mSv (>25 rem): Lifesaving or protection of large populations.
- Apply only when all conditions above are met and for people fully aware of the risks involved.
- 500 mGy (50 rad): Lifesaving or protection of large populations.
- NCRP recommends that a decision be made to withdraw an emergency responder from the Hazard Zone (HZ) when cumulative absorbed dose reaches 0.5 Gy (50 rad).
- This is considered a decision dose, not a dose limit.
2. For potential doses >50 mSv (>5 rem), consider medical monitoring programs.
3. In the case of very large incidents, such as an improvised nuclear device (IND), incident commanders may need to raise property and lifesaving response worker guidelines to prevent further loss of life and massive spread of destruction.

Procedure:

1. Integrate emergency worker safety into overall operational planning.
- Review all operational tasks.
- Analyze potential hazards to workers.
- Establish necessary protections for emergency responders.
2. Apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).
- Make reasonable and practical efforts to keep radiation exposure below levels that cause acute health effects.
- Reduce the risk of stochastic effects, such as cancer later in life.
- Balance radiation protection with maximizing lifesaving operations and protecting critical infrastructure.
3. Adopt dose guidelines for emergency exposure situations:
- These are not limits but conditions where higher doses may be justified for lifesaving actions or preventing catastrophic events.
4. Use the following responder dose guidelines (Table 4):
- 50 mSv (5 rem): All occupational exposures; all reasonably achievable actions have been taken to minimize dose.
- 100 mSv (10 rem): Protecting valuable property necessary for public welfare; exceeding 50 mSv is unavoidable, but monitoring is available.
- 250 mSv (25 rem): Lifesaving or protection of large populations; monitoring is available to project or measure dose.
- >250 mSv (>25 rem): Lifesaving or protection of large populations; only for people fully aware of the risks involved.
- 500 mGy (50 rad): NCRP recommends a decision be made to withdraw an emergency responder from the hazardous zone when cumulative absorbed dose reaches 0.5 Gy (50 rad). This is considered a *decision dose*, not a limit.
5. Medical monitoring programs should be considered for potential doses >50 mSv (>5 rem).
6. In very large incidents, such as an improvised nuclear device (IND), incident commanders may need to raise property and lifesaving response worker guidelines.

Objective: Minimize radiation exposure during the initial phase of a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Issue Immediate Instructions: Provide the following instruction to everyone within 50 miles of the detonation site, unless specific fallout hazard areas have been identified:
- Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned.
2. Monitor Radiation Levels: Understand that radiation levels change rapidly over time and that fallout accumulates downwind before decaying.
3. Assess Fallout Hazards: Recognize that fallout emits over half of its energy in the first hour, after which radiation levels drop significantly.
4. Adjust Response Based on Timeframe:
- For the first few hours, responders should remain near adequate shelters and closely monitor radiation levels.
- If radiation levels increase rapidly during this period, shelter immediately.
5. Stay Informed: Continuously monitor updates from emergency authorities to adjust response actions as needed.

Objective: Minimize exposure to radiation from a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. Immediately follow the instruction: 'Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned.'
2. Do not leave shelter unless advised by official sources.
3. Monitor emergency broadcasts for updates on fallout zones and safety instructions.
4. If you are within 50 miles of a detonation site and no specific fallout areas have been identified, remain indoors until further notice.

To reduce the risk of acute and long-term health effects from radiation exposure, follow these steps:

### Key Actions:
1. Seek shelter immediately after a nuclear detonation to protect against initial blast effects.
2. Remain safely sheltered for at least 24 hours following fallout deposition to minimize exposure.
3. Find suitable shelter if caught in an area during fallout deposition.
4. Perform dry decontamination:
- Brush off any fallout particles from clothing and skin.
- Remove or change outer layers of clothing and footwear.
- Wipe exposed skin to remove contamination.
5. Avoid leaving contaminated areas without proper decontamination, as particles in contact with the skin can cause localized beta burns.

### Additional Information:
• For more details on radiation dose management and protective actions, refer to Chapters 2 and 3.
• For information on external decontamination procedures, see Chapter 5.

Objective: Ensure responders minimize radiation exposure based on the availability of detection equipment.

Procedure:
1. Responders Without Radiation Detection Instruments:
- Shelter until informed it is safe to respond.
2. Responders With Radiation Detection Instruments:
- Shelter and use radiation detection equipment to monitor and report local radiological conditions.
3. Outdoor Radiation Levels Above 10 R/hr:
- Continue sheltering unless there is a time-critical, life-safety issue (e.g., fire, building collapse, or medical emergency).
4. Outdoor Radiation Levels Below 10 R/hr:
- Assess immediate area for hazards.
- Remain near adequate shelters and closely monitor radiation levels during the first few hours.
- If radiation levels increase rapidly, shelter immediately.
5. Emergency Workers:
- Keep individual radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) without hindering their ability to save and sustain life.

Action: For responders and emergency workers:

1. Shelter in place or avoid this area unless undertaking critical, planned protection activities for large populations.
2. Use radiation monitoring equipment to alert you of excess exposure.
3. Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriate for all hazards present, including non-radiological hazards.
4. Emergency workers should only enter this area after being fully informed of the risks.

Important Notes:
• This zone is highly hazardous due to high radiation levels that can cause injury or death with prolonged exposure.
• Responders must be prepared for multiple types of hazards, not just radiological ones.
• All actions should be coordinated and based on full risk assessment.

Objective: Ensure responder safety while performing duties during a nuclear detonation.

Procedure:
1. If responders do not have radiation detection instruments, they should shelter until informed it is safe to respond.
2. **Responders with radiation detection instruments should:
- Shelter initially.
- Use their equipment to monitor and report local radiological conditions.**
3. If outdoor radiation levels exceed 10 R/hr:
- Responders should continue to shelter, unless there is a time-critical life-safety issue (e.g., fire, building collapse, or medical emergency).
4. If outdoor radiation levels are below 10 R/hr:
- Assess the immediate area for hazards.
- Stay near adequate shelters and closely monitor radiation levels during the first few hours.
- If radiation levels increase rapidly, shelter immediately.

Within the first two weeks after the last explosion, protective fallout clothing should be worn outside at all times and shed before entering a fallout shelter. Protective fallout clothing includes:

• Headgear or a full brimmed hat with hair completely covered.
• Boots or sturdy shoes.
• Heavy or thick clothing, including gloves (long sleeved shirts and long pants).
• A dust or gas mask or some other form of respiratory protection to ensure that fallout particles are not inhaled.

To avoid neutron-induced radiation areas and protect personnel from exposure:

General Avoidance Guidelines:
1. Avoid neutron-induced radiation areas whenever possible.
2. If avoidance is not feasible, follow the protection techniques used for fallout.
3. All enemy airbursts are assumed to create hazard areas.
4. Friendly bursts employed in packages may create induced areas very near one another.

Specific Protection Measures:
• Do not cross the GZ (Ground Zero) area for 24 to 96 hours after the burst.
• Routine occupancy of an area of induced radiation is possible from two to five days after the burst, but only in low-dose-rate regions.
• During occupancy, the area should be checked with a dosimeter once per hour to monitor dose rates.
• Seek the least contaminated region available for long-term occupation.

Important Considerations:
• The actual area of contamination is usually substantially less than the plotted area, depending on the actual yield and height of burst.
• Accumulated doses over time can increase risk significantly; therefore, limit exposure duration and monitor dose rates frequently.

To calculate the total dose received when crossing a fallout area:

1. Determine the average dose rate (R1 average) using one-half of the maximum dose rate encountered.
2. Estimate the time of stay (Ts) by dividing the distance across the contamination by the constant speed of crossing.
3. Use the total dose nomograms in Appendix E to find the outside dose (OD) based on Ts and R1 average.
4. Apply a transmission factor (TF) from Table 6-1 for vehicles or protective gear to calculate the inside dose (ID): ID = OD × TF.
5. Sum the outside and inside doses to determine the total radiation dose received.

Example: If R1max is 300 cGyph, Ts is 0.5 hours, and the transmission factor for a vehicle is 0.3:
• R1 average = 150 cGyph
• OD = 32 cGyph (from nomogram at 1 hour) × 0.5 = 16 cGyph
• ID = 16 cGyph × 0.3 = 4.8 cGy
• Total dose = 16 + 4.8 = 20.8 cGy

Overview: When H-hour for each detonation is known and fallout overlaps, calculate the total dose rate by summing contributions from both events.

Procedure Steps:
1. Find R1 for First Detonation: Use the formula _R1 = [Rt (t), yxn]_ to find R1 for the first detonation. Example: _R1 = [126 (1.5) yx, 1.4] = 222.3 cGyph_.
2. Find Rt at Specific Time: Calculate _Rt_ at a specific time using _Rt = R1 ÷ t Yx n_. Example: At 1730 for the first fallout only, _Rt = 222.3 ÷ 2.5 Yx 1.4 = 62 cGyph_.
3. Find Dose Rate Contribution from Second Burst: Subtract contribution of first burst from total measured dose rate: _Rta = Rt - Rt1_. Example: _Rta = 300 cGyph - 62 cGyph = 238 cGyph_.
4. Find R1 for Second Detonation: Use the same formula to find R1 for the second burst only. Example: _R1 = [238 (0.5) Yx, 1.2] = 104 cGyph_.
5. Calculate Rt at Target Time for Each Burst: For each detonation, calculate _Rt_ at the target time using _Rt = R1 ÷ t Yx n_. Example: At 1900:
- First burst: _Rt = 222 ÷ 4 Yx 1.4 = 32 cGyph_
- Second burst: _Rt = 104 ÷ 2 Yx 1.2 = 45 cGyph_
6. Sum Dose Rates: Add the dose rates from both bursts to get total dose rate at the target time.
- Example: _R total = 32 + 45 = 77 cGyph_.

Procedure:

1. Identify the emergency risk dose, which is 150 cGy.
2. Understand the impact of this dose: it may result in no more than 5% casualties and nuisance effects may exceed 5% (e.g., vomiting, nausea, skin burns).
3. Apply emergency risk only in rare situations termed disaster scenarios where the commander determines that the mission's importance outweighs the radiation risk.

Key Considerations:
• Emergency risk is reserved for extreme circumstances and should be used sparingly.
• This dose level is not acceptable for routine operations or when full unit efficiency is required.

Procedure:

1. Use the OEG established for the unit to determine the maximum allowable radiation dose (DtB) and dose rate (RtB) for a given mission.
2. Monitor radiation levels continuously using dosimeters or other radiation detection equipment during operations in contaminated areas.
3. If the dosimeter reading reaches the DtB, immediately take action based on the current dose rate:
- If the dose rate is increasing, leave the contaminated area immediately by the same route used to enter it.
- If the dose rate is decreasing, the commander must decide whether to continue through the contaminated area (and return via a clean route) or leave immediately by the same entry route.
4. Document all radiation readings and actions taken in response to DtB and RtB thresholds for future reference and analysis.

Notes:
• Leaving the contaminated area is mandatory if the dose rate is increasing after reaching DtB.
• Decisions when the dose rate is decreasing must be made by the commander based on mission requirements and risk assessment.

Procedure:

1. Set maximum responder dose limits.
- Health and safety operational authorities should establish control points for maximum responder doses and dose rates.
2. Justify continued exposure beyond these limits.
- Operations beyond these control points require justification for continued responder exposure.

Procedure:

1. Move away from the detonation location.
- When evacuating, people should move away from the detonation location and areas with the highest fallout concentration.
2. Avoid high-risk zones during evacuation.
- Prioritize movement to lower radiation risk areas as part of the evacuation process.

Overview: Use the graphical method when sufficient data is not available to separate multiple burst readings.

Procedure Steps:
1. Plot Measurements: Plot on log-graph paper the 0900 and 1100 dose-rate measurements against the time after the second burst.
2. Draw Line and Extrapolate: Draw a straight line through these points and extrapolate the line past H + 36 hours (see Figure F-6).
3. First Approximation: Determine a dose rate of 28.0 cGyph for 2000 on the day following the burst (R36) directly from the graph.
4. Update with New Measurement: Upon receiving the 1300 measurement, plot this reading on the graph.
5. Draw New Line and Extrapolate: Draw a new straight line through the 1100 and 1300 points; extrapolate the line past H + 36 hours.
6. Second Approximation: Determine a dose rate of 20.5 cGyph for H + 36 hours directly from the second extrapolation.
7. Repeat Updates: Repeat steps 4 through 6 upon receiving subsequent measurements (e.g., at 1500, 0200, and 1200) to update the prediction for R36 accordingly.
8. Final Prediction: After all updates, the true dose rate encountered at H + 36 hours is determined as 12.5 cGyph (see Figure F-6 for illustration).

Fallout-exposed food items should be handled as follows:

1. Canned or bottled food: Safe to consume after being washed off before opening.
2. Solid foods: Can be eaten, but the outer ¼ inch should be peeled or cut off and disposed of after being washed off.
3. Porous foods: Should never be consumed.

Procedure:

1. Determine unit location relative to ground zero: Plot the STRIKWARN message on a tactical map (as shown in Figure 2-3, page 2-10).
2. Assess required protection level:
- If within MSD1: Units must dismount and take cover in foxholes with overhead protection or evacuate the area.
- If within MSD2: Units must assume a prone position as a minimum requirement.
- If within MSD3: Units may remain in place, but pilots should be aware of dazzle effects from nuclear glare.
3. Take appropriate action: Based on the unit's location and protection requirements, implement measures such as foxhole occupation, prone positioning, or evacuation.
4. Special considerations for aircraft: Aircraft are sufficiently protected if they remain outside MSD3; however, pilots may be affected by dazzle at greater distances.

Objective: Minimize equipment losses and limit the spread of contamination when exposure is unavoidable.

Steps:
1. Protective Measures for Individuals and Units:
- Follow procedures outlined in FM 3-4, _NBC Protection_, which includes wearing protective gear, using shelters, and minimizing contact with contaminated surfaces.
2. Decontamination (Decon) Operations:
- Perform decontamination to reduce the immediate NBC hazard when a unit is contaminated.
- Decon may be necessary if units are unable to avoid contamination.

Notes:
• This manual provides guidance on protective measures and decontamination procedures.

Procedure:

1. Divisional NBC Centers (NBCCs) should provide special warnings to units that may be subject to rainout.
2. Use available data and forecasts to make sensible predictions about the likelihood of rainout.
3. Pass guidance based on these forecasts to affected units, outlining actions commanders should take.
4. If rainout is forecasted or begins, order continuous monitoring of radiation levels in the area.
5. If rainout occurs and personnel are exposed without adequate cover, they must either:
- Get under proper cover (e.g., trenches with 18 inches of earth overhead), or
- Evacuate the affected area if tactical considerations permit.
6. Note that the enemy is unlikely to occupy vacated areas for the same reason units leave them.

Important Notes:
• This procedure should be implemented as soon as rainout is forecasted or begins.
• Units must remain mobile and prepared to relocate if necessary.

Overview: To reduce exposure to workers at critical infrastructure facilities in areas with significant fallout contamination, the following temporary solutions can be implemented:

• Burying radioactive contamination by tilling contaminated soil in the surrounding area. Leaving the tilled soil rough reduces radiation exposure.
• Adding or enhancing shielding (heavy materials) around key locations of interest. Consider use of concrete highway barriers and/or earthen and rubble berms.
• Washing/spraying down vegetation (e.g., trees) and other elevated surfaces.

These measures are intended to be used as temporary solutions until more permanent decontamination efforts can be initiated.

Objective: Minimize troop exposure when operating in or crossing contaminated areas.

Steps:
1. Plan the Route:
- Use NBC reconnaissance techniques (see FM 3-19, _NBC Reconnaissance_) to identify the best route for crossing a contaminated area.
2. Follow Protective Measures:
- Adhere to guidance in FM 3-4, _NBC Protection_, on protective measures such as wearing protective gear and minimizing exposure time.
3. Cross Quickly and Efficiently:
- Move through the contaminated area with minimal delay to reduce exposure duration.

Notes:
• This is discussed in detail in Chapter 5 of FM 3-3-1.

Internal Hazards:
• The primary health hazard from radiation is often through internal contamination (usually inhalation).
• The rate of inhalation may be highest during the initial period following an accident when airborne contamination is likely.
• Limit access to contaminated areas until contaminants settle to reduce personnel exposure.
• If access cannot be limited, use respiratory protection.

Procedure:

1. Understand Local Fallout Characteristics:
- In a surface burst, large amounts of earth or water are vaporized and drawn into the radioactive cloud.
- These materials become radioactive when they condense with fission products or neutron-activated contaminants.
- Particles range in size from less than 0.1 micrometer to several millimeters in diameter.
- Larger particles settle within about 24 hours as local fallout, while smaller particles contribute to worldwide fallout.

2. Recognize Fallout Hazards:
- Local fallout can extend far beyond the blast and thermal effects, especially with high-yield surface detonations.
- Remaining in a radiologically contaminated area leads to immediate external radiation exposure and potential internal hazards from inhalation or ingestion of radio-contaminants.
- Severe local fallout may result in lethal doses of external radiation if protective measures are not taken.

3. Take Protective Measures:
- Evacuate or shelter immediately when exposed to a radiological contaminated area.
- Use protective clothing, masks, and decontamination procedures as necessary.
- Avoid inhalation or ingestion of radioactive particles.

4. Monitor for Contamination:
- Regularly check for signs of contamination on skin, clothing, or equipment.
- Decontaminate contaminated surfaces using appropriate methods.

5. Stay Informed:
- Be aware of local fallout patterns and meteorological conditions that may influence the spread of radioactive particles (e.g., wind, rain, snow).

Procedure:

1. Understand Base Surge Characteristics:
- In subsurface bursts (land or underwater), a base surge is formed.
- For underwater bursts, the visible surge consists of water droplets that behave like a fluid until they evaporate, leaving an invisible cloud of radioactive particles.
- For land-based subsurface bursts, the base surge is composed of small solid particles but still behaves like a fluid.

2. Recognize Fallout Hazards:
- Base surges can spread radioactive material over large areas and may persist for extended periods after the initial burst.
- Soil composition favors the formation of base surges in underground bursts.

3. Take Protective Measures:
- Evacuate or shelter immediately when exposed to a subsurface detonation area.
- Use protective clothing, masks, and decontamination procedures as necessary.
- Avoid inhalation or ingestion of radioactive particles from the base surge.

4. Monitor for Contamination:
- Regularly check for signs of contamination on skin, clothing, or equipment.
- Decontaminate contaminated surfaces using appropriate methods.

5. Stay Informed:
- Be aware of subsurface burst patterns and the potential for base surge formation in soil-rich environments.

Fallout shelter building and shielding materials include the following with their respective protection factors (PF) or shielding factors (SF):

• 36" of wheat or 24" of rice or 18" of wood or 14" of books or magazines or 9" of empty concrete blocks or 7" of dirt, water, or gravel or 5" of solid bricks or sand or 4" of concrete, glass, or aluminum or 1½” of steel or iron or ¾” of lead

Understanding Residual Radiation Variability from Nuclear Detonations

1. Unpredictable Behavior of Fallout Plumes:
- Fallout plumes can behave unpredictably and are strongly influenced by environmental factors.

2. Factors Affecting Radiation Levels:
- Environmental conditions such as wind, temperature, humidity, and terrain significantly impact the distribution and concentration of radioactive particles in fallout.

3. Variability from Model Predictions:
- Residual radiation levels may differ from model predictions or initial estimates due to:
- Unforeseen atmospheric changes.
- Variations in bomb yield and detonation altitude.
- Differences in terrain features that affect particle dispersion.

4. Implications for Planning and Response:
- Radiation monitoring must be continuous and adaptive, as actual levels may differ from initial forecasts.
- Emergency response plans should account for the possibility of higher or lower radiation exposure than initially anticipated.

5. Mitigation Strategies:
- Use real-time data collection and advanced modeling to improve accuracy in predicting fallout patterns.
- Ensure that protective measures (e.g., sheltering, decontamination) are flexible enough to accommodate unexpected variations in radiation levels.

Summary: Residual radiation from nuclear detonations can vary significantly due to environmental factors. Planning must be based on continuous monitoring and adaptive strategies to address unpredictable fallout patterns.

When a unit is located in an area predicted to receive fallout, the following actions must be taken and included in the unit SOP:

• Alert all personnel about the situation.
• Construct shelters with overhead cover or improve existing shelters for protection.
• Calculate when fallout will arrive (H + . hours after burst). Plan on having only half of this time to be sure.
• Upload and prepare to move out of the contaminated area. Requesting permission to move depends on several factors: previous radiation absorbed dose, location within the prediction (especially Zone I), importance of mission in the area, physical capability, and optimum time to exit.
• Move only when told to, based on prearranged plans. Fasten clothing, roll down sleeves, put on and wear helmet and gloves for protection.
• Calculate Optimum Time of Exit (Topt) and advise higher headquarters (discussed in detail in Chapter 6).
• Feed all personnel if time permits.
• Fill canteens, cover food and water in airtight containers, and cover as much equipment as possible with NBC Protective Cover (NBC-PC) to reduce the decon burden.
• Use expendable field expedient covers such as plastic, foliage, mud (washed off later), and tarpaulins.
• Improve shielding ability of evacuation vehicles by adding clean earth before fallout arrives.
• If unit intends on moving, strike and store all tentage. If not, cover tentage with NBC-PC.
• Implement continuous radiological monitoring.
• Shutoff all ventilation systems not provided with dust filtration capability.
• Protect items that will be difficult or impossible to decontaminate later (such as rope).
• Do not allow personnel to leave shelters while fallout is arriving.
• Request air evacuation if necessary.

Procedure:

1. Seek adequate shelter within the DRZ (Dose Reduction Zone).
- In the DRZ, lacking adequate shelter can cause radiation injuries.
2. Understand the protective benefit of adequate shelter.
- Adequate shelter significantly shields those within from radiation and reduces radiation dose by a factor of 10 or more.
3. Refer to Chapter 3 for detailed guidance on adequate shelter.

Objective: Warn all affected units of a nuclear hazard to allow time for protective actions.

Steps:
1. Use the NBC Warning and Reporting System (NBCWRS):
- This system provides standardized messages that are simple, rapid, and easily understood by all personnel.
2. Automated NBC Information System (ANBACIS):
- Use ANBACIS to speed up the warning process and improve accuracy in reporting nuclear hazards.

Notes:
• The use of NBCWRS is detailed in Chapter 2 of FM 3-3-1.
• ANBACIS provides automatic calculation of hazard areas based on NBC reports.

Procedure:

1. Assess Radiation Levels and Mission Requirements:
- Evaluate expected radiation levels, mission time, and equipment capabilities to determine how monitoring devices should be allocated.
- Prioritize the use of limited monitoring equipment based on these factors.

2. Maximize Coverage with Group-Based Monitoring:
- Issue one piece of monitoring equipment per group of responders that deploys, works, and returns together.
- This approach ensures maximum coverage and safety, similar to how radios are issued to responder groups for communication purposes.
- Not every individual needs a device, but all should be near someone with one to ensure accurate dose tracking.

3. Provide Training on Monitoring Equipment:
- Train responders on the use of monitoring equipment as much as possible during the early response phase.
- Ensure that they understand how to operate and interpret data from these devices.

4. Conduct Operations with Limited Capabilities When Necessary:
- It is acceptable to conduct operations with limited dose measurement capabilities, provided that ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principles are followed.
- Optimize the use of available monitoring and dose-tracking resources to ensure safety and effectiveness.

To apply transmission factors (TF) when calculating the inside dose received by troops in vehicles:

1. Identify the type of vehicle or protective gear being used.
2. Refer to Table 6-1 to find the corresponding TF value for that vehicle or gear.
3. Multiply the outside dose (OD) calculated from the nomogram by the TF to determine the inside dose (ID): ID = OD × TF.

Example: If a unit is using M113s and the OD is 16 cGyph, with a TF of 0.3:
• ID = 16 × 0.3 = 4.8 cGy

Procedure:

1. Recognize external exposure as the primary radiation risk.
- External exposure dominates total radiation dose.
2. Understand secondary risks from inhalation or ingestion.
- Inhalation or ingestion of radioactive particles is a secondary concern.
3. Use appropriate PPE for other hazards if needed.
- Inhalation PPE may still be required for non-radiation hazards such as smoke and dust, but should not be prioritized for radiation-related concerns.

Purpose: To determine the level of risk and appropriate protective actions based on location within predicted fallout zones.

Procedure:
1. If located within Zone I (Primary Hazard):
- Be aware that you may be exposed to doses of 150 cGy or greater in less than four hours after fallout arrival.
- Take immediate protective measures, such as sheltering and decontamination, to reduce exposure risk.
- Recognize that major disruptions to unit operations and casualties are possible within portions of this zone.

2. If located within Zone II (Secondary Hazard):
- Be aware that you may receive a negligible risk dose (50 cGy) or greater within the first 24 hours after fallout arrival.
- Only a small percentage of personnel in the zone are expected to receive these doses.
- Personnel near the boundary of Zone I may be exposed to higher doses than those closer to the edge of Zone II.

3. If you have previously received significant radiation exposure (cumulative dose ≥ 150 cGy):
- Be aware that serious disruption of unit missions and casualty-producing doses may occur even in Zone II.

4. Personnel with no previous radiation exposure may be permitted to continue critical missions for up to four hours after fallout arrival without incurring the emergency risk dose.

Important Notes:
• The exact location of high-dose areas within Zone I cannot be predicted and may vary based on weather conditions and nuclear burst data.
• Reconnaissance, monitoring, and survey procedures are essential after fallout has settled to locate contaminated areas accurately.

Procedure:

1. Determine radiation dose using monitoring or dose reconstruction techniques.
- Monitoring: Use radiation detectors that provide real-time exposure rates and, where possible, cumulative exposures.
- Dose Reconstruction: Perform retrospective dose assessment based on representative individuals/populations.

2. Use alternate techniques for determining emergency worker doses, as discussed in Appendix 2.1: Alternative Techniques to Determine Dose.

3. Utilize older or repurposed equipment if necessary, provided it is adequate for basic dosimetry.

4. Monitor dose rates and track time and location information for each emergency worker to ensure accurate dosimetry.

> Note: This procedure is derived from NCRP Report No. 179, *Guidance for Emergency Response Dosimetry*, reprinted with permission of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (ncrponline.org/publications).

Ships located several hundred miles from ground zero may be exposed to fallout from surface or subsurface nuclear bursts. To avoid this:

1. Use the naval effective downwind message (NAV EDM) to forecast fallout patterns.
2. Take avoiding maneuvers based on the NAV EDM.
3. If passage through fallout is unavoidable:
- Activate washdown or presetting systems (if available).
- Assume shelter stations.
- Delay passage as long as possible.

If these measures are taken, casualties from fallout should be negligible. However, ships that receive no warning and remain in the fallout zone longer than necessary without adopting preventive measures may sustain serious casualties.

### Procedure: Calculate Dose Rate at 2000 Hours from Overlapping Fallout Events

Overview: This procedure calculates the total dose rate at a specific time (2000 hours) for two overlapping fallout events using nomograms and decay-rate values.

#### Step-by-Step Instructions:
1. Determine H-hour for each detonation:
- First detonation: 251500 (H-hour = 251500)
- Second detonation: 251700 (H-hour = 251700)

2. Record peak dose rates and decay-rate values:
- First burst: Peak dose rate at 1630 was 126 cGyph, with a decay rate of n = 1.4.
- Second burst: Peak dose rate at 251830 was 300 cGyph, with a decay rate of n = 1.2.

3. Find R1 for the first detonation (using nomogram):
- Use Figure 6-11 (decay rate of 1.4) to align the hairline across the Rt value and t value.
- Read R1 on the scale: 222 cGyph.

4. Find Rt at 1830 hours for the first fallout only:
- Using the same nomogram (Figure 6-11), align the hairline across the R1 value of 222 and t = 3.5 (1830 is 3.5 hours after the first burst).
- Read the Rt value: 38 cGyph.

5. Calculate dose rate contribution from the second burst at 1830:
- Subtract the Rt value determined in Step 4 from the reported dose rate at 1830 (300 cGyph).
- Dose rate contribution of the second burst: 262 cGyph.

6. Find R1 for the second burst only:
- Use Figure 6-9 (decay rate of 1.2) to align the Rt value of 262 cGyph and t = 1.5 (time from detonation to 1830).
- Read the R1 value: 400 cGyph.

7. Find Rt at 2000 hours for each burst:
- For the first burst:
- Use Figure 6-11 (decay rate of 1.4) to align the hairline on R1 = 222 cGyph and t = 5 (H + 5).
- Read the Rt value: 34 cGyph.
- For the second burst:
- Use Figure 6-9 (decay rate of 1.2) to align the hairline on R1 = 400 cGyph and t = 3 (H + 3).
- Read the Rt value: 85 cGyph.

8. Calculate total dose rate at 2000 hours:
- Add the Rt values from both bursts:
- Total dose rate = 34 cGyph (first burst) + 85 cGyph (second burst)
- Total dose rate = 119 cGyph.

#### Notes:
• This procedure assumes the use of nomograms as outlined in Appendix F for calculator-based calculations when t < 1 hour.
• Ensure correct alignment of hairline on nomogram scales to avoid errors in readings.
• Use accurate decay-rate values (n) and H-hour times for each detonation.

Step 1: For a specific location, use log-log graph paper and plot the last two dose rate measurements (after peak) against the time after the latest burst. (If the time of the latest detonation is unknown, estimate H-hour as the time of the latest known burst.)

Step 2: Draw a straight line through these points and extend the line to later times.

Step 3: Determine a first approximation of the future dose rate directly from the graph.

Step 4: Plot a later dose-rate measurement at that location when it becomes available.

Step 5: Draw a straight line through the new latest two points and extrapolate the line to later times.

Step 6: Determine a better approximation of the future dose rate directly from the latest extrapolation.

Step 7: Repeat steps 4, 5, and 6 as later dose rate measurements at that location become available.

Step 8: Repeat steps 1 through 7 for each location of interest within the overlapping fallout patterns.

Procedure:

To calculate the radiation dose received from fallout exposure, follow these steps:

1. Determine the dose rate (R/hr): Measure or estimate the radiation level in roentgens per hour (R/hr) at the location of interest.
2. Estimate the duration of exposure (in hours): Calculate how long a person will be exposed to the radiation source. Convert minutes into fractions of an hour if necessary.
3. Calculate total dose received: Multiply the dose rate by the time of exposure in hours to get the total dose in roentgens (R).

Example 1: Short Exposure
• Dose rate = 1200 R/hr
• Time exposed = 30 seconds = 1/120 hour
• Total dose = 1200 R/hr × 1/120 hr = 10 R

Example 2: Prolonged Exposure
• Dose rate = 12 R/hr
• Time exposed = 24 hours
• Total dose = 12 R/hr × 24 hr = 288 R

Considerations:
• A daily dose of less than 10 R is generally not harmful if it is not repeated for several days.
• Doses above 50 R may cause mild symptoms (e.g., nausea in about 10% of people) and increase the risk of serious health effects with higher doses or repeated exposure.

Additional Steps for Risk Assessment:
• If a person needs to leave shelter for an extended period, conduct a radiation survey along the route to ensure that dose rates do not exceed expected levels.
• Use tools like a KFM (Kerma Fluence Meter) to measure and record radiation levels at regular intervals during the survey.

Decision-Making:
• If the total estimated dose is below 50 R, the risk may be considered acceptable, depending on the urgency of the task (e.g., retrieving water in a life-threatening situation).

To calculate the time of stay (Ts) when crossing a contaminated area:

1. Measure the distance across the fallout area within the outer perimeter of contamination.
2. Determine the average speed at which the unit will cross the area (must be constant).
3. Use the formula: Ts = [distance] / [speed].

Example: If the distance is 2 kilometers and the speed is 20 km/h, then:
Ts = 2 km / 20 km/h = 0.1 hours (6 minutes).

### Procedure: Calculate Total Dose Received by a Unit in Foxholes from Two Fallout Events

Overview: This procedure calculates the total radiation dose received by a unit occupying foxholes for three hours at 2200, considering two overlapping fallout events.

#### Step-by-Step Instructions:
1. Determine H-hour and decay rates for each detonation:
- First detonation: H-hour = 251500, decay rate n = 1.4.
- Second detonation: H-hour = 251700, decay rate n = 1.2.

2. Find the dose received from the first burst:
- Use Figure 6-11 (total dose nomogram for decay rate of 1.4) to determine the original dose (OD) at time of exposure.
- Read OD value: 30 cGy.
- Multiply by the transmission factor (TF) for foxholes from Table 6-1: TF = 0.1.
- Calculate internal dose (ID): ID = OD × TF = 30 cGy × 0.1 = 3 cGy.

3. Find the dose received from the second burst:
- Use Figure 6-12 (total dose nomogram for decay rate of 1.2) to determine the original dose (OD) at time of exposure.
- Read OD value: 125 cGy.
- Multiply by the transmission factor (TF) for foxholes from Table 6-1: TF = 0.1.
- Calculate internal dose (ID): ID = OD × TF = 125 cGy × 0.1 = 12.5 cGy.

4. Calculate total dose received by the unit:
- Add the internal doses from both bursts:
- Total dose = D1 + D2 = 3 cGy (first burst) + 12.5 cGy (second burst)
- Total dose = 15.5 cGy.

#### Notes:
• This calculation assumes the unit enters foxholes at 2200 and remains there for three hours, with no prior exposure to radiation.
• Transmission factors are specific to foxhole shielding and should be verified from Table 6-1 in the source document.
• Repeat this procedure for each additional location if multiple areas are being assessed.

Procedure:

1. Identify Parameters: Determine R1 (dose rate), Te (entry time, H + 1), Ts (stay time), and soil type.
2. Use the Correct Scale: If soil type is unknown, assume Type II or IV. Use the appropriate scale under stay time based on known soil type.
3. Locate Values on Nomogram:
- On Figure 7-5, locate R1 on the left scale (R1) and Te on the Te scale (H + 1).
- Draw a straight line connecting these two points using a hairline.
4. Pivot Line to Index Scale: Pin the hairline at the point where it intersects the index scale.
5. Adjust for Stay Time: Pivot the hairline to the Ts value on the appropriate stay time scale (based on soil type).
6. Read Total Dose (D): The total dose is found by reading the intersection of the pivoted line with the D scale on the left side of the nomogram.

Notes:
• This procedure assumes the use of Figure 7-5 (page 7-5) from FM 3-3-1.
• If soil type is known, use the corresponding stay time scale for accuracy.
• The total dose nomogram should never be used to find R1 directly; instead, use an induced decay nomogram first.

Procedure:

Given:
• An induced area with Soil Type II must be crossed at H + 10 hours.
• Distance across the area: 1 kilometer.
• Speed of crossing: 10 kilometers per hour.
• Highest H + 1 dose rate (R1): 300 cGyph.
• Crossing will be conducted in APCs with a Transmission Factor (TF) of 0.22.

Steps to Calculate Inside Dose (ID):

1. Calculate time spent in the induced radiation area (Ts):
- Ts = Distance / Speed = 1 km / 10 km/h = 0.1 hours.

2. Use a nomogram:
- On the nomogram in Figure 7-5, connect 10 hours on the Te scale with 0.1 hour on the Ts scale (soil types II and IV) using a hairline.
- Pivot through the point of intersection with the index scale to align with 150 cGyph on the R1 scale.

3. Read outside dose (D):
- Read the outside dose from the D scale at the point where the hairline intersects it, which in this example is approximately 6 cGy.

4. Calculate inside total dose (ID):
- ID = Outside dose × TF = 6 cGy × 0.22 = 1.32 cGy, or rounded to 1 cGy.

Procedure:

1. Understand that high-protection-factor shelters (e.g., trench shelters covered with 2–3 feet of earth and crawlway entrances) reduce radiation exposure significantly.
2. Estimate radiation doses:
- In such shelters, occupants receive less than 1/200 of the dose compared to being outside.
- During the first day after a nuclear attack, total accumulated dose is less than 25 R.
- By the end of the first two weeks, total accumulated dose is less than 100 R.
3. After 2 weeks, shelter occupants can begin working outside for increasing periods each day, receiving no more than 6 R per day for up to two months without serious health effects.
4. Keep a daily record of radiation doses received by all shelter occupants both inside and outside the shelter.
5. Use a fallout meter to monitor and track exposure levels accurately.

Procedure for Conducting Radiological Surveys in Fallout Areas:

1. Ensure Radiation Monitoring Capability:
- Use effective radiation monitoring equipment to measure the current and expected radiation hazard levels.
- Ensure all personnel are trained in the use of radiation detection devices.

2. Estimate Future Dose Rates:
- Make rapid estimates of future dose rates based on available data, such as time since detonation, weather conditions, and fallout patterns.

3. Communicate with Higher Headquarters:
- Maintain satisfactory communication with other units and higher headquarters to report the fallout situation and receive guidance, orders, and warnings.

4. Gather Required Data for Decision-Making:
- Determine whether the unit is or will be in a fallout area.
- Identify the expected time of arrival of fallout or how long before it will essentially all be on the ground and radiation dose rates begin to decline.
- Assess the maximum radiation dose rates expected.
- Evaluate the adequacy of existing or immediately available facilities as fallout shelters.

5. Analyze Data for Command Decisions:
- Use the collected data in conjunction with the operational situation to make informed decisions on:
- Moving the unit out of the area.
- Diverting patients to other medical treatment units.
- Moving into fallout shelters.
- Remaining in place and continuing normal operations.

6. Refer to Radiological Hazard Chapter:
- Consult the chapter on *Radiological Hazard* for detailed information on conducting radiological surveys.

Problem: Fallout has been received from two detonations—one at 0800Z and one at 1100Z (see Figure 6-8). Predict the dose rates for 0800Z at this location 24 hours after the burst. Sufficient data is available to separate the two bursts.

Solution: Separate the two dose rates. This can be done by two different methods: the logarithm method, which is preferred, and the calculator method found in Appendix F.

Procedure for Ensuring Proper Dosimeter Availability and Distribution for Emergency Workers:

1. Identify Types and Quantities of Dosimeters Required:
- Determine the types of dosimeters (direct-reading dosimeters [DRDs] and permanent record dosimeters [PRDs]) available at each location.
- Ensure that the number of dosimeters matches the number of emergency workers requiring dosimetry devices, including any additional requirements for dosimeter chargers when applicable.

2. Establish Dosimetry Storage Locations:
- Designate secure and accessible storage locations for all dosimeters at each location to ensure they are readily available during emergencies.

3. Develop a Distribution Process for Emergency Workers:
- Create a clear, documented process for distributing DRDs and PRDs to all emergency workers prior to any radiological incident.
- Ensure that the distribution process is tested regularly to confirm its effectiveness in an emergency scenario.

4. Implement Exposure Control Methods:
- Develop and enforce exposure control methods to minimize radiation exposure for emergency workers, including measures to reduce inhalation of radioactive materials.

5. Establish Procedures for Reading DRDs and Early Reading of PRDs:
- Define the process for reading DRDs immediately after potential exposure and for conducting early readings of PRDs when necessary.
- Ensure that personnel trained in dosimetry are available to perform these readings promptly.

6. Maintain Specific Dosimetry Instructions and Record Keeping:
- Create detailed instructions for handling, using, and returning dosimeters after use.
- Implement a system for recording all dosimeter readings and ensuring the return of dosimeters to designated storage locations.

Note: This procedure is essential for protecting emergency workers from radiation exposure during radiological incidents.

Procedure:

1. Understand MSDs: There are three minimum safe distances (MSDs) in a STRIKWARN message, each corresponding to the level of protection required.
2. Assess unit location: The closer a unit is to the nuclear attack site, the greater the precautions needed.
3. Refer to Table 2-3: This table explains the relationship between MSDs and the required level of protection (page 2-10).
4. Adjust based on risk assessment: If the commander decides to accept additional risk, protection requirements can be modified accordingly.
5. Use Appendix A for detailed risk categories: Before making any decisions about protection levels, refer to Appendix A for a full understanding of risk categories.

Procedure:

1. Gather Data:
- Collect data on enemy nuclear capabilities, including yield estimates, delivery units, and historical performance.
- Use intelligence sources such as G2 reports and FM 101-31-2(S) for additional information on enemy yields and delivery systems.

2. Compare Estimated Yield:
- Compare the estimated yield from observers with the resolved yield determined by the NBC Center (NBCC).
- If the resolved yield is less than the estimated yield, use the higher yield group from the effective downwind message for reporting purposes until refined data or monitoring reports are received.

3. Report Resolved Yield:
- The resolved yield is the midpoint of the yield estimation process and is used as the official yield reported to field units.
- Ensure that all data is summarized and maintained by the NBCC for future reference and analysis.

Action Item: Develop and disseminate a comprehensive emergency worker safety program for nuclear incident response.

This program should include:
1. Clear protocols for radiation exposure monitoring and control.
2. Training on the use of radiation detection and monitoring instruments.
3. Procedures for managing and mitigating risks to emergency workers during the initial 72 hours post-detonation, a period of austere conditions when full equipment may not be available.
4. Adaptations for routine practices and expectations in response to the chaotic environment following a nuclear detonation.
5. Emphasis on controlling exposure levels for first responders and emergency workers to ensure public health and safety.

Note: This program should align with guidance from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and other relevant agencies.

Objective: Ensure that radiation dose measurements are properly documented for emergency workers' safety and decision-making.

Procedure:
1. Establish a standardized method for documenting radiation dose measurements or estimates.
2. Ensure all emergency workers understand how to record their own doses and report them accurately.
3. Use this documentation to protect workers and inform emergency response decisions.

Objective: Enable emergency workers to receive timely and accurate radiation dose-related information.

Procedure:
1. Develop a clear communication framework that ensures all emergency workers can access real-time or near-real-time radiation dose data.
2. Ensure the framework includes multiple channels (e.g., radio, mobile apps, in-person briefings) for redundancy.
3. Train emergency response officials on how to use and interpret the information provided through this framework.

Procedure:

1. Determine the designated time intervals for emergency workers to read and record their DRD (Dosimeter Readout Device) dose readings.
2. Adjust the time interval as needed based on radiological conditions during an incident.
3. Ensure all emergency workers are provided with a record card or form to document each reading, including noting any exposure (including no exposure).
4. Communicate clearly to emergency workers the requirement to read, record, and report DRD readings.
5. If administrative limits for dose have been reached or exceeded, inform the radiological health officer or supervisor immediately.
6. Specify methods for recharging low-range DRDs if necessary to support reporting of any administrative limits placed on dose.

Procedure:

1. Gather Information from the Beginning of the Incident:
- Record all relevant data from the start of the incident to support future dose reconstruction.
- Ensure that early data collection is comprehensive to minimize uncertainties in later stages.

2. Integrate Dosimetry into ICS Structure:
- If radiation levels are relatively uniform over time and location, use the standard ICS accountability system for tracking individual or group doses.
- For complex incidents, establish a separate dose-tracking or data management unit within the ICS structure to ensure accurate monitoring.

3. Implement Dose-Tracking Procedures:
- Develop clear procedures for recording radiation exposure levels and ensuring that all responders are accounted for.
- Maintain detailed records of where each responder works on the incident and how long they remain in those locations.

4. Ensure Data Availability for Dose Reconstruction:
- Track responder locations and times even when radiation levels are unknown to facilitate accurate dose reconstruction later.
- Use this data to determine emergency workers’ doses during post-incident analysis.

Procedure:

1. Assess the degree of risk using the RES categories from subordinate units and the acceptable degree of risk.
2. Determine the OEG based on the established degree of risk (refer to Table A-3, page A-4).
3. Consider the type of radiation hazard, which may include enemy or friendly weapons, or initial nuclear radiation from planned friendly supporting fire.

Key Considerations:
• The commander must balance mission requirements with acceptable levels of risk.
• Use the degree-of-risk concept to minimize radiation casualties and performance degradation.
• This procedure is part of a larger framework discussed in FM 101-31-1.

Procedure:

1. Assess the unit’s prior radiation exposure status using RES records.
2. Evaluate the tactical situation and mission requirements to determine acceptable risk levels.
3. Set an OEG based on the unit's current exposure level and operational needs. This value must be specific to each unit and operation, not a generic number for all units.
4. Document the OEG in operation orders (OPORDs) so that all personnel are aware of the established radiation exposure limits.
5. Use OEG to select units for missions based on their ability to operate with minimal risk of radiation exposure.
6. Ensure command and staff agencies use OEG and RES throughout planning and execution phases to minimize casualties while accomplishing the mission.

Notes:
• OEG must be flexible and tailored to each unit’s specific situation.
• Previous exposure history is critical in determining acceptable risk levels.
• OEG should not be a fixed number but rather a dynamic value based on current conditions.

Objective: Ensure that all emergency workers' radiation doses are accurately tracked and recorded.

Procedure:
1. Develop a system to track and record the accumulated dose of every emergency worker.
2. Ensure this system is accessible to both workers and emergency response officials in real time or as quickly as possible after exposure.
3. Use this data to help workers minimize their dose and provide appropriate countermeasures if thresholds are exceeded.

Objective: Ensure that all emergency workers’ radiation doses are tracked and recorded accurately.

Procedure:
1. Develop a centralized system to track the cumulative radiation dose of each emergency worker.
2. Ensure that this system is accessible in real-time to response officials for decision-making purposes.
3. Train personnel on how to maintain and update these records, even during infrastructure failures.

Procedure:

1. Understand that the human body can repair most radiation damage over time.
2. Note historical examples, such as a man who received 9.3 R of fallout-type radiation daily for 106 days, resulting in a total accumulated dose of at least 1000 R.
3. Recognize that while a single exposure to 1000 R is likely fatal, the same dose spread over time may result in only minor symptoms (e.g., serious fatigue).
4. Use this information to plan for long-term radiation exposure scenarios and prioritize recovery efforts over short-term health risks.

Objective: Ensure that emergency response teams are equipped with the necessary tools to estimate radiation doses before an incident occurs.

Procedure:
1. Conduct a comprehensive evaluation of available dose estimation resources (e.g., dosimeters, personal radiation detectors).
2. Identify any gaps in equipment or training and develop plans to address them prior to potential incidents.
3. Provide relevant training and guidance to emergency workers on how to use these tools effectively.

Purpose: To understand the significance of predicted fallout zones for nuclear contamination avoidance.

Procedure:
1. Recognize that two zones are defined based on radiation risk:
- Zone I (Primary Hazard): The area where exposed, unprotected personnel may receive militarily significant total doses of nuclear radiation within four hours after arrival of fallout. This can result in a reduction in combat effectiveness.
- Zone II (Secondary Hazard): The area where exposed, unprotected personnel may not receive an emergency risk dose (150 cGy) within four hours but could receive a negligible risk dose (50 cGy) or greater within the first 24 hours after fallout arrival.

2. Understand that Zone I is the zone of immediate operational concern and areas within it may have doses of 150 cGy or higher in less than four hours, potentially causing major disruptions to unit operations and personnel casualties.

3. Recognize that Zone II has a lower risk level but still requires caution as some personnel could receive up to 50 cGy within the first day after fallout arrival.

4. Note that the exact dose received by personnel depends on:
- Dose rate at their location
- Time of exposure
- Available protection measures

Important Notes:
• Zone I boundaries are defined with a reasonably high assurance that personnel outside will not be exposed to an emergency risk dose in less than four hours.
• Neutron-induced radiation is confined near GZ (Ground Zero) and does not affect the extent of Zone I but increases local dose rates.
• Zone II is expected to have fewer personnel receiving doses above 50 cGy compared to Zone I.

Objective: Provide a method for estimating radiation doses when individual dosimeters are not available.

Procedure:
1. Use group dosimetry as a backup strategy when there is insufficient equipment to issue individual dosimeters to all emergency workers.
2. Assign an estimated dose to individuals based on the measured or estimated dose of one person in the same group or vicinity.
3. Ensure that this method is clearly communicated and understood by all emergency workers involved.

Objective: Provide an alternative method for estimating radiation doses when individual dosimeters are unavailable.

Procedure:
1. Identify groups of emergency workers who will be operating in the same area or under similar conditions.
2. Use one worker’s dose assessment as a proxy for others within the group, based on proximity and exposure time.
3. Ensure that this method is used only when individual dosimeters are not available and that it is clearly communicated to all involved personnel.

Objective: Reduce the probability of being targeted by a nuclear attack or minimize its effects if hit.

Steps:
1. Operational Security Measures:
- Maintain good communication procedures.
- Practice light discipline (avoid unnecessary lights that could expose positions).
- Use effective camouflage to conceal units and equipment.
2. Physical Defensive Measures:
- Dispersion: Spread out units and equipment to reduce the impact of a potential nuclear attack.
- Hardening Positions and Equipment: Reinforce positions and protect equipment from blast effects.
- Use Overhead Cover: Utilize natural or man-made overhead cover (e.g., trenches, buildings) to provide protection against blast and radiation.

Notes:
• These measures are discussed in detail in Chapter 1 of FM 3-3-1.

Time (Minimizing Exposure Time):
• The less time spent within a radiation field, the lower the dose.
• Conduct mock-ups and trial runs of jobs where significant exposures may occur to minimize doses.

Distance (Maximizing Distance from the Radiation Source):
• The inverse square law states that the dose rate decreases with the square of the distance from the source.
• Example: If the dose rate at 1 meter is 0.100 cGy/h, it will be approximately 0.025 cGy/h at 2 meters.
• The larger the distance from a radiation source, the lower the dose.

Shielding (Shielding the Radiation Source):
• Proper shielding requires knowledge of the type of radiation being emitted.
• Different types of shields are needed for alpha, beta, and gamma sources due to their different ranges in air and material (tissue).
• Appropriate shielding design can reduce/minimize exposure.

Alpha Shielding:
• Alpha particles can be stopped with a sheet of paper or at the skin.
• The primary risk is internal contamination from airborne exposure or external contamination.
• Light clothing or gloves used to prevent contamination automatically provide protection from alpha radiation.

Beta Shielding:
• Beta particles are easily stopped by solid materials such as aluminum.
• Eye protection should be used when handling beta emitters.

Gamma Shielding:
• Gamma rays are highly penetrating and can present an external hazard.
• Shielding effectiveness depends on absorber thickness, density, and the probability of interaction with the medium.
• Higher density materials like lead, tungsten, steel, and concrete are effective for gamma shielding.

Procedure:

1. Identify areas within the shelter that provide the best protection (e.g., corners of basements or middle of trenches).
2. Use a KFM to determine radiation dose rates in different locations.
3. Improve shielding by:
- Placing a double layer of doors about 2 feet above the floor and supporting them near their ends.
- Adding heavy objects (e.g., books, water containers) on top of these doors for additional protection.
4. In areas with heavy fallout, consider breaking through basement floors to dig an expedient shelter trench for increased radiation shielding.
5. Use a second ventilating pump (e.g., KAP) as a fan to increase the number of people who can safely occupy a cramped shelter.

Objective: Ensure all emergency workers understand the importance of managing their radiation exposure.

Procedure:
1. Conduct mandatory training sessions for all emergency workers on the risks associated with radiation exposure and the importance of dose management.
2. Provide clear guidelines on how to monitor and report their own dose levels.
3. Emphasize that dose management is a critical part of their safety protocol during nuclear incidents.

Procedure:

1. Understand the message format: STRIKWARN messages are standardized and used by the United States, NATO, and ABCA allies for consistency in transmission.
2. Identify transmitted line items: Only Alfa, Delta, Foxtrot, Hotel, and India lines are included in a STRIKWARN message.
3. Assess fallout hazard: If fallout is produced and poses a risk to friendly troops, send an NBC 3 nuclear report to all affected units.
4. Refer to examples: Use Figure 2-2 (page 2-9) for examples of STRIKWARN messages in standard and USMTF formats.
5. Plot the message on a tactical map: This identifies ground zero and the extent of effects, aiding in decision-making by the commander.

Procedure:

1. Minimize exposure time:
- Only send personnel into a radiologically contaminated environment if absolutely necessary for mission accomplishment.
- Wait to enter a contaminated area when possible, as contamination levels decay over time, reducing the chance of exposure.
2. Be aware of hidden hazards:
- Personnel working around equipment should be aware that nuclear contaminants can accumulate in places such as air filters.
- Always mark contaminated equipment to prevent accidental exposure.
3. Dispose of contaminated collectors properly:
- Dispose of contaminated collectors, such as air filters, as contaminated waste.
4. Monitor contamination levels:
- Monitor the amount and extent of contamination to help limit its spread and reduce decontamination requirements.

Objective: Provide commanders with information to make informed decisions about operating in or around nuclear hazards.

Steps:
1. Plan Nuclear Reconnaissance:
- Conduct reconnaissance to locate and identify nuclear hazards (see Chapter 5 of FM 3-3-1).
2. Use NBC Reconnaissance Techniques:
- Follow procedures outlined in FM 3-19, _NBC Reconnaissance._
3. Predict Nuclear Hazards:
- Use techniques from Chapters 3, 4, and 6 of FM 3-3-1 to predict the spread and effects of nuclear hazards.
4. Use ANBACIS for Automatic Calculations:
- Utilize a portion of ANBACIS that automatically calculates hazard areas based on NBC reports (NBC 1 through NBC 5 Reports).

Notes:
• This process helps commanders understand the extent and movement of nuclear contamination to make tactical decisions.

Procedure:

1. Understand that a total accumulated dose of 100 R received over a few weeks has minimal long-term effects.
2. Note that studies on Japanese A-bomb survivors indicate no more than one in 100 people receiving 100 R would likely die within 30 years from cancer or leukemia.
3. Recognize that this relatively small risk should not deter recovery efforts after a nuclear attack, especially when survival depends on access to food and other essentials.
4. Prioritize immediate life-saving actions over long-term health risks in the aftermath of a major nuclear event.

Procedure:

1. Develop and implement a system to maintain accurate dose records for all emergency workers.
2. Ensure that each emergency worker records their DRD readings at designated intervals as outlined in the REP Program Plan.
3. Maintain these records in a secure, accessible format (e.g., digital or physical logbooks).
4. Include details such as date, time, location, and any exposure notes for each recorded dose reading.
5. Ensure that all dose records are reviewed regularly by supervisors or radiological health officers to monitor compliance with administrative limits.
6. Store dose records in accordance with regulatory requirements and ensure they are available for audits or inspections.

Procedure:

1. Follow established plans/procedures to manage radiological exposure and dose.
2. Use equipment such as dosimetry devices and radio protective drugs as required.
3. Monitor exposure and dose through regular checks and record-keeping.
4. Identify procedures for obtaining authorization to receive emergency exposures in excess of the PAGs (Protective Action Guidelines).
5. Ensure compliance with NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1, Rev. 2 (specific sections: C.2.c, H.11, H.11.b, K.2.b, K.3, K.3.a, M.1.b, and O.1).

Important Notes:
• Emergency workers must be trained in the use of dosimetry devices and protective drugs.
• Authorization for exposure above PAGs should only be obtained through formal procedures and under strict supervision.
• Regular monitoring is essential to ensure safety and compliance with health and safety standards.

Procedure:

1. Use a KFM (Kevlar Fallout Meter) to determine the safest locations inside the shelter for minimizing radiation exposure.
2. During the first several hours after fallout begins, move to areas with lower dose rates (e.g., middle of a trench or corner of a basement).
3. Improve shielding by:
- Digging deeper into the ground if practical.
- Reducing the size of openings and partially blocking them with earth, water containers, etc., while maintaining adequate ventilation.
4. Cover nose and mouth with a towel or cloth to prevent inhaling fallout particles.
5. Monitor humidity levels inside the shelter:
- If relative humidity is 90% or higher, a KFM cannot be charged even by quickly unrolling tape.
- Use a ventilating pump (e.g., KAP) to maintain airflow and reduce humidity if necessary.

Procedure:

1. Identify a protective structure such as a building or shelter to take cover in during fallout exposure.
2. Enter the structure immediately upon detecting fallout, even if it has broken windows, as this provides adequate protection from ground shine dose.
3. Stay inside the structure until radiation levels have significantly decreased and it is safe to exit.
4. Avoid prolonged outdoor exposure in areas contaminated with fallout, as external exposure is the primary hazard during initial response phases.
5. Remove contaminated clothing or skin if exposed to fallout on the surface, as this reduces further external exposure.
6. Monitor radiation levels using available detection equipment and follow official guidance for when it is safe to leave shelter.

Notes:
• The outdoor radiation hazard from fallout (ground shine dose) is typically orders of magnitude more hazardous than internal exposure concerns resulting from inhalation or ingestion.
• Even buildings with broken windows can provide adequate protection from ground shine dose.

Procedure:

1. Understand Meteorological Influence:
- Wind and precipitation significantly influence the spread of local fallout.
- Strong winds can distribute radioactive particles over large areas, increasing contamination risk.
- Snow and rain accelerate the deposition of fallout onto the ground, potentially creating localized hotspots of high contamination.

2. Monitor Weather Conditions:
- Track wind patterns, precipitation, and temperature changes in radiologically contaminated areas.
- Be alert to unusual weather events such as local rain showers originating above the radioactive cloud, which may lead to heavy fallout in limited areas.

3. Take Protective Actions Based on Weather:
- In high-wind conditions, shelter indoors or use protective coverings to minimize exposure to airborne particles.
- During snowfall or rainfall, avoid contact with contaminated surfaces and decontaminate exposed skin and clothing promptly.

4. Evacuate if Necessary:
- If meteorological conditions lead to the formation of localized areas of heavy contamination, evacuate immediately and seek shelter in a secure location.

Procedure: Monitor and control radiation exposure levels for emergency workers during the initial response to a nuclear detonation.

Steps to Implement:
1. Establish protocols for monitoring cumulative absorbed doses, especially in the first 72 hours post-detonation when conditions are austere and full equipment may not be available.
2. Use dosimeters or other radiation detection instruments to measure exposure levels of emergency workers.
3. Ensure that all emergency workers have access to protective gear and equipment designed for high-radiation environments.
4. Implement a system for recording and tracking individual exposure levels in real-time.
5. Review exposure data regularly and make decisions on whether to withdraw workers if cumulative doses reach the decision point (e.g., 50 rad/0.5 Gy).
6. Adapt routine practices as necessary during the initial response phase while maintaining strict control over worker exposures.

Note: This procedure is critical for protecting emergency responders from excessive radiation exposure and ensuring public health and safety.

Objective: Ensure that emergency workers have access to accurate dosimetry methods during a nuclear incident.

Procedure:
1. Identify any additional or improved dosimetry methods required for the specific scenario (e.g., personal radiation detectors, group dosimetry).
2. Obtain or develop these methods in advance of potential incidents.
3. Distribute dosimeters to emergency workers as soon as they become available.

Bioassay:
• Bioassay should be performed in conjunction with other survey data when:
- Personnel are in or near a vehicle hit by a DU round.
- Personnel climb on vehicles before complete decontamination.
- Personnel are in a room where a firing control device containing tritium breaks.
• Assume all tanks and vehicles killed by US forces are contaminated with DU.
• Foreign vehicles may contain radium or other radioactive materials (e.g., dials, gauges).
• Bioassay samples from personnel who have contact with damaged foreign vehicles should be analyzed for these commodities.
• Refer to USACHPPM’s TG 211 for procedures on collecting, labeling, and shipping bioassay samples.

Procedure:

1. Use NBC 2 Reports: Division NBCC uses the NBC 2 reports and current wind information to predict fallout areas.
2. Send to Affected Units: The NBC 3 report is sent to all units that could be affected by the hazard.
3. Plot Fallout Area: Each unit plots the NBC 3 report and determines which of its subordinate units are affected, then warns those units accordingly.
4. Define Zones:
- Zone I: Areas where the dose rate will exceed 150 centigray per hour (cGyph) within 4 hours.
- Zone II: No more than 50 cGyph in 4 hours and less than 150 cGyph in 24 hours.
5. Use as Battlefield Intelligence: Commanders should use the report to plan missions based on the predicted fallout area.
6. Decision-Making for Units in Fallout Area:
- The commander must decide whether to stay or move, based on mission requirements, exposure status of the unit, and higher headquarters guidance.
7. Use ANBACIS: As the ANBACIS system improves, commanders can view modeled hazard areas on a computer screen instead of relying solely on safe-sided STANAG plots for decision-making.
8. Include Required Line Items: The following line items are used in the NBC 3 nuclear report:
- Alfa (strike serial number)
- Delta (date/time group)
- Foxtrot (location of attack)
- Yankee (left and right radial lines)
- Zulu (effective wind speed, downwind distance of Zone I, and cloud radius)

Procedure:

1. Collect Raw Data:
- Designated observer units automatically submit raw data each time the enemy attacks with nuclear weapons.
- This data includes details on all types of bursts (air, surface, or unknown).

2. Evaluate and Format Data:
- The NBC 2 report reflects evaluated nuclear burst data and is created for all bursts: air, surface, and unknown.
- If the type of burst is surface or unknown, fallout predictions are made as part of the report.
- Precedence for the report is established in FSOP/OPLAN/OPORD or other written instructions based on urgency.

3. Communicate NBC 2 Reports:
- Communication means for the NBC 2 report must be established by FSOP/OPLAN/OPORD or other written instructions.
- Send the report to all affected subordinate units, higher and adjacent headquarters.

4. Update as Needed:
- If subsequent data changes the yield or ground zero (GZ) location after an NBC 2 report is sent, send a new NBC 2 report with the same strike serial number and date-time of attack.

5. NBC 2 Report Generation Levels:
- In theory, the NBC 2 report is formulated only at division NBCC level.
- However, in practice, it may be generated at battalion or brigade levels if they have access to two or more NBC 1 reports that allow for an accurate yield and exact GZ location determination.
- If higher headquarters provides NBC 2 reports, they must be used as they generally contain more accurate data.

Procedure:

1. Understand Fallout Characteristics:
- In water surface bursts, particles are lighter and smaller compared to land-based detonations.
- These particles extend over a greater area but produce less local fallout.
- Particles contain mostly sea salts with some water, which may cause cloud seeding effects leading to rainout and areas of high local fallout.

2. Take Protective Actions:
- Avoid exposure to contaminated water or airborne particles from the fallout.
- Use protective gear such as masks and gloves when handling potentially contaminated materials.
- Decontaminate skin, clothing, and equipment after potential exposure.

3. Monitor for Contamination:
- Watch for signs of contamination on skin, clothing, or equipment.
- If rain occurs above the radioactive cloud, be alert to localized areas of heavy fallout that may form.

4. Evacuate if Necessary:
- In cases of high local fallout from water surface bursts, evacuate the area immediately and seek shelter in a secure location.

Procedure:

1. Assess the primary hazard as external exposure from penetrating radiation (not inhalation or ingestion).
2. Determine if respiratory protection is needed, based on non-radiological hazards such as smoke, dust, or vapors.
3. Avoid using typical HAZMAT PPE for mitigating penetrating radiation, as it does not reduce exposure and may increase responder dose due to increased time spent in hazardous areas.
4. Select PPE based on the specific non-radiological hazards present in damage zones (e.g., fires, toxic industrial chemicals, sharp debris).
5. Ensure that emergency workers have access to appropriate PPE for their assigned activities during the response.
6. Use a radiation detector as the most important equipment to alert workers to radiation levels of concern.

> Note: This procedure is based on guidance from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) regarding PPE selection in CBRN incidents.

Procedure:

1. Assess mission requirements and environmental factors:
- Identify the lowest dose rate area that is consistent with the mission.
- Consider terrain obstacles such as mountains, swamps, or other unpassable features that may limit route options.
- Evaluate temporary obstacles like tree blowdowns, fires, or rubble that could affect movement.

2. Prioritize crossing methods:
- If possible, use the following priority order for crossing an induced radiation area:
1. Aircraft
2. Armored vehicles and personnel carriers
3. Wheeled vehicles
4. On foot

3. Minimize exposure time:
- Calculate the time of stay (stay time) during the crossing using the relationship provided in the text.
- Ensure that the route selected minimizes the duration spent within the induced radiation area.

A public fallout shelter is a building or structure designated by the government that is said to provide ample protection from radiation and also supposedly has enough supplies in it to house, feed, and provide sanitary needs for the amount of persons allowed into the shelter. However, most public fallout shelters are not stocked.

Consider the following factors when assessing decontamination needs for critical infrastructure:

1. The DRZ may involve lethal, non-uniform fallout deposition, or hot spots.
2. Responders working in areas with significant fallout contamination require:
- Real-time radiation measurements
- A robust, actively managed personal dose-monitoring system

3. Fallout decays rapidly (see Chapter 1), so it is generally preferable to delay infrastructure decontamination activities, if possible.
4. Consider temporary solutions to reduce exposure to workers at critical infrastructure facilities:
- Burying radioactive contamination by tilling contaminated soil in the surrounding area. Leaving the tilled soil rough reduces radiation exposure.
- Adding or enhancing shielding (heavy materials) around key locations of interest. Consider use of concrete highway barriers and/or earthen and rubble berms.
- Washing/spraying down vegetation (e.g., trees) and other elevated surfaces.

5. Where possible, infrastructure outside the HZ and DRZ should be used. These facilities and locations could be available immediately and can be expected to be free of contamination.
6. Use FEMA’s Continuity of Operations Program (COOP) guidance and planning resources as a template for local emergency preparedness planners to choose appropriate COOP locations that will not be affected by fallout or require decontamination.
7. If decontamination is required in the early hours after a nuclear explosion, local responders may perform these duties, despite little or no radiological decontamination training.
8. Consider effective, fast, and easy-to-implement decontamination methods, such as:
- Vacuuming
- Showering
- Hosing

9. Decontamination targets are key for identifying when infrastructure is “clean.” While background radiation times two is widely used as a general estimate, the EPA will ultimately set decontamination target guidelines for access.

Note: Critical infrastructure decontamination should only be initiated when basic information becomes available regarding fallout distribution, current and projected radiation dose rates, and structural integrity of the elements to be decontaminated.

Procedure for Immediate Skin Decontamination Using SDKs:

1. Recognize contamination: As soon as a soldier becomes aware of chemical or biological contamination on his bare skin, he initiates immediate decon techniques without waiting for command.
2. Use the M291 (SDK) kit:
- Apply the M291 SDK within 1 minute of becoming contaminated.
- Follow instructions provided on the outside of the kit, on the individual packet within the kit, and in STP 21-1-SMCT.
3. Decontaminate affected areas: Use the M291 to decontaminate the hood, mask, gloves, and weapon.
4. Use IEDK if needed: If an SDK is not available, use the IEDK (M295 kit) for decontamination.

Alternate Method if No SDK Available:
• Pinch-blott the chemical contamination from the skin with a cloth and flush it with water from a canteen.
• Use soap and water (or hot water) to wash the agent from the skin. This method is less effective than using decon kits but still recommended when no SDKs are available.

Biological Contamination:
• Wash with soap and water to remove nearly all biological agents from the skin.
• A 0.5 percent chlorine solution (calcium hypochlorite [HTH] or household bleach) is an effective biological decontaminant. See Appendix B for details on how to make this solution.

Radiological Contamination:
• Brush, wash, or wipe off radiological dust particles from the skin and equipment.

Procedure for CBR Decontamination

1. Identify the type of contamination using appropriate detection equipment.
2. Isolate the contaminated area to prevent further spread of contaminants.
3. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant suits, gloves, and respirators.
4. Apply decontaminating agents according to the type of contaminant:
- Chemical: Use neutralizing agents such as water or specific chemical decontamination solutions.
- Biological: Use disinfectants such as bleach or alcohol-based solutions.
- Radiological: Use absorbent materials and specialized decontamination solutions to remove radioactive particles.
5. Follow a systematic approach, starting from the least contaminated areas and moving toward more heavily contaminated zones.
6. Monitor the effectiveness of decontamination using detection equipment and ensure that all levels of contamination are reduced to safe limits.
7. Dispose of contaminated waste in accordance with established protocols to prevent secondary contamination.
8. Conduct post-decontamination inspections to verify that the area is safe for reoccupation.

Proper decontamination is essential to reduce the risk of radiation exposure after a nuclear event.

### Decontamination Procedures:
• Washing everything thoroughly is the primary method for decontaminating objects.
• Never burn, boil, or dust off contaminated materials, as this can release radiation back into the air and increase the danger to others.
• Burning does not eliminate radiation. It only redistributes it in a more hazardous form.

### Disposal of Contaminated Materials:
• Any object that cannot be properly washed (e.g., sponges, cakes, breads, berries, and other porous materials) should be disposed of immediately to prevent further contamination.
• These items are difficult to clean effectively and may retain radiation even after washing.

Procedure for Decontaminating and Disposing of Chemical Munitions:

1. Assess chemical munition status:
- In combat, chemical munitions may be encountered or captured from the enemy.
- Damaged or deteriorated munitions may leak and must be decontaminated, evacuated, and disposed of safely by specialized units.
2. Protective measures:
- All soldiers must use protective clothing and masks when there is a possibility of exposure to toxic chemical agents.
3. MOPP level: The MOPP (Mission-Oriented Protective Posture) level will be specified by the unit commander.
4. Detection equipment:
- Use detection equipment such as CAM, M256A1 detector kit, M8A1 or M22 ACAA, and M8/M9 detector paper to monitor chemical munitions.
5. Unexploded leaking munitions:
- Treat unexploded leaking munitions the same as conventional ordnance.
- Submit a spot report to an explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) unit for handling.
6. Refer to regulations: When disposing of and decontaminating chemical munitions, refer to Army Regulation (AR) 385-10 and TM 10-277 for additional safety guidance.

Procedure for Handling Chemical Munitions:

1. Do not handle chemical projectiles:
- Treat them as you would a fused high-explosive (HE) round.
2. Protective measures: Security and protective measures must match those given to conventional munitions.
3. Notify EOD unit: Notify an explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) unit for the disposal and decontamination of chemical munitions.
4. Responsibility of EOD units:
- EOD units are responsible for sealing, packaging, and disposing of chemical munitions safely.

Procedure:

1. Define action levels for determining when decontamination is required for emergency workers, the general public, equipment, vehicles, and personal possessions.
2. Establish clear procedures for radiological decontamination that are appropriate for different exposure scenarios.
3. Ensure that all personnel involved in decontamination are trained on proper techniques and safety protocols.
4. Provide access to decontamination facilities and supplies at the incident site or nearby locations as needed.
5. Develop a plan for the safe disposal of contaminated waste generated during decontamination efforts, including methods such as incineration, burial, or other approved disposal practices.
6. Document all decontamination activities, including who was decontaminated, when it occurred, and the results of contamination checks before and after decontamination.

Procedure for Operational Decontamination During an Ongoing Fire Mission:

1. Commander’s decision: The commander initiates the decon operation after assessing the situation and ensuring that fire support can continue with minimal disruption.
2. Request support: Request support from the battalion for operational decon, especially if time is limited (e.g., 2 ½ hours to complete movement and be in a firing position).
3. Coordinate with supporting units:
- Send an advance party to meet the supporting power-driven decon-equipment (PDDE) crew.
- Organize the site for vehicle washdown and MOPP-gear exchange.
4. Set up PDDE: The PDDE crew sets up the equipment and runs the vehicle washdown while the advance party prepares the MOPP-gear exchange with battery supply personnel.
5. Decon process:
- Rotate platoons through the decon site one at a time, as directed by the battalion chemical NCO.
- Firing platoons move quickly to ensure artillery firing tables are available for continued operations.
6. Maintain MOPP4: Soldiers remain in MOPP4 due to ongoing vapor hazards from residual contamination until decon is complete and a new area is confirmed clear of contamination.
7. Resupply and reposition:
- After decon, move to the alternate position and begin ammo resupply.
- Monitor wind direction to ensure soldiers remain upwind of any desorbing vapors from equipment.
8. Relief procedures: Rotate soldiers into clean areas for rest and relief; those returning to the guns assume MOPP4 again.

Follow these steps to perform self-decontamination:

Steps:
1. Remove contaminated clothes and shoes and place them in a bag.
2. Wash your body with warm water.
3. Use cloth, sponge, soft brush, etc., to clean skin or clothing.
4. Begin with mild agents like soap and water.
5. When showering, try to direct rinse water away from face and body. If washing your hair, do not use conditioner.
6. Keep materials out of eyes, nose, mouth, and wounds.
7. Avoid scratching, burning, or causing breaks in the skin.

Notes:
• These actions can be performed at any location or at ad hoc screening locations set up by emergency response organizations to facilitate washing.
• Prior to opening these facilities, planners should ensure that an ample supply of replacement clothing, shoes, plastic bags, and wet wipes are available.

Procedure:

1. Shut down the aircraft if the aircrew must perform a MOPP-gear exchange.
2. After the MOPP-gear exchange, use a shuffle pit before reboarding the aircraft.
3. Use the M12A1 PDDE or M17 LDS to spray down the aircraft with hot, soapy water and then rinse it.
4. Spray the aircraft from the top to the bottom, working from the front to the rear.
5. Avoid spraying near the tail rotor when the aircraft is running.
6. Follow guidelines in the aircraft’s maintenance manual during washdown operations.

Remarks:
• Aviation personnel must ensure proper use of equipment and follow safety protocols.
• Ensure that all decontamination procedures are conducted safely to avoid damage to the aircraft.

Procedure:

1. Identify areas and equipment to be worked on during overhaul.
2. Assign maintenance personnel or a chemical decon platoon from division or corps as responsible personnel.
3. Select appropriate decontaminants based on the surface type:
- DS2
- Diesel fuel
- 5 percent chlorine solution
- Hot, soapy water
- *For surfaces that are easily destroyed by liquid or corrosion, use hot air instead.*
4. Wash with diesel fuel and then hot, soapy water.
5. Rinse the equipment thoroughly after washing.
6. Check for contamination using M8 detector paper or CAM (Chemical Agent Monitor).
7. If time permits, allow the equipment to weather to reduce chemical contamination to negligible risk levels.
8. Use caustic decontaminants only on assemblies that have been removed from the aircraft.
9. Rinse assemblies thoroughly before replacing them.

Remarks:
• This process has the same results as a deliberate decon.
• Caustic decontaminants should be used with caution and only on disassembled parts.

Procedure:

1. Conduct an aircraft washdown when operating an aircraft contaminated by gross amounts of chemical agent.
2. This limits the absorption of chemical agents into paint, plastic, and rubber portions of the aircraft.
3. Chemical agents absorbed into these materials can pose a vapor hazard and be difficult to decon later.

Remarks:
• Aircraft washdown is essential for reducing long-term contamination risks.
• CARC (Chemical Agent Resistant Coating) paint helps keep contamination on the surface, making it easier to neutralize or remove.

Objective: Immediate neutralization or removal of contamination from exposed portions of the skin.

Procedure:
1. Assess the situation and identify the type of contamination (chemical, biological, etc.).
2. Remove contaminated clothing immediately if it is not part of the MOPP gear.
3. Wash the affected area thoroughly with water for at least 5 minutes to remove any visible contaminants.
4. Use a decontamination kit or solution as specified by unit protocols, applying it directly to the skin in a systematic manner (from clean to contaminated areas).
5. Rinse again with water after using the decontamination solution to ensure all residue is removed.
6. Dry the area and apply any necessary protective cream or ointment as directed by medical personnel.
7. Report the incident to a superior or medical officer for further evaluation and possible follow-up treatment.

Notes:
• This procedure must be performed without supervision by each soldier.
• Ensure that decontamination solutions are used according to manufacturer instructions and unit guidelines.
• If symptoms persist after decontamination, seek immediate medical attention.

General Decontamination Procedures for Chemical-Agent Patients:

1. Decon Team Setup:
- A 8-man patient-decon team is responsible for decontaminating patients before they receive medical treatment in the clean treatment area.

2. Use of Chlorine Solutions:
- Decontaminate the following items using a 5 percent chlorine solution:
- Gloves
- Aprons
- Litters
- Scissors
- Patient’s hood
- Other nonskin contact areas
- Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to decontaminate:
- The patient’s mask
- Skin
- Splints
- Wounds (irrigate wounds with this solution)

3. Decon Process:
- Decontaminate the patient's skin, bandages, wounds, mask, identification tags with chain, and splints by wiping them with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

4. Additional Considerations:
- Some procedures can be done with one soldier, while others require more than one soldier.
- For treatment procedures, refer to FMs 8-9, 8-33, and 8-285.

Procedure for Conducting Initial External Contamination Screening:

1. Check for radioactive contamination on individuals’ bodies, clothing, and shoes.
2. Use proper radiation detection instruments operated by trained professionals.
3. Perform the initial screening in a matter of seconds, as detailed radiological surveys are not required at this stage.
4. Adjust the screening process based on:
- The situation (e.g., level of contamination, number of people to be screened)
- Available staff and resources
- Decontamination resources available on-site
5. If necessary, use more restrictive radiological screening criteria depending on the situation and resource availability.
6. Ensure that screening does not delay prompt evacuation or other critical response operations.

Objective: Limit the spread of contamination, allow temporary relief from MOPP4, and facilitate additional decon requirements.

Requirements:
• A 120-square-yard area
• No nearby water source may be required depending on the number of contaminated vehicles

Process:
1. Conduct a vehicle washdown using hot, soapy water for 2 to 3 minutes per vehicle.
2. Perform a MOPP-gear exchange, where soldiers remove contaminated MOPP gear and replace it with clean gear from the MOPP-gear-exchange point.

Techniques:
• Decentralized company control: Unit commander selects decon site, links up with PDDE crew, and executes operational decon.
• Centralized battalion control: Battalion chemical NCO controls decon; site is selected by the battalion commander.
• Centralized brigade control: Brigade chemical NCO performs functions similar to battalion-level control when decon assets are consolidated within the brigade.

Note: This process may eliminate the need for a thorough decon by speeding up the weathering process.

Objective: Reduce contamination hazards to a negligible risk level before maintenance operations or reconstitution efforts.

### Procedure:
1. Perform DAD as part of a reconstitution effort or before maintenance operations (after every 25 hours of flight time).
2. When the aircraft is overhauled or grounded for scheduled maintenance, reduce contamination hazards to negligible risk levels by going through a DAD.
3. When components are removed from the aircraft for repair, care must be taken because of residual contamination.
4. Decon these components either before cannibalization or overhaul.
5. The DAD area is composed of the following five stations:
- Primary wash
- Decon-solution application
- Contact time/interior decon
- Rinse
- Check (see Figure 7-2).

Procedure:

1. Check contamination level: At this station, the vehicle is checked to determine if it has a negligible or significant contamination level.
2. Chemical contamination check: Use the CAM (Chemical Agent Monitor) to detect vapor from residual liquid contamination. A one bar or lower reading on the CAM indicates a negligible contamination level.
3. Verify with M8 detector paper: If the CAM detects vapor contamination, use M8 detector paper to verify the presence of liquid contamination.
4. Confirm with M256A1 detector kit: If suspected false positives occur from both the CAM and M8 detector paper, use an M256A1 detector kit for confirmation.
5. Refer to Table 4-6: Consult Table 4-6 on page 4-22 for common interferences that can cause false-positive readings on the CAM (e.g., insect repellent, brake fluid, gasoline vapors, etc.).
6. Recycle vehicle if needed: If significant contamination is found, recycle the vehicle to station 2 for chemical contamination or station 1 for radiological contamination.
7. Consider desorption effects: After decon, chemical agents may desorb from surfaces painted with CARC (Chemical Agent Resistant Coating) more slowly than those painted with alkyd. This should be considered when checking the effectiveness of decontamination.

Procedure:

1. Emergency response officials must coordinate with radiation protection professionals at the state, local, and federal levels.
2. This includes collaboration with:
- State/local Radiation Control Program staff
- The Advisory Team for Environment, Food and Health
- ROSS (Radiation Operations Support Service)
3. Develop screening criteria and decontamination recommendations in partnership with these professionals.
4. Share these recommendations with CRCs (Contamination Reduction Centers) and shelters.
5. Ensure that all communication is clear and accessible to the public, including:
- Instructions in languages appropriate for the affected community
- Accessibility for people with disabilities or access and functional needs

At this station, the gross contamination and dirt are removed from the vehicle. The vehicle is sprayed for 2 to 3 minutes with hot, soapy water. The vehicle is then scrubbed to help remove caked-on dirt. The mechanical action of scrubbing also helps remove thickened chemical agents. Although the undersurfaces are difficult to reach, try to remove as much dirt as possible. After scrubbing the vehicle, spray it again for 2 to 3 minutes to remove loosened dirt and contamination. This station uses about 250 gallons of water per vehicle. Larger vehicles with large quantities of dirt use more water. The runoff from this station is contaminated and must be treated as hazardous. The contaminated runoff must be controlled; if available, engineer support may be used. This station requires high water-pressure systems (M12A1 power-driven decon apparatus [PDDA] and M17 Lightweight Decontaminating System [LDS]) rather than low water-volume systems (65GPM pumps).

Objective: Apply a decon solution to the aircraft.

### Procedure:
1. Use the M12A1 PDDE or the M17 LDS (in the siphinjector mode) to apply a decon solution at this station.
2. After applying the solution, a member of the scrubbing team scrubs the aircraft’s skin.
3. This allows chemical agents to mix with the decon solution, especially when thickened chemical agents are present.
4. For decontaminants, refer to Appendix B.
5. Do not use STB or HTH because of their corrosive nature.

Action: Decontaminate animals to reduce the risk of spreading radioactive contamination.

Steps:
1. Dust off and partially remove contamination: Any action to dust off and partially remove contamination is helpful, similar to human decontamination procedures.
2. Brushing animals: Care should be taken to avoid inhaling any particulates. Use a dust mask and brush the animals outside and upwind if possible.
3. Bathing and grooming: When possible, bathing and grooming thoroughly can remove additional contamination.
4. Designate areas for pet owners: At CRCs, areas can be designated for pet owners to clean their own animals, which reduces anxiety for the animals and speeds up the process.
5. Provide assistance: Assistance should be provided to those unable to clean their animals themselves.
6. Instructions for self-decontamination: For those unable to report to a CRC, instructions for cleaning pets should be provided with instructions for self-decontamination.

Procedure:

1. When buildings are contaminated with persistent chemicals, their value for cover, concealment, and shelter is reduced.
2. Wood and concrete may absorb liquid agents and emit toxic vapors for days or weeks.
3. Building decon is very difficult and requires large quantities of decontaminants.
4. To reduce the hazard:
- Cover contamination with plastic sheets, STB slurry, sodium silicate, or other substances that cover or absorb the agent.
5. Even parts of a building not intended for occupation may need to be decontaminated to prevent contamination from spreading.

Procedure:

1. Vehicles and personnel covered with contaminated snow must be decontaminated immediately, before the snow has a chance to melt and freeze.
2. Contaminated snow forms layers of ice that make contamination difficult to remove.
3. Use tree branches (if available) to remove contaminated snow.
4. Radioactive fallout mixed with snowfall must be removed as soon as possible.

Procedure for Decontaminating Litter Patients:

1. Prepare the Decon Station:
- Set up a decon station as shown in Figure 8-2, ensuring that the clean treatment area is located upwind and at least 75 yards from the contaminated area.
- Establish a dirty dump (downwind) for disposal of contaminated materials.

2. Use Appropriate Chlorine Solutions:
- Use a 5 percent chlorine solution to decontaminate:
- Gloves
- Aprons
- Litters
- Scissors
- Patient’s hood
- Other nonskin contact areas
- Place the bandage scissors in a container of 5 percent chlorine solution between each use.

3. Use a 0.5 Percent Chlorine Solution for Skin and Wounds:
- Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to decontaminate:
- The patient’s mask
- Skin
- Splints
- Wounds (irrigate wounds with this solution)

4. Avoid Vigorous Scrubbing:
- When applying the 0.5 percent solution, avoid vigorous scrubbing as it may force chemical agents into the skin.

Note:
• Litter patients requiring emergency medical treatment (EMT) or ambulatory medical treatment (AMT) in the clean area of the MTF will be completely decontaminated.
• If a patient requires immediate evacuation, only spot-decontaminate the wound area and MOPP gear to remove gross contamination. The patient should be evacuated in their MOPP gear.

Procedure for Decontaminating Streets and Sidewalks:

1. Identify areas where liquid agents may have been absorbed by streets, sidewalks, or other porous surfaces.
2. Recognize that these surfaces can release toxic vapors when heated by the sun.
3. Determine if decontamination is necessary based on the level of contamination and potential risk to civilians.
4. If possible, allow natural weathering processes to reduce hazards over time, provided the situation permits.
5. Repeat decontamination operations as needed to ensure safety levels are maintained.

Important Considerations:
• Decontamination operations should be conducted away from civilian populations to prevent injury or interference with the work.
• Civilians must not be forced to participate in preparing decon sites or assisting with decon operations.
• Volunteers who have been cleared by the Assistant Chief of Staff, G5 (Civil Affairs) may assist.

Objective: Process contaminated vehicles and personnel through the decon site.

Steps:
1. Establish positive control: Ensure security and control over the decon site before processing begins.
2. Vehicle movement: Vehicles move from the predecon area to the decon site either on order or by following the vehicle ahead.
3. Contaminated personnel removal: Soldiers exit contaminated vehicles and proceed to the MOPP-gear-exchange point.
4. Provide security: The contaminated unit is responsible for providing security during the execution phase.
5. Vehicle washdown: Each vehicle receives a 2- to 3-minute washdown with hot, soapy water.
6. MOPP-gear exchange:
- Soldiers remove contaminated MOPP gear and replace it with clean gear from the MOPP-gear-exchange point.
7. Remount vehicles: After completing decon, soldiers remount their vehicles and move to an after-decon assembly area (AA) to await further instructions or proceed to their next battle position.

After decontamination:

1. Vehicles that exhibit acceptable levels of radiation should be returned to their owners if possible.
2. Depending on the owner’s status (evacuated, injured, deceased, etc.), vehicles may require long-term storage.
3. Vehicles that remain contaminated must be segregated from successfully decontaminated vehicles to prevent cross-contamination.
4. If resources allow, perform additional rounds of decontamination on vehicles that continue to exhibit unacceptable levels of contamination.

> Note: Planners must anticipate the need for storing potentially large numbers of decontaminated vehicles.

Task: Remove contamination to a negligible risk from individual gear (LCE, mask carrier, helmet, and weapon)

### Soldier's Actions:
1. Decontaminates his own gloves with hot, soapy water or an STB slurry.
2. Decontaminates his hose and canister (if wearing the M42 mask) with either hot, soapy water and a sponge or an STB slurry mix.
3. Decontaminates his own gear by washing and scrubbing it for 4 minutes in a decontaminant container with hot, soapy water or an STB slurry mix.

### Attendant's Actions:
1. Takes the gear to the equipment checkpoint and places it on the "dirty" side of the contamination control line (engineer tape).
2. Waits as the monitor holds the detection device 1 inch from the gear and checks it for residual contamination.
3. Recycles any gear that is above one bar of contamination.
4. Places the gear on the clean side of the contamination control line if it passes the check.
5. Carries the gear to the reissue point.

### Notes:
• Change the slurry mix after 20 soldiers have decontaminated their gear and the rinse water after 10 soldiers or when it appears dirty (place the waste in the sump).

Procedure:

1. Inspect the apparatus for any damage or wear before use.
2. Ensure the decontamination solution is properly filled in the reservoir according to manufacturer specifications.
3. Turn on the apparatus and allow it to warm up as per the operator's manual.
4. Apply the decontaminating solution evenly over the contaminated surface using the spray nozzle or applicator.
5. Rinse the area thoroughly with clean water after decontamination is complete.
6. Dispose of used decontamination solution in accordance with hazardous waste disposal guidelines.
7. Clean and store the apparatus properly after use to maintain its functionality.

Notes:
• Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling chemical agents or decontaminating solutions.
• Follow all safety protocols outlined in TM 3-4230-204-12&P.

Procedure:

1. Inspect the kit for any damage or missing components before use.
2. Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, goggles, and a face mask.
3. Open the decontamination solution container and pour the contents into the applicator device as instructed in the manual.
4. Apply the decontaminating solution to the contaminated equipment using the applicator, ensuring full coverage of the affected area.
5. Rinse the treated area thoroughly with clean water after the recommended contact time has elapsed.
6. Dispose of used materials in accordance with hazardous waste disposal guidelines.
7. Clean and store the kit properly after use to maintain its functionality.

Notes:
• Avoid direct contact with the decontamination solution unless absolutely necessary.
• Follow all safety protocols outlined in TM 3-4230-224-10.

Procedure:

1. Inspect the kit for any damage or missing components before use.
2. Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, goggles, and a face mask.
3. Open the decontamination solution container and pour the contents into the applicator device as instructed in the manual.
4. Apply the decontaminating solution to the contaminated skin using the applicator, ensuring full coverage of the affected area.
5. Rinse the treated area thoroughly with clean water after the recommended contact time has elapsed.
6. Dispose of used materials in accordance with hazardous waste disposal guidelines.
7. Clean and store the kit properly after use to maintain its functionality.

Notes:
• Avoid direct contact with the decontamination solution unless absolutely necessary.
• Follow all safety protocols outlined in TM 3-4230-216-10.

Procedure for Operating the M17 Lightweight Decontamination System:

1. Transport and Setup: Transport the M17 system using a 3/4-ton trailer, 5/4-ton cargo truck, cargo aircraft, or helicopter (sling load). Set up in a secure location near the decontamination site.

2. Water Source Connection: Connect to a natural water source up to 30 feet (9.15 meters) away and 9 feet (2.75 meters) below pump level. If no natural source is available, use the built-in 3000-gallon (113.55-hectoliter) water storage tank.

3. Power Supply: Ensure that the small generator is operational to supply electricity for ignition and safety control functions.

4. Engine Start: Start the 7.3 horsepower engine and allow it to warm up.

5. Pump Operation: Use the self-priming pump to draw water into the system, then pressurize it using the pump assembly.

6. Water Heating: The fan assembly delivers combustion air to the heater, which heats the water through a 90-foot (27.45 meters) long coil of tubing.

7. Decontamination Process:
- For hasty decontamination: Use the system to provide pressurized water at temperatures up to 248 degrees Fahrenheit (119.88 degrees Centigrade) at a rate of up to 9 gallons (34.06 liters) per minute.
- For personnel showers: Adjust the system to deliver hot, clean water for decontamination of personnel.

8. Storage and Maintenance: After use, ensure that all components are cleaned and stored properly. The M17 is salt-water resistant and can be used in various environments.

Notes:
• This system replaces the M12A1 Decontamination Apparatus in chemical companies, improving logistics and mobility.
• It provides first-time hasty decontamination capability for battalions.

Procedure for Operating the M21/M22 Modular Decontamination System (MDS):

1. Transport and Setup: Transport the M21 Decontaminant Pumper and M22 High Pressure/HOT Water Module using a 3/4-ton trailer towed by an M1037 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle.

2. Water Source Connection:
- The M21 draws decontaminant from a container on the ground or from natural sources if necessary.
- The M22 module can draw water from natural sources and dispense it at variable pressures, temperatures, and flow rates.

3. Power Supply: Ensure that the system has access to power for operation of pumps and modules.

4. Dispensing Decontaminant:
- Use the M21 to dispense decontamination solution-2 (DS2) or liquid field expedient decontaminants through spray wands.
- The M22 High Pressure Washer delivers hot pressurized water up to 3000 psi at a rate of 5 gpm through two spray wands.

5. Accessories: Use the included hoses, wands, nozzles, hydrant adapters, and injector for optimal performance.

6. Hydrant Adapters: Utilize hydrant adapters to access urban water supplies if available.

7. Water Storage: Use two 3000-gallon self-supporting collapsible water tanks in conjunction with a 125-gpm-water pump as needed.

8. Decontamination Process:
- The MDS is used for detailed equipment decontamination at three stations described in FM 3-5.
- It replaces the M17 Lightweight Decontamination System and the M12A1 Skid Mounted Decon Apparatus.

9. Operational Use: Chemical companies will use the MDS to fulfill the decontamination requirements of the initial wash, decontaminant application, and rinse steps of detailed equipment decontamination.

Notes:
• The MDS is fielded to dual-purpose smoke/chemical companies for operational decontamination.
• Non-chemical units may be provided components of the MDS for operational use.

Task: Remove overboots and gloves

### Attendant's Actions:
• This procedure is not fully detailed in the provided text but would typically involve assisting the soldier to remove contaminated overboots and gloves safely, ensuring that no further contamination spreads. Specific steps may include:
- Assisting the soldier in removing the overboot by grasping the cuff and pulling it off carefully.
- Removing the glove by peeling it off from the wrist, taking care not to touch contaminated surfaces.
• The exact process would be determined based on standard operating procedures for decontamination stations.

Task: Neutralize gross contamination on overboots, lower trouser legs, protective mask, and hood

### Soldier's Actions:
1. Walks into the shuffle pit and spreads his legs apart (double-shoulder width), bends at the waist, and uses his hands to thoroughly rub the STB dry mix or the STB slurry on his overboots and lower trouser legs.

2. Buddy #1 cuts the shoulder straps and drawcord on Buddy #2’s hood. He pulls Buddy #2’s hood inside out over the front of the mask, being careful not to touch the exposed neck or head. Buddy #1 gathers Buddy #2’s hood in one hand and using a cutting tool, cuts away the hood as close as possible to the eye-lens outsert, voicemitter, and inlet-valve cover. Make sure nothing is left dangling below the bottom of the mask. If a replacement hood is not available, decon Buddy #2’s hood in the same manner as for a MOPP-gear exchange.

### Attendant's Actions:
1. Instructs Buddy #1 on how to roll Buddy #2’s hood to ensure that it is accomplished to standard.
2. Monitors the shuffle pit and adds more STB after 10 soldiers have processed through it.

Task: Remove contaminated overgarment before the agent penetrates material and touches the undergarments or the skin

### Attendant's Actions:
1. Assists the soldier in removing his overgarment.
2. Cuts or removes the M9 detector paper from around the soldier’s wrist.
3. Unfastens the Velcro closure over the jacket zipper.
4. Unties the waist cord and unfastens the Velcro straps on the soldier’s jacket.
5. Unfastens the back snaps.
6. Cuts or removes the M9 detector paper from the soldier’s trousers, if binding.
7. Unfastens the Velcro straps and zipper on the cuffs of the soldier’s trousers.
8. Unfastens the front waist snaps and unzips the front zipper. He has the soldier lift one leg and point that foot down and bend slightly at the knees for stability.
9. Grasps the cuff of the elevated boot with a hand on each side and pulls the cuff in an alternating, jerking motion until the soldier can step out of the trouser leg. The process is repeated on the other leg.

Dry decontamination is effective for non-porous surfaces such as fabric and seats in vehicle interiors. The procedure involves:

1. Use HEPA vacuum systems to remove contaminants from the interior of vehicles.
2. Spray-and-vacuum technologies can be used, which involve:
- Spraying a powdery substance throughout the vehicle, especially in delicate or inaccessible components.
- Allowing the powder to absorb for approximately 30 minutes.
- Vacuuming the substance after absorption.

> Note: These tools may not be widely available. Planners must include access methods in their response plans if they intend to use them.

Wet decontamination is more effective for non-porous surfaces and involves the following steps:

1. Apply detergent using long-handled brushes to remove contaminated dust, mud, and debris.
2. Use water pressure of 60–120 psi and spray it onto vehicle exteriors for 2–3 minutes to effectively decontaminate surfaces.

> Note: Some advanced wet decontamination tools may be more effective than water alone but are not always readily available. Planners must include access methods in their response plans if they intend to use them.

> Water Resource Consideration: Wet decontamination sometimes involves large volumes of water, so planners must consider the availability of water resources when choosing appropriate decontamination methods.

Procedure for Personal Wipe Down:

1. Timing: Perform the personal wipe-down within 15 minutes of being contaminated.
2. Use detection tools: Use the CAM and/or M8/M9 detector paper to detect and monitor contamination on equipment and personnel.
3. Wipe down process:
- Wipe all exposed skin areas thoroughly, paying special attention to any areas that may have come into contact with contaminants.
- Ensure that all contaminated gear is wiped down as well.
4. Monitor for residual contamination: After wipe-down, use the CAM or M8/M9 detector paper again to check for any remaining contamination.
5. Repeat if necessary: If contamination is detected after the initial wipe-down, repeat the process until no further contamination is found.

Procedure:

1. Coordinate with waste management personnel in your district during planning and response activities.
2. Develop plans to decontaminate critical infrastructure and support extended response operations related to waste management.
3. Ensure that all waste management procedures are aligned with nuclear detonation response protocols.
4. Include decontamination of waste management facilities as part of the overall emergency response plan.
5. Train personnel on proper decontamination techniques for both hazardous materials and radioactive fallout.
6. Maintain communication channels between planners, emergency response officials, and waste management teams to ensure a unified response strategy.

Preparation of Chlorine Solutions:

1. 5 Percent Chlorine Solution:
- Use calcium hypochlorite granules (HTH) or sodium hypochlorite (household bleach).
- For 5 gallons of water:
- HTH: 48 ounces or 40 heaping spoonfuls.
- Household Bleach: 2 quarts.

2. 0.5 Percent Chlorine Solution:
- Use calcium hypochlorite granules (HTH) or sodium hypochlorite (household bleach).
- For 5 gallons of water:
- HTH: 6 ounces or 5 heaping spoonfuls.
- Household Bleach: Not recommended for this concentration, as household bleach is approximately a 5 percent solution.

Measurement Notes:
• When using HTH in bulk, use the plastic spoon supplied with your meal, ready-to-eat (MRE).
• Use a heaping spoonful of chlorine granules (all that the spoon will hold). Do not shake any granules off the spoon before adding to the water.

Important:
• Do not dilute household bleach in water, as it is already approximately a 5 percent solution.

Objective: Set up the site and prepare for operational decon.

Steps:
1. Decision to conduct operational decon: This is determined based on contamination levels, as described in Chapter 1 of the source material.
2. Identify vehicles needing decontamination: Use the CAM (Contaminated Area Marker) system to identify contaminated vehicles.
3. Request PDDE support: Coordinate with higher headquarters (HQ) and request support from the Personnel Decontamination Detachment (PDDE).
4. Select a decon site:
- The site may be designated in the operation order (OPORD) or selected based on current METT-TC conditions.
- Site characteristics should meet requirements for effective decon, as outlined in Table 3-2 of the source material.
5. Coordinate with higher HQ: Identify linkup points and units providing PDDE support.
6. Exchange signal operating instructions (SOI): Ensure communication protocols are established between units involved.
7. Select a decon technique:
- Choose from decentralized company control, centralized battalion control, or centralized brigade control based on operational needs.
8. Provide information: Share the number and type of vehicles and personnel requiring MOPP-gear exchange with PDDE support.
9. Site setup:
- The PDDE crew positions itself upwind from the entrance to the site.
- Set up the MOPP-gear-exchange point about 164 feet upwind from the vehicle washdown at a 45° angle.
- Ensure unit supply has sufficient replacement MOPP gear available.
10. Notify contaminated units: Inform units when the decon site is ready for use.

Procedure:

1. Limit personnel and equipment in contaminated areas:
- Limit the number of personnel and amount of equipment in a contaminated area to prevent the spread of contamination.
2. Confine contamination:
- Confine nuclear contamination to as small an area as possible.
3. Decontaminate at or near the edge:
- Units moving from a contaminated area into a clean area should decontaminate at or near the edge of contamination.
4. Mark and report contaminated areas:
- Mark all contaminated areas and report them to other units to prevent accidental entry.
5. Handle contaminated material carefully:
- If the situation permits, allow contaminated material to decay in place.
- If equipment is mission essential, decontaminate it on the spot or bring it back to the rear for decontamination.

Ensure decontamination messaging is clear and concise, avoiding jargon. Consider the following:

• People’s circumstances, supplies, and facilities may vary greatly.
• Some may not have access to water, clean replacement clothing, shoes, or bags to store away contaminated clothing.
• Instructions should be adaptable to different situations.

Ensure decontamination messaging is clear and concise, avoiding jargon. Consider variations in people’s circumstances, supplies, and facilities when providing instructions. For example:

• Some may not have access to water, clean replacement clothing, shoes, or bags to store away contaminated clothing.

Examples of instructions include:

1. Brushing or shaking external clothing to remove contaminated dust.
2. Ensure that an ample supply of replacement clothing, shoes, plastic bags, and wet wipes are available prior to opening decontamination facilities.
3. First responders can also take these actions to reduce their exposure unless their safety officer provides other specific protocols.

> Note: Early estimates of doses based on external exposure may be possible in some settings if the location at time of incident and duration of exposure are known.

Procedure:

1. Use monitoring equipment: Use the AN/PDR-77 or AN/VDR-2 to determine if any radiological contamination remains on the vehicle.
2. Assess contamination intensity: If contamination is detected, assess its intensity inside and outside of the vehicle.
3. Recycle vehicle if needed: If the contamination has an intensity greater than 0.33cGy/hr, recycle the vehicle to station 1 for further decontamination.

Objective: Eliminate radioactive fallout contamination from the body.

Procedure:
1. Remove all contaminated clothing and footwear immediately upon entering a safe area.
2. Brush off or wipe exposed skin with clean, dry materials to remove any remaining radioactive particles.
3. Wash hands and face thoroughly with soap and water after decontamination.
4. Avoid touching the face or other body parts during the process to prevent re-contamination.

Notes:
• Most fallout contamination can be removed by changing clothes and wiping exposed skin.
• This procedure should be done as soon as possible after exposure.

Procedure:

1. Remove DS2 from the vehicle: Ensure all decontamination solution (DS2) is removed to prevent false-positive readings at station 5.
2. Spray vehicle with water: Use high water-pressure systems (M12A1 PDDA and M17 LDS) or large-volume water pumps (65-GPM pumps) if available. Spray the vehicle from top to bottom, paying special attention to the undercarriage.
3. Water usage: This station uses approximately 200 gallons of water per vehicle.
4. Remove hazardous materials: The driver removes any plastic or other material covering the seats and floor and disposes of it as hazardous waste.
5. Refer to planning factors: See Table 4-5 for specific planning factors based on vehicle type (e.g., M1, M2 BFV, HMMWV, etc.).

Table 4-5: Planning Factors for the Rinse Station
|Planning Categories|M1 Tank|M2 BFV|M113 APC|M109A PALADIN|HEMTT|5-Ton Truck|HMMWV|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|M12A1 PDDA rinse (gallons applied)|325|325|203|325|180|158|90|
|M12A1 PDDA rinse (minutes applied)|12|12|9|12|8|7|4|
|M17 LDS rinse (gallons applied)|57|57|38|57|30|42|23|
|M17 LDS rinse (minutes applied)|14|14|10|14|12|11|6|
*Note: Rinse is done with a spray wand.*

Procedure:

1. Prevent contamination from entering warmed areas, as frozen agents on clothing may be hard to detect at low temperatures.
2. If the temperature warms or soldiers enter a warmed area, the agents become dangerous.
3. To isolate these agents, it may be necessary to set up a warming station for each warmed area.
4. This prevents occupants from being exposed to hazardous liquids and vapors.

Objective: Reduce contamination hazards to a negligible risk level so that air and ground crews can operate the aircraft without protective measures.

### Procedure:
1. Set up the decon site in a similar fashion to the thorough-decon site (see Chapter 4).
2. The decon site consists of the following areas:
- Predecon staging area
- DAD and DTD areas
- Postdecon AA
3. For safety reasons, aircraft and ground vehicles must be decontaminated at separate sites.
4. Establish a separate DED site in the vicinity to support the contaminated aviation unit’s ground vehicles.
5. Aviation units must be supported by a chemical unit to set up and operate the DAD site.
6. The chemical unit, assisted by the supported aviation unit, operates the DAD site while the aviation unit sets up and operates the DTD (see Chapter 4 for DTD operations).

Procedure:

1. Use the Chemical-Agent Monitor (CAM) in a vestibule or air lock where the temperature has been raised to match that of the building’s or shelter’s interior.
2. This is necessary because the CAM may have difficulty detecting agents at low temperatures.
3. Apply this procedure when contaminated personnel enter a building or collective protection shelter, as they will desorb agents as they warm up.
4. Similarly, check aircraft and vehicles requiring maintenance as they pass through a warmed-up site before entering a hangar or maintenance bay.

Procedure for Using Decontamination Solution No. 2 (DS2):

1. Identify Appropriate Use: DS2 is effective against all known toxic chemical agents and biological materials, except bacterial spores.

2. Select Container Size: Choose the appropriate container size: a 1 1/3 quart can (M11), 14-liter container (M13), or 5-gallon container.

3. Application:
- Use DS2 only on equipment and surfaces, not on people, electronics, or other sensitive materials.
- Apply the solution using spray wands or other appropriate application tools.

4. Safety Precautions: Due to its extreme corrosiveness, wear appropriate protective gear (gloves, goggles, etc.) when handling DS2.

5. Avoid Contact with Super Tropical Bleach (STB) or Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH): DS2 ignites spontaneously on contact with these substances. Ensure that no such materials are present during application.

6. Storage: Store DS2 in a secure, cool location away from incompatible materials and sources of ignition.

Notes:
• DS2 dissolves paint, so avoid using it on painted surfaces unless absolutely necessary.
• It is not suitable for use on personnel or sensitive equipment due to its corrosive nature.

Procedure for Using Sorbent Decon for Chemical/Biological Decontamination:

1. Identify Appropriate Use: Sorbent Decon is a family of chemical/biological decontaminants that increase decontamination efficiency.

2. Application:
- Apply Sorbent Decon to surfaces contaminated with chemical or biological agents.
- It does not require water for application, making it suitable for use in environments where water is scarce.

3. Advantages:
- Less caustic than DS2 and does not require scrubbing or prolonged contact time.
- Reduces environmental and health risks compared to traditional decontaminants.
- Improved storage stability with a minimum service life of 10 years.

4. Safety Precautions:
- Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling Sorbent Decon.
- Ensure proper ventilation in enclosed areas.

5. Storage: Store Sorbent Decon in a cool, dry location away from incompatible materials and sources of ignition.

6. Disposal: Follow local regulations for the disposal of used Sorbent Decon to minimize environmental impact.

Notes:
• Sorbent Decon is designed to neutralize chemical and biological agents quickly with minimal effort.
• It is an improvement over traditional decontaminants like DS2 in terms of safety, efficiency, and storage life.